6 Slides_Chemicals of Life_Nucleic acids.pdf

CHEMICALS OF LIFE FAD1001 : BIOLOGY 1 Hazwani Mat Saad Academic Room (No.23) Level 3, PASUM Complex [email protected] Tel: 03-79675916  Contents ▪ Introduction ✓Biomolecules definition ✓Elements, compounds ✓Important bonds in b...

CHEMICALS OF LIFE FAD1001 : BIOLOGY 1 Hazwani Mat Saad Academic Room (No.23) Level 3, PASUM Complex [email protected] Tel: 03-79675916  Contents ▪ Introduction ✓Biomolecules definition ✓Elements, compounds ✓Important bonds in biomolecules:- Ionic, covalent, hydrogen, van der Waals ▪ Inorganic compounds : ✓ Structure, properties and functions ✓Acids, bases and buffers ✓Mineral salts ▪ Organic compounds: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, vitamins. ✓ Structure, properties and functions  NUCLEIC ACIDS Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) Ribonucleic acid (RNA) https://www.pinterest.com/pin/600315825358098544/ Structure of nucleic acids consist of either one or two long chains of repeating units = nucleotides nucleotides consist of a nitrogen base (a purine or pyrimidine) attached to a sugar phosphate backbone. two main nucleic acids - DNA and RNA. If the sugar is ribose, the polymer is RNA If the sugar is deoxyribose, the polymer is DNA  Nucleotides : building blocks of DNA/RNA 1. A five-carbon sugar (pentose) Deoxyribose / ribose 2. A nitrogenous base Purine: Adenine (A), Guanine (G) Pyrimidine: Cytosine (C), Thymine (T), Uracil (U) 3. A phosphate group (acidic) All 3 components are linked through condensation reactions Nucleotides: structure Pentose sugar Nitrogenous bases  Activity Draw simple structure of nucleic acids  Polynucleotide synthesis Phosphate of one nucleotide is joined to the pentose of the phosphodiester next nucleotide by phosphodiester bond bond Polynucleotide chain The 5’ position of one pentose sugar is connected to the 3’ position of the next pentose sugar by a phosphate group  Structure of DNA Proposed by Watson & Crick (1953) DNA consists of two polynucleotide chains coiled together in a double helix The two chains are in anti-parallel orientation (opposite directions) Sugar (deoxyribose) and phosphate form backbones outside of helix Nitrogenous bases are paired inside the helix, held by H bonds Structure of DNA Structure of DNA specific base pairing between A and T, between G and C Two strands of DNA are complementary to each other structure is stablised by: H bonds between paired bases Hydrophobic forces between stacked bases diameter of DNA helix is 2 nm distance between base pairs is 0.34 nm a complete turn of DNA helix consists of 10 base pairs with a distance of 3.4 nm https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=alM_BhVfNtg https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CTnRjs7N_Us Structure of DNA  Functions of DNA To store and transmit Genetic information The sequence of bases acts as information storage in the form of codes to build proteins Base pairing allows replications replication of complementary strand i.e. copying of genetic information to pass on to next generation  Structure of RNA Short, single stranded polymer consists of RNA nucleotides Nucleotides – phosphate group, pentose sugar and nitrogenous base Pentose sugar – ribose Nitrogenous bases A, G, C and Uracil instead of Thymine (bind to Adenine) Functions of RNA based on structure 3 types of RNA function in the actual process of protein synthesis i. ribosomal RNA (rRNA) rRNA combined with proteins to form ribosomes ii. messenger RNA (mRNA) contains genetic information copied from DNA iii. transfer RNA (tRNA) transfer amino acids from cytoplasm to ribosome https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VbJC8x1sdhQ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1THyMOk3WU0 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7Hk9jct2ozY Function of RNA https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=apaP9a079po  Vitamins required in small amount in diet 2 categories: i) water-soluble B complex function as coenzyme vitamin C: production of connective tissue (collagen) ii) Fat-soluble vitamin A, D, K and E https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5FpcDSpDW_w  Concept and applications chemicals of life Medical science Food industry Environmental science Pharmaceuticals Cosmetics and personal care Nutrition & dietetics  Contents ▪ Introduction ✓Biomolecules definition ✓Elements, compounds ✓Important bonds in biomolecules:- Ionic, covalent, hydrogen, van der Waals ▪ Inorganic compounds : ✓ Structure, properties and functions ✓Acids, bases and buffers ✓Mineral salts ▪ Organic compounds: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, vitamins. ✓ Structure, properties and functions