Biology Semester 1 Final Study Guide PDF
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This document appears to be study notes for a semester 1 biology course. It covers the scientific method, experiments, and the properties of water. The notes include definitions, examples, and diagrams.
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1 Biology Semester 1 Final Study Guide Unit 1: Structure and Function/Scientific Introduction A. Scientific Method 1. Vocabulary a. Observations - anything detected with the 5 senses b. Inferences - drawin...
1 Biology Semester 1 Final Study Guide Unit 1: Structure and Function/Scientific Introduction A. Scientific Method 1. Vocabulary a. Observations - anything detected with the 5 senses b. Inferences - drawing conclusions based on evidence and reasoning c. Hypothesis - a possible answer to a scientific question based on logic and scientific knowledge i. Hypotheses must be able to be tested. d. Experiment - scientific investigation under controlled conditions to test the validity of a hypothesis i. Independent variable - variable that affects dependent variable ii. Dependent variable - affected variable iii. Control group - Group not being affected or changed 1. A larger sample size increases the accuracy of the experiment e. Steps - make observations, define the problem, form a study question, research, state expectations, experiment and gather data, analyze results, reflect on findings, and communicate with a wider community. B. Experiments 1. Vocabulary a. Metric System i. Length - Base Unit: Meters ii. Mass - Base Unit: Grams iii. Volume - Base Unit: Liters 2. Be able to read/interpret the metric system a. Increased units are Kilo(+1000), Hecto(+100), Deca(+10) b. Decreased units are Deci(-10), Centi(-100), Milli(-1000) c. Meter, Centimeter(10^-2), Millimeter(10^-3), Micrometer(10^-6), Nanometer(10^-9), Angstrom(10^-10), Picometer(10^-12) 3. Analyze and interpret data a. Graphs: x-axis and y-axis, Title and Key 2 4. Data Points C. Properties of Water 1. Vocabulary a. H - Hydrogen b. O - Oxygen c. Water - H2O d. Cohesion - Hydrogen bonding between water molecules e. Adhesion - Hydrogen bonding between water and another substance f. Water is a polar molecule i. “+” positive = lost electron ii. “-” negative = gain electron iii. Hydrogen = slightly positive; Oxygen = slightly negative g. Covalent Bonds - sharing of electrons between two atoms i. Nonpolar - equal sharing of electrons (completely neutral, does not dissolve in water, lower melting point like butter) ii. Polar - unequal sharing of electrons because one atom attracts the electrons more than the other (only partially neutral) h. Hydrogen Bonds - between molecules, not atoms, the partially positive parts of the molecule are attracted to partially negative parts of the molecule i. Different than ionic, covalent nonpolar, and covalent polar bonds i. Ionic Bonds - when an atom gives away one or more electrons completely to another atom, the 2 atoms of opposing charge (1+, 1-) are attracted to each other. 2. Be able to identify atom numbers. Coefficients vs. subscripts a. Coefficients - the number in front of chemical formula, represents how many molecules of that substance are involved in the reaction b. Subscript -a small number written below an element symbol within a formula, represents a number of atoms of that element in a molecule c. 2 H2O→O2 + 2H2 d. Products vs. Reactants i. Reactants - starting materials that undergo a charge while products are the new substances formed as a result of the reactions ii. Reactions→Products e. Diffusion - the movement of molecules from an area of HIGH to LOW concentration to reach equilibrium 3 i. Concentration Gradient - difference in concentration of the molecules f. Facilitated Diffusion - diffusion of solutes through transport proteins i. Channel proteins - acts like pore in membrane that lets water molecules or small ions through quickly ii. Water Channel Proteins - allow water to diffuse across the membrane at fast rate iii. Ions Channel proteins - allow ions to diffuse across the membrane iv. Gated channel - opens “gate” that allows molecule to pass through molecule; binding site specific for given molecule or ion Stimulus - causes “gate” to open or shut g. Osmosis - Diffusion of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane from area of HIGH to LOW concentration i. Solute - substance being dissolved ii. Solvent - the dissolving medium iii. Hypertonic - solution with HIGHER SOLUTE concentration, lower water/solvent concentration (animal cells shrivel, plant cells plasmolyzed (lose water)) iv. Hypotonic - solution with LOWER SOLUTE concentration, higher water/solvent concentration (animal cells lysed/burst, plant cells turgid (swollen)) v. Isotonic - solutions of equal concentration Unit 2: Cells, Photosynthesis, Homeostasis A. Cells and Biomolecules 1. Vocabulary a. Monomer - small molecules that bind together to form polymer b. Polymer - large molecule formed mommers covalently bonded in repeating pattern c. Organelles - structure within cytoplasm of cell that is enclosed within a membrane and performs a specific job d. Eukaryotic Cell - cells that contain nucleus, larger than prokaryotic cells, mainly found in multicellular organism e. Prokaryotic Cell - cells without nucleus, DNA in cytoplasm instead of nucleus, found in single-celled organisms like bacteria, first organisms to evolve and most abundant 2. Specific Organelles a. Nucleus acts as control center of cell b. Cell Membrane - thin coat of lipids that surround the cell, forms physical boundary between the cell and it environment; made up of phospholipids i. Also called plasma membrane, “skin” of cell c. Cytoplasm - refers to all cellular material inside cell membrane except nucleus, made up water substance d. Mitochondria - organelle in eukaryotic cells that use energy stored in glucose to make ATP which cells can use for energy, acts as powerhouse of cell 4 e. C hloroplast - uses the energy of sunlight to make food (glucose/sugar), contains chlorophyll which traps energy of sunlight; responsible for photosynthesis 3. Difference between eukaryotes and prokaryotes 4. Differences and similarities of plant and animal cells a. Plant cells have cell wall, large central vacuole, and chloroplasts b. Animal cells have cell lysosomes and small vacuoles. 