BIOL 360 - Module 3 - Bacteria and Virus.pdf

Kwame Nkrumah University of Science & Technology, Kumasi, Ghana Module 3 Bacterial and Viral Genetics Prof. Matthew Glover Addo Start Module  Featured imag...

Kwame Nkrumah University of Science & Technology, Kumasi, Ghana Module 3 Bacterial and Viral Genetics Prof. Matthew Glover Addo Start Module  Featured image Module 3 Bacterial and Viral Module Dashboard FILTER Genetics Assignments Lessons 0 Start Learning 3 Dashboard hig Pick a Lesson Objectives Lesson 1 Introduction t1 Lessons h1 title Assignments Lesson 2 t2 The Bacterial Play h2 Chromosome Watch an overview video on how Lesson 3 viruses invade human bodies t3 Genetics of Viruses h3 2 End of Module  Featured image Module Objectives FILTER Module 3 Bacterial and Viral Genetics Dashboard 1 Bacterial transformation (how an exogenous DNA is taken up by a recipient cell using bacteria) Objectiveshig Lessons 2 Will consider the two types of transformation title Assignments (i.e. natural and artificial) 3 End of Module  Featured image Module Objectives FILTER Module 3 Bacterial and Viral Genetics Dashboard 3 Viruses: Consider the definition, structure, classification, their life cycles and some Objectives properties of phage lambda (the lytic and hig Lessons lysogenic cycles) title Assignments 4 Transduction: which is also one of the major mechanisms of transferring genetic material from one bacterium to another 4 End of Module  Featured image Module Objectives FILTER Module 3 Bacterial and Viral Genetics Dashboard 5 Will be considering the two types of transduction (i.e. generalized and specialized) Objectiveshig Lessons title Assignments 5 End of Module  Featured image Module Lessons FILTER Module 3 Bacterial and Viral Genetics Dashboard Objectives t1 t2 t3 Lessons hig Lesson 1 h1 Lesson 2 title h2 Lesson 3 h3 Assignments Introduction The Bacterial Genetics of Learn about the reasons for studying bacterial and viral Chromosome Viruses genetics Start Start Start 6 End of Module  Module 3 Bacterial and Viral Genetics t1 h1 hig Lesson 1 Introduction t3 Learn about the reasons for studying bacterial and viral genetics t2 Learn Now  Module 3 Bacterial and Viral Genetics Lesson 1 Introduction t1 FILTER Why do we Study hig Bacterial and Viral Genetics? h1 Learn More 8 t3 t2  Lesson 1 Introduction Module 3 Bacterial and Viral Genetics Why Study Bacterial and Viral Genetics? t1 FILTER Since the 1940s, the genetic systems of bacteria and viruses hig have contributed to h1 the discovery of many important concepts in genetics Bacteriophage Learn More 9 t3 t2  Lesson 1 Introduction Module 3 Bacterial and Viral Genetics Why Study Bacterial and Viral Genetics? t1 FILTER The study of molecular genetics hig initially focused h1 almost entirely on their genes A rotavirus gene Learn More 10 t3 t2  Lesson 1 Introduction Module 3 Bacterial and Viral Genetics Why Study Bacterial and Viral Genetics? t1 FILTER Today, bacteria and viruses are still essential tools for probing the nature of genes in more hig h1 complex organisms 11 t3 t2  Lesson 1 Introduction Module 3 Bacterial and Viral Genetics Why Study Bacterial and Viral Genetics? t1 FILTER Partly because they possess a number of characteristics that make them suitable for genetic studies hig h1 12 Inside a virus and a bacteria t3 t2  Lesson 1 Introduction Module 3 Bacterial and Viral Genetics Why Study Bacterial and Viral Genetics? t1 FILTER The genetic systems of bacteria and viruses are also studied because these organisms play hig h1 important roles in human society 13 t3 t2  Lesson 1 Introduction Module 3 Bacterial and Viral Genetics Why Study Bacterial and Viral Genetics? t1 FILTER They have been exploited to produce a number of economically important substances, and they are hig h1 of immense medical significance, causing many human diseases 14 t3 t2  Module 3 Bacterial and Viral Genetics Lesson 1 Introduction t1 FILTER Summary of some Advantages of hig using Bacteria and Viruses in h1 Genetic Studies Learn More 15 t3 t2  Lesson 1 