Scientific Method and Metric System
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Questions and Answers

What type of fats do plants primarily use for energy?

  • Trans fats
  • Unsaturated fats (correct)
  • Polyunsaturated fats
  • Saturated fats

Which of the following carbohydrates consists of two monosaccharides?

  • Disaccharides (correct)
  • Oligosaccharides
  • Monosaccharides
  • Polysaccharides

What is the main purpose of photosynthesis in plants?

  • To convert sunlight into heat energy
  • To release carbon dioxide
  • To convert carbon dioxide into glucose and oxygen (correct)
  • To absorb nitrogen from the atmosphere

Which organelle is responsible for the process of photosynthesis?

<p>Chloroplast (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the photosynthesis equation, what is produced alongside glucose?

<p>Oxygen (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of Earth's atmosphere is composed of oxygen?

<p>21% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes autotrophs?

<p>They can convert sunlight into chemical energy. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the atmosphere play in photosynthesis?

<p>Supplies carbon dioxide for plants to absorb (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a hypothesis in scientific research?

<p>A possible answer to a scientific question that can be tested (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which variable is manipulated in an experiment?

<p>Independent variable (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the control group is true?

<p>It is used to compare with the experimental group (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the metric system, what is the base unit for mass?

<p>Grams (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following units represents a decreased metric unit for length?

<p>Centi (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What step comes directly after forming a study question in the scientific method?

<p>Research (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct order of steps in the scientific method?

<p>Observation, hypothesis, research, experiment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a graph's purpose in data analysis?

<p>To display relationships and trends visually (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What components make up a nucleotide?

<p>Sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogen base (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of DNA?

<p>To provide genetic information for protein synthesis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes proteins?

<p>They are polymers of amino acids (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do saturated fatty acids differ from unsaturated fatty acids?

<p>Unsaturated fatty acids have carbon atoms bonded to fewer hydrogen atoms (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major characteristic of lipids?

<p>They are primarily used to supply energy and make up cell membranes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which fatty acid type is typically solid at room temperature?

<p>Saturated fatty acids (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following lipids serves as a major component of cell membranes?

<p>Phospholipids (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do proteins play in the body?

<p>Transporting nutrients across membranes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of homeostasis?

<p>To maintain a stable internal environment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes positive feedback?

<p>A feedback mechanism that enhances or increases the output of a process (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which components are considered main parts of the immune system?

<p>White blood cells, antibodies, and lymphatic system (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the lymphatic system?

<p>Removing excess fluids and monitoring infections (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the integumentary system function in immune defense?

<p>It acts as a barrier against bacteria and injuries (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a monomer?

<p>A small molecule that binds together to form a polymer (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do lymph nodes play in the lymphatic system?

<p>They filter pathogens and produce protective cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process is primarily facilitated by the negative feedback mechanism?

<p>Regulating blood sugar levels in the body (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organelle acts as the control center of the cell?

<p>Nucleus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of mitochondria in eukaryotic cells?

<p>To make ATP from glucose energy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The spleen and thymus are important parts of which system?

<p>Lymphatic system (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do plant cells differ from animal cells?

<p>Plant cells possess chloroplasts for photosynthesis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of cell does not contain a nucleus?

<p>Prokaryotic cell (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which biomolecule is built of monomers called nucleotides?

<p>Nucleic Acids (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure forms the physical boundary between a cell and its environment?

<p>Cell Membrane (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organelle is responsible for photosynthesis?

<p>Chloroplast (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does it mean for water to be a polar molecule?

<p>It has a slightly positive charge on Hydrogen and a slightly negative charge on Oxygen. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best describes hydrogen bonds?

<p>They involve attractions between partially charged regions of different molecules. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between coefficients and subscripts in chemical formulas?

<p>Coefficients indicate the number of molecules, whereas subscripts indicate the number of atoms in a molecule. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes cohesion in water?

<p>Hydrogen bonding between water molecules. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ionic bonds involve which of the following processes?

<p>Complete transfer of electrons from one atom to another. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the oxygen atom play in the molecular structure of water?

<p>It attracts electrons more than hydrogen, resulting in a slight negative charge. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic of water is responsible for its ability to dissolve many substances?

