Biology Discussion Session PDF

DISCUSSION SESSION BIOLOGY Prepared: Merwin Andrei E. Simon Department of Science and Technology Science Education Institute Region 02...

DISCUSSION SESSION BIOLOGY Prepared: Merwin Andrei E. Simon Department of Science and Technology Science Education Institute Region 02 DOST ACCESS TOPICS INCLUSION Cytology Cell Theory and cell types Cell cycle Transport mechanisms in Cell TOPICS INCLUSION Bioenergetics Cell Organelle for bioenergetics Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration TOPICS INCLUSION Evolution Recombinant DNA Evolution and Theories of E. Evidences of E. Basic Taxonomy TOPICS INCLUSION Organ Systems Plant and Animal organ systems Feedback mechanisms When the chromosomes line up in mitosis this is known as which phase? a. Telophase b. Anaphase c. Metaphase d. Prophase CYTOLOGY CYTOLOGY Cellulose is a tough carbohydrate fiber that provides support to the plant body. Which of the following organelles contain this substance? a.Cell membrane b.Cell wall c.Nucleus d.Cytoplasm CYTOLOGY CYTOLOGY Which statement is a part of the cell theory? a.Bacteria are prokaryotic cells b.Eukaryotic cells are complex c.Humans are multicellular d.All cells come from preexisting cells CYTOLOGY “omnis cellula e cellula” CYTOLOGY Which of the following plant cell types function for food storage and photosynthesis in cell plants? a.Cork cell b.Parenchyma cell c.Collenchyma cell d.Sclerenchyma cell CYTOLOGY CYTOLOGY Which of the following blood cells is important in the immune system? a. Erythrocytes b.Thrombocytes c.Leukocytes d.Plasma CYTOLOGY CYTOLOGY What happens to red blood cells if we place them in distilled water? a.They remain unchanged b.They swell up and burst c.They start to shrivel as water is lost by osmosis d.They get shrink CYTOLOGY CYTOLOGY All are characteristics of active transport, except __________. a.Energy is needed in the form of ATP. b.Transport proteins are highly specific. c.Moves molecules under concentration gradient d.Moves molecules against the concentration gradient CYTOLOGY CYTOLOGY This refers to a group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled and abnormal cell division. What is asked? a.Cancer b.Turner c.Klinefelter d.Trisomy 21 CYTOLOGY CYTOLOGY Which is the effect of drugs on cells? A. Produce toxic substance B. Discontinuous cell activity C. Cause damage to their structure D. Poison the cell liquid CYTOLOGY What kind of tissue lines our skin and what is its important function? A. Nerve tissue responsible for reflexes. B. Epithelial protection from ultraviolet radiation. C. Nerve tissue; receive stimuli on the skin. D. Epithelial; produce new cells when peeled off. CYTOLOGY Skin contains epithelial tissues located in the epidermal layer. In the epidermal layer, a pigment is released called melanin that absorbs UV energy and diverts it away from healthy cells. CYTOLOGY Which type of cell would probably provide the best opportunity to study lysosomes? A. Leaf Cell of a plant. B. Nerve cell. C. Muscle cell D. Phagocytes white blood cells. CYTOLOGY Lysosomes are cell organelles that digest worn out organelles and phagocytes bacteria from outside the cell. Lysosomes are most numerous in disease- fighting cells such as White blood cells. CYTOLOGY Which sequence of DNA would be complementary to this sequence? ATG TGA CAG a.ATG TGA CAG b.TAC ACT GTC c.GTA AGT GAC d.CAT TCA CTG EVOLUTION They are nitrogenous bases that make up the two different nucleotides in DNA and RNA. Purines (adenine and guanine) are two-carbon nitrogen ring bases while pyrimidines (cytosine and thymine) are one-carbon nitrogen ring bases. EVOLUTION Nucleotide bases pair in DNA through: a.hydrogen bonds between complementary bases b.polar covalent bonds between complementary bases c.sugar bonds between complementary bases d.none of the choices EVOLUTION EVOLUTION Which of the following principles is NOT part of Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection? a. Evolution is a gradual process that occurs over long periods of time. b. Variation