Biology 1 Microscope & Cell Theory Notes PDF

GENERAL BIOLOGY 1 BIOLOGY 1 1ST SEMESTER | 1ST QUARTER | 2024-2025 LESSON 1: MICROSCOPE & CELL THEORY 1609 - GALILEO GALILEI...

GENERAL BIOLOGY 1 BIOLOGY 1 1ST SEMESTER | 1ST QUARTER | 2024-2025 LESSON 1: MICROSCOPE & CELL THEORY 1609 - GALILEO GALILEI MICROSCOPY - Galileo Galilei invented a compound microscope using convex and concave lenses. - It is the use of or investigation with a microscope. - The science of investigating small objects. The microscope uses glass lenses to magnify objects we are not able to see through our naked eye. MICROSCOPE - An optical instrument used for viewing very small 1625 - GIOVANNI FABER objects, such as mineral samples or animal or plant cells, typically magnified several hundred times. - The first term microscope was used by Giovanni Faber to refer to the compound microscope of Galilei. TWO TYPES OF MICROSCOPE 1. SIMPLE MICROSCOPE 2. COMPOUND MICROSCOPE SIMPLE MICROSCOPE - Is nothing but a single biconvex lens. It is referred to as a MAGNIFYING GLASS. 1665 - ROBERT HOOKE The object to be viewed in a simple microscope is placed between the optic center and the focus. - Robert Hooke, an English physicist, coined the term Image formed is erect, virtual, and magnified. cell in his publication Micrographia. He was the first to see a plant cell under a single microscope. Logan’s Simple ★ The English Father of Microscopy Microscope (circa 1871) COMPOUND MICROSCOPE - A microscope that uses two sets of lenses (a compound lens system) to obtain higher magnification. 1676 - ANTONIE van LEEUWENHOEK HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE - Antonie van Leeuwenhoek was the first to see living MICROSCOPE cells using his own single lens microscope. He examined blood cells, yeast, and insects. 1590 - HANS JANSSEN & ZACHARIAS JANSSEN His observations of bacteria (which he called animacules) made him the first person known to - Hans Janssen (Hans Lippershey) and his son Zacharias have seen these microorganisms. Janssen, placed multiple lenses and found out that the Referred to as the “first microbiologist” and objects through the tube appear greatly enlarged. “father of microbiology” ♡ ARLISS >_< 1  GENERAL BIOLOGY 1 BIOLOGY 1 1ST SEMESTER | 1ST QUARTER | 2024-2025 1830 - JOSEPH LISTER 1981 - GERD BINNIG & HEINRICH ROHRER - Joseph Lister reduced spherical aberrations by using - Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer invented the several weak lenses together at certain distances to get scanning tunnelling microscope (STM). a good magnification without blurring. It can visualize individual atoms within materials. 1874 - ERNST ABBE 1986 - Ernst Abbe introduced a mathematical formula that - Ernst Ruska won the Nobel Prize for his contribution to correlates resolving the power to the wavelength of light. the study of microscopy. It made the calculation of the theoretical A Nobel prize was also awarded to Gerd Binnig maximum resolution of a microscope possible. and Heinrich Rohrer. 1931 - ERNST RUSKA & MAX KNOLL 1992 - DOUGLAS PRASHER - Ernst Ruska and Max Knoll designed and built the first - Douglas Prasher cloned the green fluorescent protein transmission electron microscope. that he used in fluorescent microscopy. The electron microscope does not depend on light but on electrons. 1993-1996 - STEFAN HALL It can visualize objects as small as the diameter - Stefan Hall pioneered the first super resolution of an atom. microscopy. 1932 - FRITS ZERNIKE 2010 - Frits Zernike invented the first contrast illumination - Researchers at the University of California, Los Angeles which allows imaging of transparent samples. used a cryoelectron microscope to see the atoms of Objects can be seen without staining. the virus. 1942 - ERNST RUSKA 2014 - Ernst Ruska invented the first scanning electron - Eric Betzig, Stefan Hell, and William Moerner got the microscope. Nobel Prize in Chemistry for the super microscope they It transmits a beam of electrons across the invented. surface of the specimen. It can see smaller than 0.2 um. 1957 - MARVIN MINSKY MODERN MICROSCOPE - Marvin Minsky introduced the principle of confocal imaging which gives a resolution that is higher than that TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPE of conventional light. (TEM) 1972 - GODFREY HOUNSFIELD & ALLAN CORNACK - Godfrey Hounsfield and Allan Cornack developed the Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT) scanner. It can generate cross-sectional views and three-dimensional images of internal organs and structures. 