Physiological Psychology 2024 PDF

2024 PHYSIOLOGICAL/BIOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY Class Instructor: Cleine M. Basas  Biopsychology - is the scientific study of the biology of behavior, it refer to this field as psych...

2024 PHYSIOLOGICAL/BIOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY Class Instructor: Cleine M. Basas  Biopsychology - is the scientific study of the biology of behavior, it refer to this field as psychobiology, OVERVIEW behavioral biology, or behavioral neuroscience; because it Biopsychology as denotes a biological approach Neuroscience to the study of psychology rather than a psychological approach to the study of biology. Physiological Psychology 2  20XX Biological Explanations of Behavior Physiological Psychology 3  Physiological 20XX explanation relates a behavior to the activity of the brain and other organs. Example: The chemical reactions that enable hormones to influence brain activity and the routes by which brain activity controls muscle contractions. Physiological Psychology 4  Ontogenetic/ Epigenetic Describes how a structure or behavior develops, including the influences of genes, nutrition, experiences, and their interactions. Example: For example, males and females differ on average in several ways. Some of those differences can be traced to the effects of genes or prenatal hormones, some relate to cultural influences, many relate partly to both, and some await further research. Physiological Psychology 5  Evolutionary Reconstructs the evolutionary history of a structure or behavior. The characteristic features of an animal are almost always modifications of something found in ancestral species. Example: bat wings are modified arms, and porcupine quills are modified hairs. Physiological Psychology 6  Functional Describes why a structure or behavior evolved as it did. Example a dominant male with many offspring spreads all his genes, including some that may have been irrelevant to his success or even disadvantageous. Physiological Psychology 7  Type of Example from Birdsong Explanation A particular area of a songbird brain grows under the Physiological influence of testosterone; hence, it is larger in breeding males than in females or immature birds. That brain area enables a mature male to sing In certain species, a young male bird learns its song by Ontogenetic listening to adult males. Development of the song requires certain genes and the opportunity to hear the appropriate song during a sensitive period early in life. Certain pairs of species have similar songs. For example, Evolutionary dunlins and Baird’s sandpipers, two shorebird species, give their calls in distinct pulses, unlike other shorebirds. The similarity suggests that the two evolved from a single ancestor. In most bird species, only the male sings. He sings only Functional during the reproductive season and only in his territory. The Physiological Biology functions of the song are to attract females and warn away 8 other males. Six Fields in Neuroscience that are Relevant in the Study of Biopsychology 1. Neuroanatomy: The study of the structure of the nervous system. 2. Neurochemistry. The study of the chemical bases of neural activity. 3. Neuroendocrinology. The study of interactions between the nervous system and the endocrine system. 4. Neuropathology. The study of nervous system disorders. 5. Neuropharmacology. The study of the effects of drugs on neural activity. 6. Neurophysiology. The study of the functions and activities of the nervous system. 9  Types of Research that Characterize Biopsychological Approach Experiment- a method used by scientists to study causation, that is, to find out what causes what. Quasi-experimental studies these are studies of groups of subjects who have been exposed to the conditions of interest in the real world. Case Study- these are studies that focus on a single case or subject are called case studies. Because they focus on a single case, they often provide a more in-depth picture than that provided by an experiment or a quasi- experimental study, and they are an excellent source of testable hypotheses. Presentation Title 10  20XX Theories in Biopsychology Physiological Biology 11  Cartesian Dualism René Descartes - French philosopher and mathematician, has been called the father of modern philosophy. - Descartes assumed that the world was a purely mechanical entity that, once having been set in motion by God, ran its course without divine interference. Physiological Psychology 12  Cartesian Dualism -Animals were mechanical devices; their behavior was controlled by environmental stimuli. His view of the human body was much the