Biology 1 Past Paper 2024 PDF

There are 7 characteristics that all living things must have in order to be considered alive. Organization Metabolism Homeostasis Growth and Development Adaptation Response to Stimuli Reproduction  Organization Living...

There are 7 characteristics that all living things must have in order to be considered alive. Organization Metabolism Homeostasis Growth and Development Adaptation Response to Stimuli Reproduction  Organization Living organisms are composed of one or more cells, the basic units of life. Cells are organized into tissues, organs, and organ systems, which work together to perform various functions.  Metabolism The chemical reactions that occur within living organisms to sustain life. Includes processes such as respiration, photosynthesis, and digestion.  Homeostasis The ability of an organism to maintain a stable internal environment despite changes in the external environment. Involves mechanisms such as temperature regulation, water balance, and pH control. Growth and Development The increase in size and complexity of an organism over time. Involves the processes of cell division, differentiation, and morphogenesis.  Adaptation The ability of an organism to change or adjust to a new environment or situation. Allows organisms to survive and reproduce in changing environments. Response to Stimuli The ability of an organism to detect and respond to changes in its internal or external environment. Involves mechanisms such as sensory perception, signal transduction, and behavioral responses.  Reproduction The ability of an organism to produce new individuals of the same species, either sexually or asexually. Ensures the continuation of the species and the transfer of genetic information. End of Activity 1:  Activity 2: Cell Flipbook All living things are made up of cells. Each part of the cell has its role and purpose. These parts are essential in the cellular processes that keep cells from functioning properly. In this activity, you will create a flipbook that shows how a cellular process works.  AGENDA MACRO AGENDUM: MICRO AGENDA: 1.accomplish the goals in Activity 2: Cell Flip book should discover and explain the application of cell processes. Create a portfolio that compiles all activities. explain how cell division takes place describe different types of cell transport 2. Create a flipbook 3. Present a flipbook  AGENDA MACRO AGENDUM: MICRO AGENDA: 1.accomplish the goals in Activity 2: Cell Flip book should discover and explain the application of cell processes. Create a portfolio that compiles all activities. explain how cell division takes place describe different types of cell transport 2. Create a flipbook 3. Present a flipbook 4. Process the topics on the flipbook What is a flipbook? Flipbook is a small book consisting of a series of images in different positions that create the illusion of flowing movement when the thumb is placed so the pages flip quickly.  INSTRUCTIONS 1. You will be grouped in according to the available number of the class. (Note: The groupings will be determined by your facilitator.)  INSTRUCTIONS 2. Read and understand all eight (8) questions below. A. How are gametes formed in the body? B. How do somatic cells replicate? C. How is oxygen transferred from the lungs to the blood? D. How is glucose (sugar) transported across the membranes of red blood cells? H. How does the sodium-potassium pump in cells work? I. How are materials expelled from the cell without going through the cell membrane? J. How is iron transported into cells? K. How do wrinkled fruits and vegetables swell when placed in water?  INSTRUCTIONS 3. Create a flipbook for questions A-H. HOW ARE GAMETES FORMED IN THE BODY? A Gametes, which are the reproductive cells (sperm and egg cells), are formed through a specialized cell division process called meiosis. Gametogenesis is the process by which gametes are produced in the gonads (testes in males and ovaries in females). HOW ARE GAMETES FORMED IN THE BODY? A Meiosis is a type of cell division that reduces the chromosome number by half, creating haploid gametes from diploid precursor cells. In meiosis, a diploid cell (containing two complete sets of chromosomes) undergoes two successive cell divisions, resulting in four haploid cells (containing one complete set of chromosomes). HOW DO SOMATIC CELLS REPLICATE? B Somatic cells replicate through the process of cell division, which involves the duplication of the cell's genetic material (DNA) and the subsequent partitioning of the replicated genetic material into two genetically identical daughter cells. This process is known as mitosis. HOW DO SOMATIC CELLS REPLICATE? B Why do cells undergo mitosis?  HOW DO SOMATIC CELLS REPLICATE? B Why do cells undergo mitosis? 