Homeostasis & Cell Processes

we got this Homeostasis-maintain Stable internal environment Positive feedback loop - the Output amplifis the original Stimulus. - drives the body away fro...

we got this Homeostasis-maintain Stable internal environment Positive feedback loop - the Output amplifis the original Stimulus. - drives the body away from see point exblood clotting Negitive feedback-output reduces or conters the original Stimul ex : cold-> pur on Jacket ex : hot -> take in of Stimulus ↓ Sensor Detects the Change - ↓ control center - process the information ↓ Effector acts to bring varable back to normal -  acid and bases acid] Dissociates and releases H + HCl-> Nat + OH- Base ↳ Disasosiates and releases Oh NaOH -> Nat tOH- Ph measured in Hydrogen content 0-14 Lower value = consituation higher hydrogen ion Ph is on a logarithmic scale Phy has lox hydrogen then Ph5 elements of an arom Atomic number - the number of protons in an arons nucleus - Defines the element mass number - number of protons an neutrons in the nucleus 6 Protons + Greations I mass number 12 Isotopes - arams of the same element but with diffent number of neutrons Valance Shell-outer most electron shell - Determine the chemical properties aroms with a full valence shell are more stable - Fons-aroms that lost : gain or electron cations - Positive in Anion-negitive ion lonic bonds When one arem transfer electrons to another creating posity charged ions ther attract one another & covalent bands - electrons are shared between 2 aroms non-polar covalent bands -elections are shared equally happens with with similar draws electronegativity -  Polar covalent bonds -electrons are shared partial unequally leading to a charge with with occurs drams different electro negativity - Hydrogen Positive Oxgen negitive Hydrogen bands weekly Positive charge bands to weak regitive charge -very wean Polar covalent-hydrophilic Non-polar covalent-hydrophobic role of water in Chemical reactions Dehydration Synthesis-bands formed between two motocules by water removeing anabolic reaction removing water - - - makes more complex molocules Hydrolosis-bonds are broken down by adding water "Decomposition" reaction Carbohydrates made of -carbon hydrogen - Oxygen - waver solvable types monosaccharide - single sing of carbon ex : glucose energy - Disaccharide - two monosacorice exisucrose polysachride-long chain of Monosacchride energy storage - lipids tryglyceride(furs)-stores energy - composed of glycerol a 3 fatty adid chains Phospholipids- makes up the cell membrane composed of and 2 fatry did chails glycerol - and Phosphate group a  Steroids - four carbon rings sex hormones - - formed from Cholesterol proteins-formed from Amino acids 20 kinds - made from carbon hydrogen , Oxygen and nitrogen - , I Determins the property peptide band-formed through dehydration synthesis links amine one carboxyl group of one amino acid to an group of another log chain of Peptides are polypeptide types of protein Enzyme-speed Up Chemical reactions imune system-antibodies Hormones-Chemical messengers regulate processes S Structural- Folding dids primary structure chain of amiro - secondary structure - local folding patternes held by Hydrogen bonds tertiary structure - 3D structure formed from interacting between R groups Quantary structure - multible polypeptide combined to make functional Protein Nucleic acid Nucleotide - the building blocks RNA ribonucleic acid-synthesizes Protein Dra Deoxyribonucli-stores genetic information adenosine triosphere (ATP) - energy for cells DNA replication 46 chromosomes 23 Mom 23 dad , DNA-not naked wrapped around with histones has a complementary strand made of nucleotides each containing a base Adenine (a) to thymine (*) Guanine (6) to cyrosine (c) AGtGC-would go togethea DNA replication Stage 1: initiation - HelicaseSeperates Strand Stage 2: Elongation DNA Polymerase adds complementary nucleotides - Stage 3 : termination semiconservative stops replicating - Protein Synthesis transcription (in Nucleus) - Produces messenger RNA creates complementary copy of DNA gone - Single Stranded MRNA is form of BNA - I stand - created - uracil replaces thyming Stage 1: Initiation Promoter Section starts the process Stage 2: elongation : RNA unwinds the DNA using DNA as coding or template RNA polymers link