BIOL1XX8 2024 L2 Cells PDF

Organization and Complexity MEDS1001/BIOL1008 2024 Philip Poronnik Payne Scott Distinguished Professor Co-Director FMH Media Lab School of Medical Sciences Faculty of Medicine and Health The human body is the most complex machine ever to have evolved… …and you built one all by yourself !! Pleas...

Organization and Complexity MEDS1001/BIOL1008 2024 Philip Poronnik Payne Scott Distinguished Professor Co-Director FMH Media Lab School of Medical Sciences Faculty of Medicine and Health The human body is the most complex machine ever to have evolved… …and you built one all by yourself !! Please try not to break it… & let’s take a closer look… Two major concepts Evolution: “survival of the fittest” because the “fittest” organisms—those most suited to their environment—are the ones that reproduce most successfully and are most likely to pass on their traits to the next generation. Cell Theory: all organisms are made of cells cells are the basic units of life cells come from pre-existing cells that have multiplied Two major classes of cells Cells form TISSUES Tissues are complex organizational arrangements of cells to fulfill specific functions Epithelial Tissue Connective Tissue Muscle tissue Nervous tissue Adipose Tissue The basic tissues types go together to form ORGANS Organs contain different combinations of these basic tissue types – for example stomach (what tissues make up the stomach?) To complete the picture we are made up of ORGAN SYSTEMS The Stomach is an organ of the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Cells We are made of cells and water Around 37 trillion (1013) – 37,000,000,000,000 cells https://www.howitworksdaily.com/the-human-body-how-many-cells-do-you-have/ Programmed cell death, called apoptosis, is a normal part of development In humans, as many as 1011 cells die in each adult each day and are replaced by other cells. (Indeed, the mass of cells we lose each year through normal cell death is close to our entire body weight!) Syndactyly THE GENOME First human genome 1990 - 2003 13 years – 5 billion$$ Proteomics Polygenic risk  Things can seem a bit alien at times… Greatest barrier to learning biology is Language which can be alien A big barrier in learning biology is language A bit of orientation (important) https://opentextbc.ca/anatomyandphysiology/ch apter/1-6-anatomical-terminology/ A bit of orientation MEDS1002!! So let’s take a peek inside How much water enters the gut? The kidneys ? We are going to build one – scale complexity - 3D Energy Supply Scaffold Propulsion System Pumps, Ventilation, Plumbing Purification plant Protection Control Systems Create, Construct and Repair Quite a bit of variability around “normal” But still TIGHTLY controlled Glucose = diabetes Albumin = renal disease Electrolytes / CO2 = CV disease K+ - over 7 you’re in heaven Balancing acid and base respiratory – ie CO2 metabolic buffers – bicarbonate, renal – electrolytes Another issue about packing in the human body Surface area to volume Tennis court ~200 m2 Lung alveoli 0.5 tennis court ! Inside your gut Villus Microvillus Same in kidneys ! Villi and microvilli Increase surface area of gut ~100 Same in kidneys ! Badminton court = 80 m2 So if we know how it works and we really are just fancy machines… https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/mckinsey- explainers/what-is-bioengineering Exoskeletons Part and in full Bionic Ear – now eye Cochlear – Graham Clark Artificial hearts are well underway and now kidneys Artificial Hearts Cells: What do we know we know? We start off as one cell But end up as ~37 trillion cells Cells can grow/function all by themselves There are many different types that fulfill all sorts of functions But they have common structural and functional features SO IS THE CELL JUST A LITTLE BIG FACTORY? Each cell is a factory Surrounded by a balloon (which can burst) ? Plants / bacteria ? We’ll talk about the balloon in a minute But what is inside the factory? Control Centre  Nucleus – the control centre Nucleolus - site of RNA transcription and ribosome biogenesis Rough endoplasmic reticulum – ribosomes and protein synthesis – folding Smooth ER – lipid and steroid hormone production Sorting and despatch  The Golgi Complex Proteins from ER are processed and sorted ready for trafficking to correct destination Power plant Mitochondria – the powerhouse Makes ATP – replicate by fission and contain their own DNA – maternal Waste Disposal Lysosomes – acidic organelles for waste breakdown and disposal Ways to transport Cytoskeleton Filaments and tubules Structure, support and transport David Goodsell