Introduction Module 3 Bacterial and Viral Genetics Advantages of using Bacteria and Viruses… t1 FILTER 1 Reproduction is rapid 2 Many progeny are produced Growth in the laboratory is hig h1 3 easy and requires little space 4 Genomes are small (About 100-fold less that of eukaryotic cells) 16 t3 t2 a a 1 2  Lesson 1 Introduction Module 3 Bacterial and Viral Genetics Advantages of using Bacteria and Viruses… t1 FILTER 5 Techniques are available for isolating and manipulating their genes 6 They have medical importance hig h1 7 They can be genetically engineered to produce and transfer genes of interest in large amounts 17 t3 t2 a a 1 2  Module 3 Bacterial and Viral Genetics Lesson 1 Introduction t1 FILTER Genetic analysis in bacteria and viruses are different than hig h1 that in eukaryotes 18 t3 t2  Module 3 Bacterial and Viral Genetics Lesson 1 Introduction t1 FILTER Viral This is because Genome bacteria and viruses have special genome organization, therefore different techniques hig Virus h1 Bacterial and methods are used Genome to analyze their genes and mutations 19 t3 t2 Bacterial  Module 3 Bacterial and Viral Genetics Lesson 1 Introduction t1 FILTER Because they grow rapidly and also make their DNA rapidly, they hig are often used as host h1 cells or vectors in recombinant DNA technology 20 t3 t2  Featured image Module Lessons FILTER Module 3 Bacterial and Viral Genetics Dashboard Objectives t1 t2 t3 Lessons hig Lesson 1 h1 Lesson 2 title h2 Lesson 3 h3 Assignments Introduction The Bacterial Genetics of Learn about the reasons for studying bacterial and viral Chromosome Viruses genetics Start Start Start 21 End of Module  Module 3 Bacterial and Viral Genetics t2 h2 hig Lesson 2 The Bacterial Chromosome t3 Learn more about bacteria and how their DNA are organized t1 Learn Now  Module 3 Bacterial and Viral Genetics Lesson 2 The Bacterial Chromosome t2 FILTER Bacterial chromosomes are highly compacted structures and share many properties with their eukaryote hig h2 counterparts, despite not being contained within a cell nucleus 23 t3 t1  Module 3 Bacterial and Viral Genetics Lesson 2 The Bacterial Chromosome t2 FILTER While eukaryotes have two or more chromosomes, prokaryotes such as bacteria possess a single chromosome composed of double-stranded DNA in a loop hig h2 24 t3 t1 Eukaryotic Cell Prokaryotic Cell  Module 3 Bacterial and Viral Genetics Lesson 2 The Bacterial Chromosome t2 FILTER The DNA is in the form of a double helix which forms a closed ring or circle with no free ends hig h2 Bacterial DNA 25 t3 t1  Module 3 Bacterial and Viral Genetics Lesson 2 The Bacterial Chromosome t2 FILTER hig h2 26 t3 t1  Module 3 Bacterial and Viral Genetics Lesson 2 The Bacterial Chromosome t2 FILTER hig h2 27 t3 t1  Module 3 Bacterial and Viral Genetics Lesson 2 The Bacterial Chromosome t2 FILTER hig h2 28 t3 t1  Module 3 Bacterial and Viral Genetics Lesson 2 The Bacterial Chromosome t2 FILTER The bacterial chromosome must be tightly packed to fit into the small hig h2 volume of the bacterial cell 29 t3 t1  Module 3 Bacterial and Viral Genetics Lesson 2 The Bacterial Chromosome t2 FILTER Compacting the DNA involves supercoiling, or further twisting hig h2 of the twisted chromosome 30 t3 t1  Module 3 Bacterial and Viral Genetics Lesson 2 The Bacterial Chromosome t2 FILTER Bacteria lack the histone proteins that are found hig bound to the DNA and that h2 form the nucleosomes of eukaryotic chromosomes 31 t3 t1  Module 3 Bacterial and Viral Genetics Lesson 2 The Bacterial Chromosome t2 FILTER It is believed that polyamines (organic molecules with multiple NH2 or amine groups) such as spermidine, as well as hig h2 some basic proteins, aid in compacting the bacterial chromosome 32 t3 t1  Module 3 Bacterial and Viral Genetics Lesson 2 The Bacterial Chromosome t2 FILTER These basic proteins have a net positive charge that bind them to the negative charge hig h2 of the phosphates in the DNA backbone 33 t3 t1  Module 3 Bacterial and Viral Genetics Lesson 2 The Bacterial Chromosome t2 FILTER Replication of the circular chromosome begins at a single point, called OriC, hig and proceeds in both h2 directions around the circle, until the two replication forks meet up 34 t3 t1  Module 3 Bacterial and Viral Genetics Lesson 2 The Bacterial Chromosome t2 FILTER Nucleoid The bacterial chromosome lacks a protein coat and it is in direct contact with the cytoplasm, since hig h2 a nuclear membrane is absent and it is called nucleoid Cytoplasm 35 t3 t1  Lesson 2 The Bacterial Chromosome Module 3 Bacterial and Viral Genetics Plasmids t2 FILTER Plasmids In addition to the nucleoid, a bacterial cell may show the presence of extra chromosomal DNA hig h2 molecules called plasmids 36 t3 t1  Lesson 2 The Bacterial Chromosome Module 3 Bacterial and Viral Genetics Plasmids t2 FILTER Like the bacterial chromosome, plasmids are double stranded circular DNA molecules hig h2 which can replicate and function independently 37 t3 t1  Lesson 2 The Bacterial Chromosome Module 3 Bacterial and Viral Genetics Plasmids Replication t2 FILTER The plasmid has its own replication origin and the hig replication of plasmids is h2 independent of the replication of chromosome 38 t3 t1  Lesson 2 The Bacterial Chromosome Module 3 Bacterial and Viral Genetics Plasmids Characteristics t2 FILTER The plasmids mainly carry genes responsible for characteristics like: 1 Fertility hig 2 Antibiotic resistance h2 3 Production of bacteriocin (a protein that kills closely related bacteria) 39 t3 t1  Lesson 2 The Bacterial Chromosome Module 3 Bacterial and Viral Genetics Plasmids Characteristics t2 FILTER The plasmids can be hig easily isolated from or introduced into h2 the bacterial cells 40 t3 t1 Introducing plasmids into bacteria cells  Lesson 2 The Bacterial Chromosome Module 3 Bacterial and Viral Genetics Plasmids Characteristics t2 FILTER 1 They are small, circular DNA molecules 2 Autonomous, extrachromosomal hig genetic elements h2 3 Usually not essential to bacterial function but can be 41 t3 t1 a a 1 2  Lesson 2 The Bacterial Chromosome Module 3 Bacterial and Viral Genetics Plasmids Characteristics t2 FILTER 4 Many of the plasmids first isolated and characterized carried genes for antibiotic resistance 5 Plasmids control their own replication hig h2 6 Episomes, such as the F (fertility) factor, can either exist as freely- replicating plasmids or by integrating into the chromosome 42 t3 t1 a a 1 2  Featured image Module Lessons FILTER Module 3 Bacterial and Viral Genetics Dashboard Objectives t1 t2 t3 Lessons hig Lesson 1 h1 Lesson 2 title h2 Lesson 3 h3 Assignments Introduction The Bacterial Genetics of Learn about the reasons for studying bacterial and viral Chromosome Viruses genetics Start Start Start 43 End of Module  Module 3 Bacterial and Viral Genetics t3 h3 hig Lesson 3 Genetics of Viruses t2 Learn more about viruses including their genome structure, replication, how they infect cells etc. t1 Learn Now  Module 3 Bacterial and Viral Genetics Lesson 3 Genetics of Viruses t3 FILTER Protein A virus particle, also Shell known as a virion, is DNA or RNA hig essentially a nucleic acid h3 (DNA or RNA) enclosed in a protein shell or protective coat 45 t2 t1  Module 3 Bacterial and Viral Genetics Lesson 3 Genetics of Viruses t3 FILTER 15 - 25 nm Viruses are extremely small, approximately hig 15 - 25 nanometers h3 in diameter 46 t2 t1  Module 3 Bacterial and Viral Genetics Lesson 3 Genetics of Viruses t3 FILTER Viral genomes are much different than prokaryotes and eukaryotes: 1 May be hig h3 Double- Single- Double- Single- stranded DNA stranded DNA stranded RNA stranded RNA 47 t2 t1  Module 3 Bacterial and Viral Genetics Lesson 3 Genetics of Viruses t3 FILTER Viral genomes are much different than prokaryotes and eukaryotes: 2 Organized as single nucleic acid molecules in linear or circular arrangements hig h3 48 t2 t1 Linear Circular  Module 3 Bacterial and Viral Genetics Lesson 3 Genetics of Viruses t3 FILTER The type of genetic material found in a hig particular virus h3 depends on the nature and