same: It was a machine. - Coined the term reflexes. (from Latin word “reflectere”) meaning to bend back. Physiological Psychology 13  Cartesian Dualism -Rene Descartes is a dualist and he believed that the mind controlled the movements of the body, while the body, through its sense organs, supplied the mind with information about what was happening in the environment. - This interaction took place in the pineal body, a small organ situated on top of the brain stem, buried beneath the cerebral hemispheres. Physiological Psychology 14  Descartes’ Explanation of a Reflex Action to a Painful Stimulus Physiological Psychology 15  20XX A woodcut de homine Descartes believed that the “soul” (what we would today call the mind) controls the movements of the muscles through its influence on the pineal body. According to his theory, the eyes sent visual information to the brain, where it could be examined by the soul. When the soul decided to act, it would tilt the pineal body (labeled H in the diagram), which would divert pressurized fluid through nerves to the appropriate muscles. Physiological Psychology 16  Theory of Evolution Charles Darwin -The person postulates the “Theory of Evolution” that revolutionized Biology and strongly influenced early Psychologists. Physiological Psychology 17  Natural Selection and Evolution -Natural Selection- The process by which inherited traits that confer a selective advantage (increase an animal’s likelihood to live and reproduce) become more prevalent in a population. - To understand the concept of evolution to behavior, Some researchers explicitly consider the genetic mechanisms of various behaviors and the physiological processes on which these behaviors depend. Physiological Psychology 18  Natural Selection and Evolution (cont.) -Comparing the nervous systems of animals from a variety of species to make hypotheses about the evolution of brain structure and the behavioral capacities that correspond to this evolutionary development. Physiological Psychology 19  Theory of Evolution -Functionalism- The principle that the best way to understand a biological phenomenon (a behavior or a physiological structure) is to try to understand its useful functions for the organism. Physiological Psychology 20  Evolution and Behavior Social Dominance Courtship Physiological Psychology 21  Nature vs Nurture Issue - The issue whether humans and other animals inherit their behavioral capacities or acquire them through learning. - The expression “nature vs. nurture” describes the question of how much a person's characteristics are formed by either “nature” or “nurture.” “Nature” means innate biological factors (namely genetics), while “nurture” can refer to upbringing or life experience more generally. Physiological Psychology 22  Genetics -Gregor Mendel- Father of Genetics. -Mendel studied inheritance in pea plants. In designing his experiments, he made two wise decisions. He decided to study dichotomous traits, and he decided to begin his experiments by crossing the offspring of true-breeding lines. Physiological Psychology 23 Mendel’s Experiment 24  DNA -Deoxyribonucleic Acid - A double stranded molecule that is composed 4 types of nucleotides namely Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine; Deoxyribose sugar and a Phosphate backbone Physiological Psychology 25  Chromosome -A thread like structure inside the nucleus of the cell that is composed of DNA that is being tightly coiled by a protein called Histones. - There are 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans. 22 pairs being autosomal and 1 pair that determines the biological sex of an organism. Physiological Psychology 26  Mutation -Alteration of the genetic make-up of an organism -Types of mutation Point Mutation- When a genetic codes was altered. Frameshift Mutation- A genetic code is Deleted or Inserted Chromosomal Aberration- There is an alteration in the number or the chromosomal structure. Physiological Psychology 27  2022 Anatomy of the Nervous System 28  General Lay out of the Nervous System Physiological Psychology 29  Central Nervous System Composed of the brain and the spinal chord. Presentation Title 30  Peripheral Nervous System Cranial nerves, spinal nerves, and peripheral ganglia. Presentation Title 31  Two Divisions of Peripheral Nervous System Peripheral Nervous 1. Somatic Nervous System. 