5. What functions do each of the following biomolecules serve within a cell? a. Nucleic Acids - built of monomers called nucleotides which bind together to form a chain of polynucleotides. 3 important nucleic acids are DNA, RNA, and ATP. Each nucleotide contains sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogen base (cytosine, adenine, guanine, and another thymine or uracil). DNA is genetic info and is used by RNA to assemble amino acids to make proteins. b. Proteins - amino acids are the monomers and bind together to make peptides (short chains) or polypeptides (long chains). Plays many roles including helping cells keep their shape, make up muscle tissues, transport items in and out of cells, act as signals/receive signals, etc. c. Lipids - consists of repeating units called fatty acids. Two types of fatty acids: saturated and unsaturated. Many contained other molecules as well such as triglycerides (main form of stored in animals), phospholipids (major components of cell membrane), or steroids (serve as chemical messengers and have other roles). Lipids needed for storing energy, forming cell membranes, and supplying energy. Lipids supply more than 2x energy as carbs or proteins. i. Saturated fatty acids - carbon atoms bond to as many hydrogen atoms as possible to form straight chains packed tightly to store energy in compact form. Animals use saturated fatty acids to store energy. Solid as room temp. ii. Unsaturated fatty acids - some carbon atoms are not bonded to as many hydrogen atoms as possible, instead they bond to other groups of atoms, causing chains to bend and cannot be packed tightly. Liquid at room temp. Plants use unsaturated fats for energy. d. Carbohydrates - monomers are monosaccharides which is a simple sugar like glucose (used for energy by cells and a product of photosynthesis) or fructose. 2 monosaccharides 5 a re called disaccharides like sucrose. Polysaccharides are complex carbohydrates with 2 main functions: storing energy and forming structures of living things. B. Photosynthesis 1. Vocabulary a. Photosynthesis - process of autotrophs converting carbon dioxide into glucose and oxygen by light energy. Chloroplast is responsible for photosynthesis because it contains chlorophyll which absorbs light. b. Autotrophs - make their own food through photosynthesis c. Atmosphere - layer of gases that surrounds Earth/other planets. Earth’s atmosphere is made of 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, and 1% other gases. i. Role in photosynthesis: source of carbon dioxide which plants absorb during photosynthesis, converting it into sugars while releasing oxygen back into the atmosphere as a byproduct . K 2 + Sunlight now the equation for Photosynthesis - 6CO2 + 6H2O →C6 H12O6+ 6O2 3. Know that energy from the sun (radiant energy) is converted into chemical energy (C6H 12O6+ 6O2) by producers. All organisms obtain energy energyproducers (autotrophs) C. Homeostasis 1. Vocabulary a. Homeostasis - the process in which organ systems work to maintain a stable internal environment. 6 b. Negative/Positive Feedback i. negative: response to a stimulus, shuts off or turns on a system when it's not at set value(ex: when body temp rises, it triggers a command like sweating). ii. Positive: when a response to an event increases the likelihood of the event to continue(ex: milk production in nursing mothers). 2. Function . Organization 3 D. The Immune System 1. Vocabulary a. Immune System - complex network of cells, tissues, organs, and substances they make that helps the body fight infections and other diseases b. Main parts of Immune System - white blood cells, antibodies, complement system, lymphatic system, spleen, bone marrow, thymus 2. Function a. Keeps invaders like germs out of body, destroys invaders, limits how much harm invaders can do if they are inside body, healing damage to body, adapting to new challenges and threats 3. Organization E. The Lymphatic System 1. Vocabulary a. Lymphatic System - body's "sewerage system," maintains fluid levels in body tissues by removing that leak out of our blood vessels, important for function of immune responses i. Lymph nodes monitor lymph flowing into them and produce cells and antibodies which protect body from infection or disease ii. Spleen and thymus are lymphatic organs that monitor the blood and detect and respond to pathogens and malignant cells, lymphatic system absorbs fats from intestine 2. Function 3. Organization F. The Integumentary System 1. Vocabulary a. Integumentary System - body's outer layer, first of defense against bacteria and help protect you from injury and sunlight. Works with other systems in the body to keep it in balance. i. Consists of skin, hair, nails, glands, along with nerves and blood vessels that support them 2. Function 3. Organization G. How Do Vaccines Work? 1. Mechanism of Action 7 Biology Semester 2 Final Notes Unit 1:
