Biomolecules: Nucleic Acids and ATP PDF

8/27/24, 8:16 PM Platform | Study Fetch Biomolecules: Nucleic Acids and ATP Nucleic Acid Structure (00:00:27 - 00:00:37) Nucleic acids store genetic information and instructions for synthesizing proteins DNA has a general...

8/27/24, 8:16 PM Platform | Study Fetch Biomolecules: Nucleic Acids and ATP Nucleic Acid Structure (00:00:27 - 00:00:37) Nucleic acids store genetic information and instructions for synthesizing proteins DNA has a general structure as shown in the schematic Nucleotide Structure (00:00:37 - 00:00:52) Nucleotides are the basic structural units of nucleic acids Each nucleotide consists of: Phosphate group Sugar group (deoxyribose in DNA, ribose in RNA) Nitrogenous base ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) (00:00:14 - 00:00:27) ATP is an important biomolecule that will be discussed later in the video "Here's our lesson overview for this video. First, we're going to talk about nucleic acid structure and then lastly, we're going to talk about ATP." Purines and Pyrimidines (00:00:52 - 00:01:06) Purines are a class of nitrogenous compounds that have two rings in their structure The purines are adenine and guanine (00:01:06 - 00:01:18) Pyrimidines are a class of nitrogenous compounds that have only one ring in their structure The pyrimidines are cytosine, uracil, and thymine Uracil is found in RNA but not in DNA (00:01:18 - 00:01:35) Mnemonic: "Pure as gold" Purines are adenine and guanine Pyrimidines are cytosine, uracil, and thymine (00:01:35 - 00:01:48) https://www.studyfetch.com/platform/studyset/66cd116dd279f5220d947c66/material/66ce6bc4e81bb65113fe36ab/document?go=note 1/3 8/27/24, 8:16 PM Platform | Study Fetch Purines (adenine and guanine) have two rings Pyrimidines (cytosine, uracil, and thymine) have one ring Key Points: Purines have two rings, pyrimidines have one ring Purines are adenine and guanine Pyrimidines are cytosine, uracil, and thymine Uracil is found in RNA but not in DNA Mnemonic: "Pure as gold" to remember purines and pyrimidines Nucleic Acid Synthesis: Dehydration Reactions(00:01:48 - 00:01:59) Nucleic acid synthesis, such as DNA and RNA, occurs through a dehydration synthesis reaction. Dehydration synthesis is an organic chemical reaction that forms covalent bonds. Phosphodiester Bonds in Nucleic Acids(00:01:59 - 00:02:13) The phosphate groups of nucleotides form phosphodiester bonds, connecting the bases together. These phosphodiester linkages form between the phosphate groups and the sugar (deoxyribose or ribose) of each nucleotide. The phosphodiester bonds create the "backbone" of the nucleic acid strand. Nucleic Acid Structure(00:02:13 - 00:02:29) The phosphodiester linkages travel down the length of the nucleic acid strand. The sugar groups are also present along the backbone. The nitrogenous bases (adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine/uracil) then base pair to form the double helix structure of DNA or the single strand of RNA. DNA and RNA Structures (00:02:29 - 00:02:50) DNA vs. RNA Structure: DNA is double-stranded, while RNA is single-stranded DNA contains the nitrogenous base thymine, while RNA contains the base uracil instead RNA is missing a hydroxyl group compared to DNA, making it the "deoxyribonucleic acid" versus the "ribonucleic acid" Key Differences: DNA is the genetic material that stores and transmits hereditary information RNA acts as a messenger, carrying instructions from DNA to the cell's protein-making machinery ATP Structure (00:03:04 - 00:03:14) ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate): Contains an adenine base https://www.studyfetch.com/platform/studyset/66cd116dd279f5220d947c66/material/66ce6bc4e81bb65113fe36ab/document?go=note 2/3 8/27/24, 8:16 PM Platform | Study Fetch Has three phosphate groups, instead of the phosphoester linkages found in DNA and RNA ATP is the primary energy currency of cells, providing the energy needed to power many cellular processes. Recap DNA is double-stranded and contains thymine, while RNA is single-stranded and contains uracil RNA is missing a hydroxyl group compared to DNA DNA stores and transmits genetic information, while RNA acts as a messenger ATP is the energy-carrying molecule in cells, with three phosphate groups ATP and Energy Conversion in Cells (00:03:14 - 00:03:28) ATP is the primary energy carrier in cells ATP has a lot of negative charges in close proximity, making it a good high-energy leaving group The conversion of ATP to ADP releases a lot of energy that can be used to drive many cellular reactions The Role of ADP and Phosphate (00:03:28 - 00:03:47) The phosphate group in ATP is easily released, making it a good high-energy leaving group This released phosphate group can then be used to drive and catalyze many reactions in the cell When the phosphate group is released, it leaves behind ADP (adenosine diphosphate) Mastering Nucleic Acids (00:03:47 - 00:03:55) You have now mastered the concepts of nucleic acids, such as ATP and ADP You should be able to answer test questions on these topics with confidence Key Terms and Concepts: ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate): The primary energy carrier in cells, has high-energy phosphate bonds ADP (Adenosine Diphosphate): The product left behind when the phosphate group is released from ATP Phosphate Group: A high-energy group that can be released from ATP to drive cellular reactions Energy Release: The conversion of ATP to ADP releases a large amount of energy that can be used by the cell "Congratulations. You've mastered nucleic acids. You're gonna get all these questions right. Try to test day and you're..." https://www.studyfetch.com/platform/studyset/66cd116dd279f5220d947c66/material/66ce6bc4e81bb65113fe36ab/document?go=note 3/3