nucleotides to produce RNA Strand Stage 3 : termination JUAA, UAG, UGA) codone ends the process translation- URNA leaves nucleus to bind to ribosomes made up of Proteins and ribosomal SNA - libosome , MRNA an tRNA conect amino acids to finally make a protein Singe 1: initiation - ribosome birds mRNA to Stage 2: elongation - TRNA binds and adds amino acids Stage 3 : temination - Stop Codon ends if cell and mitosis cycle control Mitosis - one becomes 2 - mother and dater calls exact copy Clones = Same DNA for forming functoring body tissue meiosis one cell becomes a -only half of the DNA each cell diffrent Set of DNA - -produce : sperm gametes egg and in Veriation results genetic  Cell cycle Inter Phase 6) cell preforms normal function grows - 60-some cells enter phase and stop dividing -Phase-DNA is replicated and produce Sister chromatids 62 Phase - the cells prepare for division https://docs.google.com/document/d/ 1hKQKTU0OHoq5vOdhPApwMtMnm8 DBCUNpayusaYvLj08/edit?tab=t.0 Cellelar resperation Glycolysis-occurs in cyroplasm spits - glucose into 2 pryurate of 2 -genrates not gain Atp and 2NadH Glucose ③Q - ① 2 Q properates every ye at ① ② transition reaction - happens 2 times occurs in the Mitochondria CO2 is removed from pryorate releases INADH  Kreb Cycle - occors in the Mitochondria Acetyle Cot enters the Cycle - - releases lA+P I FaDHy and 3 NADH Per acetyle COA , , - happens 2 times Phase 4 Election transport chain - occurs in the mitochondria requires Oxygen - - Elections of FADH2 and NADH are transfered from one carrier protein to another releases then in energy results 34 ATP - 3 ATPINADH 2 APIfADH releases ware  36 becaus 2 ATP are invested Lactic acid termintation (anaerobic) Glycolosis ↓ Fermintation - pyruvate converted to lactate  tissue types Epithelial-covers body surface and lines body cavitys conective-supports binds and protects organs Muscle- Nervious Membrains- connective - synovial allows movement lines Joint Epithelial - muccase-lines body caving (nose , ass serous-liness internal body cavity cutaneous skin which protects body - , Apicial surface - exposed to hair Basement membrane-anchors tissue to the underlyin Tissue no blood supply cell to cell junction fight junction-seals adjasen cells to prevent leads Gap junction - Allows ions and small molocules to pass between cells for communication Anchoring junction-provides Stability Desmosome - provide strength, Hemidesmosomes - Anchors epithelial cells to basement membrane adherens - uses cadhering to conect cells to maintain tissue inregurg glands endocrine-secreate blood directly into stream exocrine-secrets into duct types of ducts aveolar (round) tubular (tube) branched and componded (multible branch Secretion Production merocrine - Secreate without losing material Apocrine -Secreate by pinching off part of the cell Holocrine-secrete by the whole being broken down Conective Tissue matrix-composed of substances ground Fibers- areolar-cushions and wraps organs adipose-stores fat, isulates , energy reticular - forms the framework of organs like live Dense Parcell regular-runs - irregular-firbes run in multible directions - Epidermis type or tissue-stratified Squanas - relies on diffusion for Nutrients - Avascular thich skin 5 thin Skin 4 Epidermis Deep to superficial layer - stratum basale-single layer of dividing cell contains cells melanocytes and - merkel stratum spinosum-Keratinocytes cells here too begin to Produce Keratin Longerhan stratum grandilosum-Kerintoctocytes are flatier Keratoligion - produces more Kerarin and cells are dying - stratum lucidium thick Skin - only - Keratonysian converted to protein-lipid mixture that makes in water proof  Stratum corneum-barrier Pathogens) water to tough - ~ inplaced every o weeks Dermis-conective tissue Vascular - contains blood 2 layers papillary - loose areolartissue - contains dermal papillae , interlocks epidermis - rith in capillaries and meissner corpuscles reticular Dense Irregular layer conective tissue - contains and elastic fibers cologen - houses structures accesory - - Pacinian corpuscles Hypodermis nor technically part of the Skin adipose tissue - insulates and cushion and energy loose areolar tissue conective - allows flexibility and mobility 1. C 11 b. 2. 6 12. b 3 [. 13 A. 4. 6 14. ⑮ 19. c 6b 16 9. 7. b17a 8. 618a 10 10 C. 20d