1. Growth and development 2. Tissue repair and renewal 3. Asexual reproduction 4. Maintenance of cell populations 5. Wound healing 6. Immune response Mitosis is a fundamental process that allows multicellular organisms to develop, function, and adapt to their environment.  HOW IS OXYGEN TRANSFERRED FROM THE LUNGS TO THE C BLOOD? Oxygen is transferred from the lungs to the blood through the process of gas exchange, which occurs in the alveoli of the lungs. The steps involved in the transfer of oxygen from the lungs to the blood are as follows: 1. Ventilation: Air is inhaled through the nose or mouth, and it travels down the trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles, eventually reaching the alveoli in the lungs.  HOW IS OXYGEN TRANSFERRED FROM THE LUNGS TO THE C BLOOD? 2. Diffusion: The alveoli are tiny air sacs surrounded by a network of capillaries (small blood vessels). Oxygen (O2) molecules in the alveolar air diffuse across the thin alveolar-capillary membrane due to the difference in partial pressure of oxygen between the alveolar air and the blood in the capillaries.  HOW IS OXYGEN TRANSFERRED FROM THE LUNGS TO THE C BLOOD? 3. Oxygen binding to hemoglobin: As the oxygen diffuses into the blood, it binds to the hemoglobin molecules in the red blood cells. Hemoglobin is a protein that has a high affinity for oxygen, allowing it to efficiently transport oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body.  HOW IS OXYGEN TRANSFERRED FROM THE LUNGS TO THE C BLOOD? 4. Oxygen-rich blood circulation: The oxygenated blood, now containing hemoglobin with bound oxygen, is carried away from the lungs through the pulmonary veins and then into the left atrium of the heart. The heart pumps this oxygen-rich blood to the body's tissues through the systemic circulation. HOW IS GLUCOSE (SUGAR) TRANSPORTED ACROSS THE D MEMBRANES OF RED BLOOD CELLS?  HOW IS GLUCOSE (SUGAR) TRANSPORTED ACROSS THE D MEMBRANES OF RED BLOOD CELLS? Glucose is transported across the membranes of red blood cells (erythrocytes) through a process called facilitated diffusion, which utilizes specialized transport proteins called glucose transporters (GLUTs). Once inside the red blood cell, the glucose can be used as an energy source through various metabolic pathways, such as glycolysis, which generates ATP (adenosine triphosphate) to power the cell's functions. HOW DOES THE SODIUM-POTASSIUM PUMP IN CELLS WORK? E The sodium-potassium pump, also known as the Na+/K+ ATPase, is an essential membrane protein that plays a crucial role in maintaining the electrochemical gradient across the cell membrane. The sodium-potassium pump is found in the cell membranes of almost all animal cells and plays a crucial role in maintaining the electrochemical gradients necessary for proper cellular function and signaling. The sodium-potassium pump is an active transport mechanism, meaning it requires energy in the form of ATP to function. HOW ARE MATERIALS EXPELLED FROM THE CELL WITHOUT F GOING THROUGH THE CELL MEMBRANE? Cells have a specialized mechanism to expel materials without directly crossing the cell membrane, and this process is known as exocytosis. In exocytosis, the materials to be expelled are first packaged into membrane-bound vesicles within the cell. These vesicles then fuse with the cell membrane, allowing their contents to be released outside the cell. HOW ARE MATERIALS EXPELLED FROM THE CELL WITHOUT F GOING THROUGH THE CELL MEMBRANE? By using the vesicle-mediated exocytosis process, cells can efficiently expel materials without directly exposing the cell contents to the external environment, maintaining the cell's structural and functional integrity. HOW IS IRON TRANSPORTED INTO CELLS? G Endocytosis is one of the key processes involved in the transferrin-mediated iron transport into cells. Endocytosis is a cellular mechanism where materials or substances are brought into the cell by forming a vesicle around them. This endocytosis-based mechanism allows the cell to efficiently internalize the transferrin-bound iron, which is otherwise unable to cross the cell membrane directly. The energy required for the formation and internalization of the endocytic vesicle is provided by the cell's metabolic processes, making this an active transport mechanism. HOW DO WRINKLED FRUITS AND VEGETABLES SWELL WHEN H PLACED IN WATER? The cell walls of the fruits and vegetables act as a semipermeable membrane. When they are dried, concentration inside becomes higher. On placing in water, the process of osmosis takes place. So, they swell and return to their original form. The process will be accelerated with increase of temperature because osmosis becomes faster with increase in temperature. End of Activity 2. Activity 3: The Search for Microbes Prokaryotes are known to be microscopic while eukaryotes are macroscopic, but did you know that some eukaryotes are actually microscopic? Your task is to learn more about some of these microorganisms and determine if they are harmful or beneficial to humans.  