occurs among individuals in a population. c. Mutations are the ultimate source of genetic variation. d. Individuals that possess the most favorable variations have the best chance of reproducing. EVOLUTION EVOLUTION The cladogram above shows proposed phylogenetic relationships for several vertebrates. Selected derived traits are indicted on the cladogram by numbered labels. Based on the information presented, which of the derived traits is shared by alligators and manatees but not salamanders? Give your answer as the number label of a character indicated on the cladogram. a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4 e. 5 f. 6 EVOLUTION What is the term for a feature that allows an organism to survive better in its environment? a. variation b. adaptation c. homologous structure d. vestigial structure EVOLUTION Homologous structures share a similar embryonic origin; analogous organs have a similar function. For example, the bones in the front flipper of a whale are homologous to the bones in the human arm. These structures are not analogous. The wings of a butterfly and the wings of a bird are analogous but not homologous. EVOLUTION What observations did Charles Darwin make about finches in the Galápagos Islands? a. The same species of finches lived on all the islands. b. Different species of finches lived on different islands. c. Various species of finches lived on just one of the islands. d. Identical species of finches lived in South America EVOLUTION He noticed that each finch species had a different type of beak, depending on the food available on its island. The finches that ate large nuts had strong beaks for breaking the nuts open. Finches that ate small nuts and seeds had beaks for cracking nuts and seeds. EVOLUTION The tortoise from Abingdon Island, shown in Figure below, would likely be better adapted than the Albermarle Island tortoise to which of the following environments a. areas with short plants and mosses b. areas with no plants and sand dunes c. areas with lots of taller plants d. areas with only tall trees EVOLUTION The hind leg bones shown in the whale in Figure below are examples of a. homologous structures. b. analogous structures. c. fossil structures. d. vestigial structures. EVOLUTION Fossil evidence shows that structures considered vestigial in living organisms __________. a. are not found in ancient organisms. b. have always been vestigial. c. were useful to their ancestors. d. do not fill gaps in the fossil record EVOLUTION The characteristic indicated by the blackened figures is probably: a. Dominant. b. Recessive. c. Non-dominant. d. Sex-linked recessive. What are the genotypes of the parents? a. Both are homozygous dominant. b. Both are heterozygous dominant. c. Both are homozygous recessive. d. The male is homozygous dominant; the female is homozygous recessive. EVOLUTION EVOLUTION If one parent has type A blood and the other parent has type B blood, what blood type will the offspring denoted by the white square and circle have? a. Type A. b. Type B. c. Type AB. d. Type O. EVOLUTION EVOLUTION How many stages does a bacterial growth curve have? a) 5 b) 1 c) 4 d) 3 The common bacteria used in genetic engineering is _____ a) S.typhi b) E.coli c) Rhizobium d) S.aureus EVOLUTION An extra finger in humans is rare but is due to a dominant gene. When one parent is normal and the other parent has an extra finger but is heterozygous for the trait, what is the probability that their children will be normal? a. 0%. b. 25%. c. 50%. d. 75%. Long radishes crossed with round radishes result in all oval radishes. This type of inheritance is: a. Multiple alleles. b. Complete dominance. c. Co-dominance. d. Incomplete dominance. EVOLUTION EVOLUTION Which of the following factors could lead to variations in the offspring of asexually reproducing organisms? a. Crossing over. b. Fertilization. c. Mutations. d. Independent assortment. Carriers of the colour-blindness trait include: a. Men who are heterozygous for the trait. b. Men who are homozygous for the trait. c. Women who