<p>Its polar nature. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes nonpolar molecules?

<p>They have equal sharing of electrons. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Observation

Anything detected using the five senses.

Inference

Drawing conclusions based on evidence and reasoning.

Hypothesis

A possible answer to a scientific question, based on logic and scientific knowledge.

Experiment

A scientific investigation under controlled conditions to test a hypothesis.

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Independent Variable

The variable that is changed or manipulated in an experiment.

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Dependent Variable

The variable that is measured or observed in an experiment.

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Control Group

A group in an experiment that does not receive the treatment or independent variable.

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Metric System

The system of measurement used in science.

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What are monomers?

Small molecules that bind together to form larger molecules called polymers.

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What are polymers?

Large molecules made up of repeating patterns of monomers linked together.

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What are organelles?

Structures within the cytoplasm of a cell, enclosed by a membrane, that perform specific functions.

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What are eukaryotic cells?

Cells with a nucleus, larger than prokaryotic cells, found mainly in multicellular organisms.

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What are prokaryotic cells?

Cells without a nucleus, their DNA is located in the cytoplasm, found in single-celled organisms like bacteria, first to evolve.

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What is the function of the nucleus?

The 'brain' of the cell, responsible for controlling cellular activities.

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What is the cell membrane?

The thin outer layer of a cell, made of lipids, that forms a boundary between the cell and its environment.

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What is the cytoplasm?

All the cellular material inside the cell membrane, excluding the nucleus, composed of a watery substance.

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Covalent Bond

The sharing of electrons between two atoms.

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Hydrogen Bond

A bond between molecules, not atoms, where the partially positive parts of a molecule are attracted to the partially negative parts of another molecule.

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Polar Covalent Bond

A type of covalent bond where electrons are shared unequally because one atom attracts them more strongly. This results in a slightly positive and a slightly negative end of the molecule.

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Cohesion

The attraction between water molecules due to hydrogen bonding.

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Adhesion

The attraction between water molecules and other substances due to hydrogen bonding.

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Polar Molecule

A molecule with a slightly positive end and a slightly negative end due to unequal sharing of electrons.

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Coefficient

The number written in front of a chemical formula, indicating the number of molecules of that substance involved in a reaction.

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Subscript

The small number written below an element symbol in a chemical formula, indicating the number of atoms of that element in a molecule.

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Monosaccharides

Simple sugars, like glucose and fructose. They are the building blocks of carbohydrates.

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Disaccharides

Two monosaccharides linked together, like sucrose. Sucrose is table sugar.

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Polysaccharides

Complex carbohydrates made up of many monosaccharides linked together. They are used for storing energy and forming structures in living things.

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Photosynthesis

The process by which plants convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose (sugar) and oxygen using sunlight.

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Autotrophs

Organisms that can make their own food through photosynthesis.

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Atmosphere

The layer of gases that surrounds Earth. It is composed of 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, and 1% other gases.

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Chlorophyll

A green pigment found in chloroplasts that absorbs light energy for photosynthesis.

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Radiant Energy to Chemical Energy

The process by which light energy is converted into chemical energy (in the form of glucose) by plants during photosynthesis.

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Homeostasis

The state of balance within a living organism, where internal conditions are maintained within a narrow range despite external changes.

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Negative Feedback

A type of feedback loop where the response to a stimulus reduces the intensity of the stimulus, ultimately returning the system to its set point.

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Positive Feedback

A type of feedback loop where the response to a stimulus amplifies the initial stimulus, leading to an increasing effect.

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Immune System

A complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that protect the body from harmful invaders such as viruses, bacteria, and other pathogens.

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White Blood Cells

Specialized cells that are key components of the immune system. They identify and destroy pathogens.

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Lymphatic System

The body's drainage system that helps maintain fluid levels in tissues, removes waste products, and transports immune cells.

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Lymph Nodes

Small, bean-shaped organs that filter lymph fluid and help the immune system identify and destroy pathogens.

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Integumentary System

The outer layer of the body, providing protection against injury, infection, and UV radiation. It also helps regulate body temperature.

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Nucleotides

The building blocks of DNA and RNA. They consist of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. These bases are Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, and Cytosine in DNA, or Uracil in RNA.