function of the specific virus 49 t2 t1  Module 3 Bacterial and Viral Genetics Lesson 3 Genetics of Viruses t3 FILTER The viral genome can consist of a very small number of hig genes or up to hundreds of h3 genes depending on the type of virus 50 t2 t1  Lesson 3 Genetics of Viruses Module 3 Bacterial and Viral Genetics Viral Structure t3 FILTER The protein coat that envelopes viral hig genetic material is h3 known as a Capsid 51 t2 t1  Lesson 3 Genetics of Viruses Module 3 Bacterial and Viral Genetics Viral Structure Capsid t3 FILTER A capsid is composed of hig protein subunits h3 called capsomeres 52 t2 t1  Lesson 3 Genetics of Viruses Module 3 Bacterial and Viral Genetics Viral Structure Capsid t3 FILTER Capsids can have several shapes: hig h3 Icosahedral Helical Complex 53 t2 t1  Lesson 3 Genetics of Viruses Module 3 Bacterial and Viral Genetics Viral Structure Capsid Functions t3 FILTER The capsid has three functions: 1 It protects the nucleic acid from digestion by enzymes 2 Contains special sites on its surface that allow the virion hig h3 to attach to a host cell 3 Provides proteins that enable the virion to penetrate the 54 host cell membrane… t2 t1  Lesson 3 Genetics of Viruses Module 3 Bacterial and Viral Genetics Viral Structure Capsid Functions t3 FILTER The capsid has three functions: 1 It protects the nucleic acid from digestion by enzymes 2 Contains special sites on its surface that allow the virion hig h3 to attach to a host cell 3 Provides proteins that enable the virion to penetrate the 55 host cell membrane… t2 t1 and, in some cases, to inject the infectious nucleic acid into the cell's cytoplasm  Lesson 3 Genetics of Viruses Module 3 Bacterial and Viral Genetics Viral Structure Capsid Functions t3 FILTER Contains It 1 2 protectsspecial the nucleic sites on acidits The capsid surface has three from digestion that allow functions: by the enzymes virion to attach to a host cell 3 Provides proteins that enable the virion to penetrate the host cell membrane and, in hig h3 … some cases, to inject the infectious nucleic acid into the cell's cytoplasm 56 t2 t1  Lesson 3 Genetics of Viruses Module 3 Bacterial and Viral Genetics Viral Structure t3 FILTER In addition to the protein coat, some viruses have specialized structures Capsid Layer For example, the flu virus has a membrane-like hig h3 envelope around Envelope its capsid 57 t2 t1  Lesson 3 Genetics of Viruses Module 3 Bacterial and Viral Genetics Viral Structure Envelope t3 FILTER Many types of virus have a glycoprotein envelope surrounding the nucleocapsid Capsid Layer Nucleocapsid hig h3 Glycoprotein Envelope envelope 58 t2 t1  Lesson 3 Genetics of Viruses Module 3 Bacterial and Viral Genetics Viral Structure Envelope t3 FILTER The envelope is composed of two lipid Protein molecules layers interspersed with protein molecules hig (lipoprotein bilayer) and h3 Lipid may contain material layer from the membrane of a host cell as well as that of viral origin 59 t2 t1  Lesson 3 Genetics of Viruses Module 3 Bacterial and Viral Genetics Viral Structure Host Cell t3 FILTER Virus Without a host cell, viruses cannot carry out their life-sustaining hig h3 functions or reproduce Host Cell 60 t2 t1  Lesson 3 Genetics of Viruses Module 3 Bacterial and Viral Genetics Viral Structure Host Cell t3 FILTER They cannot Ribosomes synthesize proteins, because they lack ribosomes and must use the ribosomes of hig h3 their host cells to translate viral Host Cell messenger RNA into viral proteins 61 t2 t1  Lesson 3 Genetics of Viruses Module 3 Bacterial and Viral Genetics Viral Structure Nucleic Acid t3 FILTER Just as in cells, the nucleic acid of each Nucleic Acid virus encodes the genetic information hig h3 for the synthesis of all proteins 62 t2 t1  Lesson 3 Genetics of Viruses Module 3 Bacterial and Viral Genetics Viral Structure Nucleic Acid t3 FILTER While the double- stranded DNA is responsible for this in prokaryotic and hig h3 eukaryotic cells, Double-stranded only a few groups DNA of viruses use DNA 63 t2 t1  Lesson 