are heterozygous for the trait. d. Women who are homozygous for the trait. EVOLUTION EVOLUTION What is a distinguishing characteristic of Homo sapiens over the lower mammals? A. Blood vessels B. Sensitive skin C. Large brain D. Endoskeleton EVOLUTION Many of the unique features of Homo sapiens are found in the skull. Brain size estimates suggest that the brain of Homo sapiens was larger than in other hominid species. The average cranial capacity of Homo sapiens is roughly 1300 cubic centimeters, making the brains of this species absolutely smaller than those of Homo neanderthalensis. However, due to its gracile (small and lightly built) postcranial skeleton, the brain of H. sapiens was larger relative to body size than that of H. neanderthalensis. EVOLUTION Two organisms can be identified as belonging to the same species if they can A. Eat the same kind of food B. breed in a natural setting C. exoskeleton D. survive together in nature EVOLUTION EVOLUTION People who live in high altitude have blood that is described to have. A. high number of white blood cells B. low number of red blood cells C. same number of red blood cells D. high number of red blood cells EVOLUTION EVOLUTION The use of two-word names like Homo sapiens is called A. taxonomy. B. dichotomy. C. dinomial taxomony. D. binomial nomenclature EVOLUTION Which sequence of taxa is in proper order? A. Species, genus, family, class, order, phylum, kingdom. B. Genus, class, order, kingdom, phylum, species, family. C. Class, genus, family, species, order, phylum, kingdom. D. Species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom. EVOLUTION Individuals without the specializations required to survive in a changing environment A. die. B. adapt. C. evolve. D. mutate. When during the cell cycle does replication occur? A. Just before prophase. B. S period of interphase. C. G1 period of interphase. D. G2 period of interphase EVOLUTION EVOLUTION EVOLUTION The gas exchange happens between the capillaries and the alveoli of the lungs. Which of the following types of epithelial tissues allows the diffusion of gas between the two structures? a.Simple squamous b.Stratified squamous c.Simple cuboidal d.Simple columnar ORGAN SYSTEMS ORGAN SYSTEMS ORGAN SYSTEMS A group of specialized cells and intercellular substances around them that are adapted to work together to perform a particular function. a.Cell b.Organ System c.Organ d.Tissue ORGAN SYSTEMS ORGAN SYSTEMS This tissue is involuntary and nonstriated and is usually found in hollow organs such as the stomach, bladder, and uterus. a.Cardiac muscle b.Smooth muscle c.Skeletal muscle d.Nervous muscle ORGAN SYSTEMS Skeletal muscle is an organ that primarily controls movement and posture. Cardiac muscle encompasses the heart, which keeps the human body alive. Smooth muscle is present throughout the gastrointestinal, reproductive, urinary, vascular, and respiratory systems. ORGAN SYSTEMS Given the following structures: 1. larynx 2. nasal cavity 3. pharynx 4. trachea Which of the following is the correct order in which air would flow during inhalation? a. 1,2,3,4 b. 2,3,1,4 c. 2,1,3,4 d. 4,2,3,1 ORGAN SYSTEMS ORGAN SYSTEMS What is the difference between HDL cholesterol and LDL cholesterol? a. HDL is "good" cholesterol that reduces the risk of heart disease and LDL is "bad" cholesterol which increases the risk of heart disease. b. There is no difference between these types of cholesterol c. HDL is "bad" cholesterol that reduces the risk of heart disease and LDL is "good" cholesterol which increases the risk of heart disease. d. HDL usually comes from foods that are high in fat while LDL comes from vegetables ORGAN SYSTEMS HDL helps rid your body of excess cholesterol so it's less likely to end up in your arteries. LDL is called “bad cholesterol” because it takes cholesterol to your arteries, where it can collect in your artery walls. ORGAN SYSTEMS These two body systems work together to allow a person to move, talk, and run. a. Endocrine & Reproductive b. Digestive & Excretory c. Skeletal & Muscular d. Circulatory