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RNA

A type of nucleic acid that carries genetic information from the nucleus to the ribosomes, where proteins are made. Its structure is similar to DNA but contains Uracil instead of Thymine.

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DNA

A type of nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions for building and maintaining an organism. Its structure is a double helix, with two strands linked by hydrogen bonds.

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Amino Acids

The basic building blocks of proteins. They link together to form long chains called polypeptides.

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Fatty Acids

The monomers that make up lipids. They have a long hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group at one end.

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Saturated Fatty Acids

A type of fatty acid where the carbon atoms are bonded to as many hydrogen atoms as possible. They form straight chains that pack tightly together and are solid at room temperature.

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Unsaturated Fatty Acids

A type of fatty acid where some carbon atoms are not bonded to as many hydrogen atoms as possible. They form bent chains that cannot pack tightly together and are liquid at room temperature.

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Triglycerides

A type of lipid that is made up of three fatty acids linked to a glycerol molecule. They are the main form of energy storage in animals.

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Study Notes

Scientific Method

  • Observations are anything detected with the five senses.
  • Inferences are conclusions drawn from evidence and reasoning.
  • A hypothesis is a possible answer to a scientific question, based on logic and scientific knowledge. Hypotheses must be testable.
  • Experiments are scientific investigations conducted under controlled conditions to test the validity of a hypothesis.
  • Independent variables affect dependent variables.
  • Dependent variables are the affected variables.
  • Control groups are not affected or changed; larger samples increase experiment accuracy.
  • Steps in the scientific method include observing, defining the problem, forming a research question, researching, stating expectations, conducting an experiment and gathering data, analyzing results, reflecting on findings, and communicating with a wider community.

Metric System

  • Length is measured in meters.
  • Mass is measured in grams.
  • Volume is measured in liters.
  • Increased units are Kilo (x1000), Hecto (x100), Deca(x10).
  • Decreased units are Deci (/10), Centi (/100), Milli(/1000).
  • Units include Meters, Centimeters(10⁻²), Millimeters(10⁻³), Micrometers(10⁻⁶), Nanometers(10⁻⁹), Angstroms(10⁻¹⁰), Picometers (10⁻¹²)
  • Data analysis, including graphical representations (x-axis and y-axis, title, and key), is crucial.

Properties of Water

  • Water is a polar molecule (+ and - charges).
  • Cohesion is the attraction between water molecules.
  • Adhesion is the attraction between water and other substances.
  • Covalent bonds involve shared electrons.
  • Nonpolar molecules have equal electron sharing, while polar molecules have unequal electron sharing.
  • Hydrogen bonds are attractions between molecules, not atoms.
  • Polar molecules are attracted to other molecules.
  • Coefficients are numbers in front of chemical formulas, indicating how many molecules are involved in a reaction.
  • Subscripts are written below element symbols within a formula, representing how many atoms of that element are present in each molecule.

Cells and Biomolecules

  • Monomers bond to form polymers.
  • Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus; prokaryotic cells do not.
  • Organelles are structures within cells with specific functions.
  • Cell membranes are vital, containing phospholipids.
  • Cytoplasm refers to material inside a cell membrane (excluding the nucleus).
  • Mitochondria are energy-producing organelles.
  • A cell's nucleus acts as its control center.

Photosynthesis

  • Photosynthesis is the process of converting carbon dioxide into glucose (sugar) and oxygen using light energy.
  • Autotrophs produce their food using photosynthesis.
  • Chloroplasts utilize chlorophyll to absorb light necessary for photosynthesis.
  • The atmosphere provides carbon dioxide required for photosynthesis and releases oxygen produced as a byproduct.
  • The photosynthetic equation is: 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + Sunlight → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂.
  • Energy from sunlight is converted into chemical energy during photosynthesis.

Homeostasis

  • Homeostasis is the process of maintaining a stable internal environment.
  • Negative feedback responds to a stimulus to turn the system off if the set value isn't reached.
  • Positive feedback increases the likelihood of an event.

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Description

This quiz covers the fundamentals of the scientific method, including key concepts such as observations, hypotheses, and experiments. It also explores the metric system's basic units of measurement for length, mass, and volume. Test your understanding of these essential scientific principles!

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