3 Genetics of Viruses Module 3 Bacterial and Viral Genetics Characteristics of Viruses t3 FILTER Viruses cannot generate or store energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate hig (ATP), but have to derive h3 their energy, and all other metabolic functions, from the host cell 64 t2 t1  Lesson 3 Genetics of Viruses Module 3 Bacterial and Viral Genetics Characteristics of Viruses t3 FILTER They also parasitize the cell for basic building materials, such as 1. Amino Acids hig h3 2. Nucleotides 3. Lipids (Fats) 65 t2 t1  Lesson 3 Genetics of Viruses Module 3 Bacterial and Viral Genetics Characteristics of Viruses t3 FILTER 1 Viruses can reproduce only within a host cell 2 They are obligate intracellular parasites – i.e. can only express genes from living cells hig h3 3 Viruses have specific host range, or a limited number of host cells that they can infect 66 t2 t1 a a 1 2  Lesson 3 Genetics of Viruses Module 3 Bacterial and Viral Genetics Characteristics of Viruses t3 FILTER 4 Some have very narrow host ranges and infect single species or single tissue types of one species For example: The AIDS virus can only hig h3 infect certain white blood cells, whilst the cold virus will only infect cells of the upper respiratory tract 67 t2 t1 a a 1 2  Lesson 3 Genetics of Viruses Module 3 Bacterial and Viral Genetics Viral Replication t3 FILTER A single virus particle or virion in itself is essentially inert hig h3 It lacks needed components that cells have to reproduce 68 t2 t1  Lesson 3 Genetics of Viruses Module 3 Bacterial and Viral Genetics Viral Replication t3 FILTER When a virus infects a cell, it marshals the cell's ribosomes, enzymes and hig h3 much of the cellular machinery to replicate 69 t2 t1  Lesson 3 Genetics of Viruses Module 3 Bacterial and Viral Genetics Viral Replication t3 FILTER Viral replication produces many progeny, that when complete, leave the host cell hig h3 to infect other cells in the organism 70 t2 t1  Lesson 3 Genetics of Viruses Module 3 Bacterial and Viral Genetics Viral Replication t3 FILTER The exact nature of what happens after a host is infected varies hig h3 depending on the nature of the virus 71 t2 t1  Lesson 3 Genetics of Viruses Module 3 Bacterial and Viral Genetics Viral Replication t3 FILTER The process for double-stranded DNA, single-stranded DNA, hig double-stranded RNA h3 and single-stranded RNA viral replication will differ 72 t2 t1  Lesson 3 Genetics of Viruses Module 3 Bacterial and Viral Genetics Viral Replication t3 FILTER Nucleus Nucleus hig Cytoplasm h3 Cytoplasm Double-stranded DNA Single-stranded RNA viruses typically must enter viruses replicate mainly in the host cell's nucleus before the host cell's cytoplasm 73 t2 t1 they can replicate  Lesson 3 Genetics of Viruses Module 3 Bacterial and Viral Genetics Viral Replication t3 FILTER Once a virus infects its host and the viral progeny components are produced by the host's cellular hig machinery, the assembly h3 of the viral capsid is a non-enzymatic process It is usually spontaneous 74 t2 t1  Lesson 3 Genetics of Viruses Module 3 Bacterial and Viral Genetics How Viruses Infect Cells t3 FILTER hig Watch an Overview Video h3 75 t2 t1  Lesson 3 Genetics of Viruses Module 3 Bacterial and Viral Genetics How Viruses Infect Cells t3 FILTER The basic process of viral infection and virus replication occurs in 6 main steps 1 Adsorption/ hig Attachment virus binds to h3 the host cell 76 t2 t1  Lesson 3 Genetics of Viruses Module 3 Bacterial and Viral Genetics How Viruses Infect Cells t3 FILTER The basic process of viral infection and virus replication occurs in 6 main steps 2 Penetration Virus injects its genome into hig h3 host cell At this point, the virus can no longer be recovered from the intact cell 77 t2 t1  Lesson 3 Genetics of Viruses Module 3 Bacterial and Viral Genetics How Viruses Infect Cells t3 FILTER The basic process of viral infection and virus replication occurs in 6 main steps 3 Replication hig or Synthesis h3 The viral genome replicates using the