1.1 Afferent Nerves System 1.2 Efferent Nerves 2. Autonomic Nervous System 2.1 Afferent Nerves 2.2 Efferent Nerves 2.2.1 Sympathetic Division 2.2.2 Parasympathetic Division Presentation Title 32 Physiological Psychology 33  Brain The brain receives approximately 20 percent of the blood flow from the heart, and it receives it continuously. Presentation Title 34  Meninges A protective sheaths that covers the brain and the spinal chord. Consist of layers namely; Dura mater Arachnoid Membrane (consist of the arachnoid trabeculae that protrudes from Arachnoid membrane) Pia Mater Cerebrospinal fluid -Located in between the Pia mater and Arachnoid membrane. -It fills the gap between Pia mater and Arachnoid membrane (arachnoid trabeculae) that also protects the CNS. Physiological Psychology 35 Presentation Title 36 Presentation Title 37  Blood-brain Barrier. Physiological Psychology 38  Cells of the Nervous System Neurons (Nerve cells) is the information-processing and information-transmitting element of the nervous system. These cells are specialized for the reception, conduction, and transmission of electrochemical signals. They come in an incredible variety of shapes and sizes. Major parts of the neurons 1. Dendrites 2. Cell body (Also called as “Soma” or “Perikaryon”) 3. Axon 4. Terminal buttons Physiological Psychology 39 Presentation Title The Nerve cell (Neuron) 40  The Cells of the Nervous System Physiological Psychology 41  Dendrites From the Greek word “dendron” (Tree) Branched tree-like structure attached to the soma (cell Body) Main function is to receive information from the terminal buttons of the other neurons. Cell Body Contains the Nucleus and other cell organelles necessary for important cellular functions. Physiological Psychology 42  Axon A long slender tube often contains myelin sheath It carries information form the cell body to the terminal buttons The message that this structure carries is called action potential. It also come in different shape. Physiological Psychology 43  Terminal Button Located at the very end of the axon. It secrete a chemical called Neurotransmitter Physiological Psychology 44 Physiological Psychology 45  Supporting Cells Glial cells/ Glia Holds the nerve cells in place Controls the nutrient supply and some other chemicals the cells need for exchange of information Insulation Destroys damaged cells. Physiological Psychology 46  Supporting Cells (cont.) Types of Glial cells/ Glia 1. Astrocyte 2. Oligodendrocytes 3. Microglia 4. Schwan Cells Physiological Psychology 47  Astrocytes Physiological Psychology 48  Oligodendrocytes Physiological Psychology 49  Schwann Cells Physiological Psychology 50  Anatomy of the CNS Gray matter and White matter Physiological Psychology 52  Anatomy of the CNS cont. Telencephalon -known as the largest division of the brain. Includes the 2 symmetrical cerebral hemispheres covered by cerebral cortex. -It initiates voluntary movement, interprets sensory input, and mediates complex cognitive processes such as learning, speaking, and problem solving. Physiological Psychology 53  Anatomy of the CNS cont. Physiological Psychology 54  Anatomy of the CNS (cont.). Telencephalon Cerebral Cortex -Surrounds the cerebral hemispheres. - It has convulsions called fissure (large group), sulci (small grooves), gyri (bulges between fissures or sulci). - There are three areas that include Primary visual cortex, Primary Auditory cortex, Primary Somatosensory cortex. Physiological Psychology 55  Cerebral Cortex Physiological Psychology 56  Cerebral Cortex Physiological Psychology 57  Anatomy of the CNS (cont.). Telencephalon Primary motor cortex Sensory Association cortex Hippocampus- Spatial memory. Gets associated in Psychological/ Psychiatric and Neurological Disorders. Physiological Psychology 58  Anatomy of the CNS (cont.). Diencephalon -Located between the Telencephalon and the Mesencephalon. Physiological Psychology 59  Anatomy of the CNS cont. Physiological Psychology 60  Anatomy of the CNS (cont). Diencephalon -Thalamus - Hypothalamus Physiological Psychology 61  Anatomy of the CNS (cont). Mesencephalon -Tectum- visual reflexes in mammals -Tegmentum- prevents unwanted movements. Physiological Psychology 62  Anatomy of the CNS (cont). Metencephalon -Cerebellum- The little brain. Controls balance and movement. -Pons - Unconscious movement, sleep-wake cycle and breathing. Physiological Psychology 63  Anatomy of the CNS (cont). Myelencephalon -Medulla oblongata- -making it a key conduit for nerve signals to and from your body. - Controls breathing and heartbeat and other autonomic processes. Physiological Psychology 64  Limbic System -Primary function is for Motivation and emotion. - 2 important parts include the Hippocampus and Amygdala Hippocampus- Plays a major role in learning and memory. Amygdala- Plays a role in emotions: feelings and expressions of emotions, emotional memories, and recognition of the signs of emotions in other people. Physiological