and Respiratory ORGAN SYSTEMS Once the erythrocytes enter the blood in humans, it is estimated that they have an average lifetime of how many days. How many days is pertained? a. 10 days b. 120 days c. 200 days d. 360 days ORGAN SYSTEMS Red cells have an average life span of about 120 days after which they are cleared by- phagocytosis by reticuloendothelial macrophages due to accumulated changes during their life span. Approximately 5 million erythrocytes are removed from the circulation every second. ORGAN SYSTEMS In the human brain, body temperature, metabolism, heart rate, sexual development, sleep and the body's use of fat and water are influenced by this region of the brain. This region of the brain is the: a. Hypothalamus b. midbrain c. corpus callosum d. cerebellum ORGAN SYSTEMS The hypothalamus is a small region located within the brain that controls many bodily functions, including eating and drinking, sexual functions and behaviors, blood pressure and heart rate, body temperature maintenance, the sleep-wake cycle, and emotional states (e.g., fear, pain, anger, and pleasure). ORGAN SYSTEMS Which roots system is best adapted for anchorage? A. Secondary B. Tertiary C. Taproot D. Fibrous ORGAN SYSTEMS What is the main function of the peripheral nervous system? A. Communicates with the endocrine glands B. Regulates our heartbeat and breathing C. Controls our emotions and intelligence D. Connects central nervous system to all organs ORGAN SYSTEMS Peripheral nervous system: The portion of the nervous system that is outside the brain and spinal cord. The nerves in the PNS connect the central nervous system (CNS) to sensory organs, such as the eye and ear, and to other organs of the body, muscles, blood vessels, and glands. ORGAN SYSTEMS If the flow of blood in a vessel is toward the heart then the vessel is identified as a __________. A. Ventricle B. artery C. vein D. atrium ORGAN SYSTEMS ORGAN SYSTEMS ORGAN SYSTEMS Which statement about photosynthesis is correct? a.Plants get the energy they need for photosynthesis from water. b.Plants get the energy they need for photosynthesis from sunlight. c.Plants get the energy they need for photosynthesis from soil. d.Plants do not require energy to perform photosynthesis. BIOENERGETICS BIOENERGETICS Cellular respiration is the name given to a series of biochemical reactions that: a.makes glucose from carbon dioxide and water b.uses glucose to make ATP c.uses glucose to make oxygen d.uses ATP to make oxygen BIOENERGETICS When oxygen is released as a result of photosynthesis, it is a by-product of which of the following reactions? a.Reducing NADP+ b.Photolysis c.Chemiosmosis d.The electron transfer system of photosystem I BIOENERGETICS BIOENERGETICS How many ATP molecules theoretically may be generated by the complete process of cellular respiration of glucose? a.20 b. 12-20 b.34 d. 36-38 BIOENERGETICS BIOENERGETICS Which of the following is a part of the process of chemiosmosis? a. Electrons move along the electron transport chain. b. Water molecules are split. c. Hydrogen ions pass through membranes. d. Light is absorbed by chlorophyll. BIOENERGETICS Chemiosmosis is the movement or diffusion of Hydrogen ions (protons) in Mitochondria specifically in the inner mitochondrial matrix via ATP Synthase (transport protein). Since the production of ATP is tied with the electrochemical gradient of hydrogen ions, the mechanism is called Chemiosmosis. BIOENERGETICS What is the name of the molecule generated in the final step of the citric acid cycle and is also used in the first step? a.Oxaloacetate b.Pyruvate c.Acetyl-CoA d.NADH BIOENERGETICS BIOENERGETICS Which of the following metabolic processes generates the most ATP? a.Glycolysis b.Citric acid cycle c.Electron transport chain d.Transition reaction BIOENERGETICS BIOENERGETICS The dark reaction phase of photosynthesis consists of a series of chemical reactions which end up with the formation of a 3-carbon sugar called ______. A. ADP B. NADPH C. ATP D. PGAL BIOENERGETICS BIOENERGETICS THANK YOU FOR LISTENING