1978 - THOMAS & CHRISTOPH CREMER - Thomas and Christoph Cremer developed the first practical confocal laser scanning microscope. - The transmission electron microscope is used to view This instrument focus laser beams to scan thin specimens (tissue sections, molecules, etc) through objects. which electrons can pass generating a projection image. ♡ ARLISS >_< 2  GENERAL BIOLOGY 1 BIOLOGY 1 1ST SEMESTER | 1ST QUARTER | 2024-2025 TOTAL MAGNIFICATION BODY TUBE ★ OCULAR LENS X OBJECTIVE LENS = TOTAL - Connects the eyepiece to objective lenses. MAGNIFICATION - It is a hollow tube through which light travels from the objective to the ocular. EXAMPLE: 10x X 10x = 100 (100 times larger) LOW POWER LENS REVOLVING NOSEPIECE - It magnifies ten times and it is marked as 10x. - Holds two or more objective lenses and can be rotated to easily change power. (Called as Turret) HIGHEST POWER LENS OBJECTIVE LENSES - It can magnify forty times in a common compound microscope. - Capture light emitted or reflected by the specimen. - Magnify specimens, typically from 4x to 100x, for RESOLUTION detailed observation. - The ability of the microscope to show the details STAGE CLIPS of an object being examined. CONTRAST - Hold specimen slide in place. - Refers to the darkness of the background with STAGE reference to the specimen. - A platform for placing and positioning the specimen under observation. COMPOUND LIGHT MICROSCOPE APERTURE - Used to examine objects that are too small to be seen by the naked eye. - A hole in the middle of the microscope stage that allows the light from the source to pass through. DIAPHRAGM - Control the amount of light that passes through the specimen. INCLINATION JOINT - Allows to tilt the microscope. ARM Why is it called a Compound Light microscope? - Supports the microscope head and attaches it to the base. It needs light to see the object. - It is also used when carrying the microscope. It uses two sources of light or has more than one lens. COARSE ADJUSTMENT KNOB MAGNIFICATION - A rapid control that allows for quick focusing by moving the objective lens or stage up and down. Ocular Lenses - 10x OBJECTIVE LENSES: FINE ADJUSTMENT KNOB Scanning - 4x [Full image of Specimen] - A slow but precise control used to fine-focus the Low Power Objective (LPO) - 10x [Zoom] image when viewing at higher magnifications. High Power Objective (HPO) - 40x [Clear] BASE PARTS OF THE MICROSCOPE - It serves as a support for microscopes. EYEPIECE ILLUMINATOR / MIRROR - The eyepiece, or ocular lens, is the part of the - Used to reflect light from an external light microscope that magnifies the image produced source up through the bottom of the stage. by the objective so that it can be seen by the - CONCAVE - Reflect; PLANE - Absorb human eye. ♡ ARLISS >_< 3  GENERAL BIOLOGY 1 BIOLOGY 1 1ST SEMESTER | 1ST QUARTER | 2024-2025 CELL THEORY 1839 - THEODOR SCHWANN CELL A zoologist who concluded that all animals are made of cells. - The smallest unit of life that can live on its own and that makes up all living organisms and the tissues of the body. Why is it the basic unit of life? - All the functions taking place inside the body of organisms are performed by cells. - These are organelles that support the cell itself ★ Cell — Tissue — Organ 1665 - ROBERT HOOKE 1855 - RUDOLF VIRCHOW Observe cells in cork A physician who did a research on cancer cells Coined the term “cells” (He saw something that and concluded “Omnis cellula e cellula” (All looks like "cella" and term the word cell.) cells are from pre-existing cells). 1676 - ANTON van LEEUWENHOEK Created a powerful microscope. CELL THEORY Formally established by Theodor Schwann and Matthias Schleiden in 1839. The most basic tenet underlying the field of biology. One of the basic principles of biology. Formulated by the 3 German scientists Theodor 1827-33 - ROBERT BROWN Schwann, Matthias Schleiden, and Rudolph Noticed that pollen grains in water jiggled around Virchow. called “Brownian Motion” THE CELL THEORY STATES: Discovered nucleus 1. Cells are the smallest unit of life. All living things are composed of one or more cells. They may be unicellular or multicellular. 2. Cells are the basic unit of organization of all organisms. 3. Cells come only from pre-existing cells. 1838 - MATTHIAS SCHLEIDEN They are derived from spontaneous generation. A botanist who concluded that all plants are made of cells. MODERN CELL THEORY Modern cell theory adds additional key points: 1. Cells carry and pass on to the offspring hereditary units during cell division. 2. All cells are relatively the same in terms of chemical composition and metabolic activity. ♡ ARLISS >_< 4  GENERAL BIOLOGY 1 BIOLOGY 1 1ST SEMESTER | 1ST QUARTER | 2024-2025 CELL NUMBER CELL SHAPE UNICELLULAR - The shape of the cell varies in different organisms. The shape of a plant cell is different from that of an animal cell. - Are made of singe cell They may be: Example: amoeba, bacteria, chlamydomonas, Spherical yeast, euglena Polygonal MULTICELLULAR Oval Columnar or flat plate-like - Are made of million cells Elliptical Example: Plants and animals Spindle shaped Cuboidal CELL SIZE - Cells are extremely small therefore they can be observed under a microscope. - Cells are measured in micrometers or microns. MYCOPLASMA The smallest cell PRACTICE TEST Compound Light Microscope - Fill in the names of each of NERVE CELL the numbered boxes. The longest cell OSTRICH EGG The largest cell PARTS OF THE MICROSCOPE Stage Microscope tube x4 Objective lens Arm Light source x10 Objective lens Fine focus Revolving nosepiece x40 Objective lens Coarse focus Stage clips Iris adjustment Base Ocular lens ♡ ARLISS >_< 5