AGENDA MACRO AGENDUM: MICRO AGENDA: 1.present activity 2: Cell Flipbook; 2. process activity 2; Create a portfolio that compiles all activities. 3. accomplish the goals in Activity 3: The Search for Microbes: a. you should recognize harmful and beneficial microorganisms 4. present your activity 3 output.  INSTRUCTIONS 1. This will done by group. You will be assigned to one of the following:  INSTRUCTIONS 2. Complete the table below:  INSTRUCTIONS 3. Taxonomy INSTRUCTIONS 4. Create a wanted poster for your bacteria. Refer to the samples below.  Reflection Paper: In not less than three sentences, answer the following: 1. Differentiate fungi from bacteria using a Venn diagram. 2. Bacteriology, a branch of microbiology, is the study of bacteria. Why do you think it is necessary to study bacteria 3. Mycology is the study of fungi. Why do you think it is necessary to study fungi?  Plenary... Can you name some different types of microorganisms? What roles might microorganisms play in nature? What roles might microorganisms play in humans? What roles might microorganisms play in industry?  Define Microorganism. Any one?  Define Microorganism. (MY-kroh-OR-guh-NIH-zum) An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms.  Wanted ¨ALIVE¨ What are the good or beneficial microorganisms below? Wanted ¨ALIVE¨ What are the good or beneficial microorganisms below? Notable for their benefits: Bacillus subtilis Bifidobacterium infantis Lactobacillus acidophilus Saccharomyces cerevisiae Streptococcus lactis  Wanted ¨ALIVE¨ Bacillus subtilis; probiotic, has industrial applications. Bifidobacterium infantis; a gut bacterium, found in the intestines of infants and associated with promoting healthy digestion and immune function. Lactobacillus acidophilus; a lactic acid-producing bacterium commonly used as a probiotic to support gut health.  Wanted ¨ALIVE¨ Saccharomyces cerevisiae; a yeast. Used in the production of bread, beer, and wine, making it a beneficial microorganism in the food and beverage industry. Streptococcus lactis is a lactic acid-producing bacterium that is important in the fermentation of dairy products, such as cheese and yogurt.  Wanted ¨DEAD¨ What are the bad or harmful microorganisms below?  Wanted ¨DEAD¨ What are the bad or harmful microorganisms below? Harmful microorganisms: Aspergillus fumigatus Botrytis cinerea Candida albicans Clostridium difficile Epidermophyton floccosum Escherichia coli (some strains can be harmful) Pseudomonas aeruginosa Staphylococcus aureus Streptococcus pyogenes  Wanted ¨DEAD¨ Harmful microorganisms: Aspergillus fumigatus; a fungus, can cause serious infections. Botrytis cinerea is a plant pathogen that can cause "gray mold" disease in various crops. Candida albicans; a yeast that can cause opportunistic infections, such as oral thrush and vaginal yeast infections. Clostridium difficile is a bacterium that can cause severe diarrhea and inflammation of the colon.  Wanted ¨DEAD¨ Epidermophyton floccosum;a fungus that can cause ringworm infections on the skin. Escherichia coli; can also include pathogenic strains that can cause food poisoning and other infections. Pseudomonas aeruginosa; can cause infections in immunocompromised individuals. Staphylococcus aureus; can cause a wide range of infections, from minor skin infections to life-threatening conditions. Streptococcus pyogenes; can cause strep throat, skin infections, and more serious invasive diseases. What is the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic? Prokaryote Definition: Prokaryotes are unicellular organisms that lack membrane- bound structures, the most noteworthy of which is the nucleus. Eukaryote Definition: Eukaryotes are organisms whose cells have a nucleus and other organelles enclosed by a plasma membrane. Organelles are internal structures responsible for a variety of functions, such as energy production and protein synthesis. All cells, whether prokaryotic or eukaryotic, share these four features: 1. DNA 2. Plasma membrane 3. Cytoplasm 4. Ribosomes Differences: End of Activity 3. Activity 4: Epic Meal Plan Our bodies are made up of cells. Cells need energy to continue to function. So, what do we need to eat and drink to give our cells the energy they need? Our bodies need carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, enzymes and nucleic acids. In other words, our bodies need biomolecules. In this activity, you will create a meal plan for a patient.  AGENDA MACRO AGENDUM: MICRO AGENDA: 1.recap last meeting´s agenda; 2. introduce the goal of A4: Epic Meal Plan; Create a portfolio that compiles all activities. A. You should be able to recognize BIOMOLECULES and their importance. 