Psychology 65  2022 Neural Transmission Physiological Biology 66 67 68  Synaptic Transmission Presentation Title 69  Synaptic Transmission Communication of neurons. Transmission of messages from one neuron to another. These messages are carried by neurotransmitters, released by the terminal buttons. These chemicals diffuse across the synapse (a fluid filled gaps between terminal buttons and membranes of neurons) Presentation Title 70  Structure of Synapses Axodendritic synapses Axoaxonic synapses Axosomatic Synapses Presynaptic, Postsynaptic membrane and Synaptic cleft Presentation Title 71  Resting Potential and Action Potential Presentation Title 72  Resting Potential -70mV is a charge of a neuron when not disturbed or not conducting an impulse. Messages in the neurons will develop if there is a change or disturbance in the membrane potential. In resting potential the inside of the membrane is negatively charged and the outside is positively charged. Sodium ions are more concentrated outside the axon than the inside Potassium Ions are more concentrated on the inside of the axon than in outside. Presentation Title 73  Generation, Conduction, and Integration of Postsynaptic Potentials When neurons fire, they release from their terminal buttons chemicals called neurotransmitters. Neurotransmitter may depolarize the receptive membrane (decrease the resting membrane potential, from −70 to −67 mV, for example), or they may hyperpolarize it (increase the resting membrane potential, from −70 to −72 mV, for example) Presentation Title 74  Generation, Conduction, and Integration of Postsynaptic Potentials Postsynaptic depolarizations are called excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) because, as you will soon learn, they increase the likelihood that the neuron will fire. Postsynaptic hyperpolarizations are called inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) because they decrease the likelihood that the neuron will fire. Presentation Title 75  Action Potential When there is a disturbance or the axon is conducting an impulse Action potential is due to the change in the polarity of the inside of the membrane Sodium and potassium ions enters the inside of the membrane making it positively charged. Sodium potassium gates open during action potential allowing those ions to enter inside the membrane making it positively charged. Presentation Title 76 Presentation Title 77 Presentation Title 78  2022 Activity Physiological Biology 79  Activity 3: Give the neurotransmitters involved in the following and explain your answer. Emotion/Love Depression Voyeurism Sexual Arousal Hunger 80  Activity 1, December 1, 2023 Instructions: In a short bond paper answer the following questions: 1. Describe Gregor Mendel’s work on pea plant and tell us the mechanisms of inheritance how is it relevant in the study of psychology? 2. Explain Genetic Changes? How does it affect the behavior of certain individual? 3. Identify the Major divisions of the Nervous System, Draw the Nervous System 4. Draw and explain the function of Glial cells. Deadline is December 4, 2023 Note: Submit the activity face to face 81  2022 Sensory System Physiological Biology 82  Visual System The part of the central nervous system that is required for visual perception. Eye - an organ that detects light. Plays a role in detecting visual information. - Held by a Extraocular Muscles. Presentation Title 83 Anatomy of the Eye Sclera- The sclera functions as the supporting wall of the eyeball. It helps maintain your eyeball's shape, and protects it from injury. The sclera is covered by conjunctiva, which are clear mucus membranes that lubricate (moisturize) your eye. Cornea- The transparent part of the eye that covers the iris and the pupil and allows light to enter the inside. Iris- helps regulate the amount of light entering the eye. Pupil- lets light into your eye as the muscles of your iris change its shape 84  Lens- The main optical function of the lens is to transmit light, focusing it on the retina Retina- retina, the interior lining of the back of the eye. In the retina are located the receptor cells, the rods and cones (named for their shapes), collectively known as photoreceptors. - Receives light and converts it to neural signals Optic Nerves- Relay messages from your eyes to your brain to create visual images Presentation Title 85 86 87 Retina Cones- Daytime vision Rods- Provides vision in dimly lighted environment. Fovea- A central region of the retina, which mediates our most acute(fine) vision, contains only cones. Optic disk- area where conveying visual information gather together and leave the eye through the optic nerve. Produces blind spots 88 From Eye to Brain Retina Optic Nerves Optic Primary Radiations Lateral geniculate Visual nucleus (LGN) “Thalamus” Cortex 89  Auditory System It is the part of the CNS that is required for Auditory perception (ability to perceive sounds). Audition- Second most important sense next to Vision. Sounds- Vibration in the air molecules that stimulates the Auditory System. Ear- Organ for hearing. Presentation Title 90 Anatomy of the Ear Pinna (External ear)- receives and funnel sound waves going towards the ear canal and the ear drums. Tympanic Membrane- A structure on the middle ear that vibrates with the sound. - There are ossicles that was set into vibrations by the tympanic membrane (malleus, incus, and stapes) Cochlea- These are the structure that contains receptors. 91 92  From Ear to Brain Tympanic Pinna Ossicles Membranes Primary Medial Geniculate Auditory Auditory nerves Cochlea Cortex Nucleus 93 Somatosensory System - touch and pain - provides information on what’s happening on the surface of the body and inside it. - a sensory system that perceives pressure, vibration, heat, cooling, and events that can cause tissue damage. 94 Somatosensory System (cont.) Exteroceptive system- senses external stimuli that are applied to the skin. Proprioceptive system- monitors information about the position of the body that comes from receptors in the muscles, joints, and organs of balance. Interoceptive system- provides general information about conditions within the body (e.g., temperature and blood pressure). 95 Anatomy of the Skin (cont.) 96 Anatomy of the Skin (cont.) 97 Somatosensory System (cont.) 2 Major Somatosensory Pathways 1. Dorsal-column medial-lemniscus system - Tends to carry information about touch and proprioception. - The sensory neurons of this system enter the spinal cord via a dorsal root, ascend ipsilaterally in the dorsal columns, and synapse in the dorsal column nuclei of the medulla. -The axons of dorsal column nuclei neurons decussate (cross over to the other side of the brain) and then ascend in the medial lemniscus to the contralateral ventral posterior nucleus of the thalamus. 98 Presentation Title 99 Somatosensory System (cont.) 2. Anterolateral system - Tends to carry information about pain and temperature. -The axons of most of the second-order neurons decussate but then ascend to the brain in the contralateral anterolateral portion of the spinal cord. 100 Pain Neuropathic Pain - It is a severe chronic pain in the absence of a recognizable pain stimulus. -A typical case of neuropathic pain develops after an injury. 101 Pain Emotional pain -Painful stimuli also activate a path that goes through the medulla, and then to the thalamus, and then to the amygdala, hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, and anterior cingulate cortex. 102 Chemical Senses Gustatory System- Sense of taste Olfactory System– Sense of smell. Pheromones- chemicals released by organism for certain functions. 103 Sensorimotor System Motor output- It the signal sent by the brain to the body to respond to an external stimuli. Controlled by sensorimotor system. Muscles: (Skeletal muscles, Smooth muscles and Cardiac muscles) Neuromuscular junction- synapses between motor neuron axon and muscle fiber. 104  Hierarchical Organization of Sensorimotor Function S Association Cortex Association Cortex e M ns Secondary Sensory Secondary Motor ot or Cortex or Cortex y Primary Sensory Primary Motor O I Cortex ut n Cortex p p Thalamic Relay Brain Stem Motor ut ut Nuclei Nuclei Receptors Muscles 105 106 Sensorimotor Association Cortex Posterior Parietal Association Cortex- Receives Information from the Visual, Auditory and Somatosensory System. Dorsolateral Prefrontal Association Cortex- Receives info from the Posterior Parietal Association Cortex and sends it to the Primary and Secondary Motor Cortex. 107 Secondary Motor Cortex - Receives information from the Association Cortex. - Consist of an area called supplementary motor area and pre motor cortex - Involves in preprogrammed movement upon instructions received from the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. 108 Primary Motor Cortex - The area where many sensory signals converged. - An area which signals leave the brain going to tell the muscles what to do. 109 Cerebellum and Basal Ganglia Cerebellum - Contains large number of neurons. - They also receives information prom PMC and SMC, Signals from brainstem and Motor Signals from Somatosensory System. - Plays a role in motor learning. 110 Basal Ganglia - Facilitates movements and Inhibit unwanted movements. 111 Presentation Title 112 Presentation Title 113 Presentation Title 114