3. Accomplish A4: Epic Meal Plan; 4: Presentation Proper; 5. Process the last activity.  INSTRUCTIONS 1. Read about the patient’s condition below to identify which nutrients are more essential for his/her condition. 2. Create a presentation that explains the condition to your patient and recommends a diet for them. Your presentation must have the following parts: Description - What happens to the body, or the cells specifically, when afflicted? What are the characteristics of having the condition? Signs and Symptoms - What does one feel or experience when afflicted? What, if any, are the physical manifestations of the disease/illness? Treatment and Diet - What are the possible treatments? What is the recommended diet for people afflicted?  INSTRUCTIONS 3. Use the proposed format in designing the meal plan for each patient. The meal plan should include breakfast, lunch, and dinner. 4. Once you are done with the meal plan, answer the following questions in not less than five (5) sentences: How are lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids used to meet the needs of living things? How is a protein's structure related to its function? Why would carbohydrates typically have less energy than lipids? How do the properties of each amino acid determine how a protein folds when it binds? LIST OF PATIENTS: A. Joshua Reyes B. Angel Cruz C. John Paul Bautista D. Angelica Ocampo E. Christian Mendoza F. Nicole Torres G. Justine Santos PATIENT´S CONDITION: Lactose Intolerance Type 2 Diabetes ATHEROSCLEROSIS Osteoporosis Kidney Stones Gout Phenylketonuria (PKU)  AGENDA MACRO AGENDUM: MICRO AGENDA: Recap. last meeting’s agenda. Create a portfolio that compiles all activities. Present A4: Epic Meal Plan Process the, “Epic Meal Plan.” Introduce Milestone Portfolio  GOAL At the end of this activity, you should be able to recognize BIOMOLECULES and their importance. For the Presentation, observe: Display -- with appropriate image, text, and illustrations. Organization-- the facts are well thought out. Eye Contact-- exude confidence Voice--clear and engaging Individual contribution-- all members helped.  INSTRUCTIONS: You will be given five minutes to prepare your chromebook for the presentation. In FIVE (5) minutes, the presenters MUST finish their presentation. The NON-PRESENTERS MUST be prepared to give at least one comment or one question to the presenters. EXPERIMENTATION Describe the activity in TWO WORDS. What is a meal plan? What is your opinion on your patient’s illnesses, ARE THEIR CONDITIONS ALWAYS DEPENDENT ON THEIR LIFESTYLES?  Let’s talk about biomolecules. How are lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids connected to your activity, “The Epic Meal Plan?” Recognize the following images: What do carbs do to your body? What do carbs do to your body? Carbohydrates are your body's main source of energy: They help fuel your brain, kidneys, heart muscles, and central nervous system. For instance, fiber is a carbohydrate that aids in digestion, helps you feel full, and keeps blood cholesterol levels in check. What is a lipids and its function? What is a lipids and its function? A lipid is any of various organic compounds that are insoluble in water. They include fats, waxes, oils, hormones, and certain components of membranes and function as energy-storage molecules and chemical messengers. What are the benefits of eating protein? What are the benefits of eating protein? Proteins are the building blocks of life. Every cell in the human body contains protein. The basic structure of protein is a chain of amino acids. You need protein in your diet to help your body repair cells and make new ones. Protein is also important for growth and development in children, teens, and pregnant women. What are the benefits of eating protein? Protein is responsible for: Speeding recovery after exercise and/or injury. Reducing muscle loss. Building lean muscle. Helping maintain a healthy weight. Curbing hunger. What is nucleic acid and its function? What is nucleic acid and its function? Nucleic acids, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA), carry genetic information which is read in cells to make the RNA and proteins by which living things function. The well- known structure of the DNA double helix allows this information to be copied and passed on to the next generation. What is the best definition of biomolecules? What is the best definition of biomolecules? A biomolecule is a chemical compound found in living organisms. These include chemicals that are composed of mainly carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur and phosphorus. Biomolecules are the building blocks of life and perform important functions in living organisms.