host's cellular machinery 78 t2 t1  Lesson 3 Genetics of Viruses Module 3 Bacterial and Viral Genetics How Viruses Infect Cells t3 FILTER The basic process of viral infection and virus replication occurs in 6 main steps 4 Assembly hig Viral components h3 and enzymes are produced and begin to assemble 79 t2 t1  Lesson 3 Genetics of Viruses Module 3 Bacterial and Viral Genetics How Viruses Infect Cells t3 FILTER The basic process of viral infection and virus replication occurs in 6 main steps 5 Maturation hig Viral h3 components assemble and viruses fully develop 80 t2 t1  Lesson 3 Genetics of Viruses Module 3 Bacterial and Viral Genetics How Viruses Infect Cells t3 FILTER The basic process of viral infection and virus replication occurs in 6 main steps 6 Release hig Newly produced h3 viruses are release from the host cell The virus releases enzymes to break the cell wall and the 81 t2 t1 cell wall bursts  Lesson 3 Genetics of Viruses Module 3 Bacterial and Viral Genetics General Viral Life Cycle t3 FILTER A virus undergoes either of the following cycles to reproduce hig 1 The Lytic Cycle h3 2 The Lysogenic Cycle 82 t2 t1  Lesson 3 Genetics of Viruses Module 3 Bacterial and Viral Genetics General Viral Life Cycle t3 FILTER Lytic Cycle The lytic cycle is thought to be the major method of viral hig replication as it results h3 in total cell lyses (that is, cell destruction of the infected bacterium) 83 t2 t1  Lesson 3 Genetics of Viruses Module 3 Bacterial and Viral Genetics General Viral Life Cycle t3 FILTER Lytic Cycle The viruses that undergo lytic cycle are called virulent hig h3 viruses 84 t2 t1  Lesson 3 Genetics of Viruses Module 3 Bacterial and Viral Genetics General Viral Life Cycle t3 FILTER Lytic Cycle The virus injects its nucleic acids into the host cell that form a circle in the hig h3 center of the cycle 85 t2 t1  Lesson 3 Genetics of Viruses Module 3 Bacterial and Viral Genetics General Viral Life Cycle t3 FILTER Lytic Cycle The host cell is then “tricked” or “directed” into replicating the viral nucleic acid hig h3 instead of its own nucleic acids 86 t2 t1  Lesson 3 Genetics of Viruses Module 3 Bacterial and Viral Genetics General Viral Life Cycle t3 FILTER Lytic Cycle This viral DNA then begins organizing hig itself into a viral cell h3 inside the host cell 87 t2 t1  Lesson 3 Genetics of Viruses Module 3 Bacterial and Viral Genetics General Viral Life Cycle t3 FILTER Lytic Cycle When the number of viruses in the host cell increases, it hig causes the cell membrane to split h3 or lyse under the pressure from so many cells 88 t2 t1  Lesson 3 Genetics of Viruses Module 3 Bacterial and Viral Genetics General Viral Life Cycle t3 FILTER Lytic Cycle Thus, the viruses are released from the host body and ready hig to infect another cell h3 A host cell releases about 100 to 200 viruses approximately 89 t2 t1  Lesson 3 Genetics of Viruses Module 3 Bacterial and Viral Genetics General Viral Life Cycle t3 FILTER Lytic Cycle These viruses cause cell lyses, thus giving rise to the hig h3 name lytic cycle 90 t2 t1  Lesson 3 Genetics of Viruses Module 3 Bacterial and Viral Genetics General Viral Life Cycle t3 FILTER Lytic Cycle UV radiation, hydrogen peroxide and nitrogen mustard are chemical or physical agents that can lead to release of new hig h3 phases into the environment through the lytic cycle 91 t2 t1  Lesson 3 Genetics of Viruses Module 3 Bacterial and Viral Genetics General Viral Life Cycle t3 FILTER Lysogenic Cycle Lysogenic cycle is the integration of the bacteriophage hig h3 nucleic acid into the host genome 92 t2 t1  Lesson 3 Genetics of Viruses Module 3 Bacterial and Viral Genetics General Viral Life Cycle t3 FILTER Lysogenic Cycle Prophage The new genetic material integrated into host cell is hig h3 called a prophage 93 t2 t1  Lesson 3 Genetics of Viruses Module 3 Bacterial and Viral Genetics General Viral Life Cycle t3 FILTER Lysogenic Cycle A prophage is transferred to the hig daughter cells of h3 the host cell after each subsequent cell division 94 t2 t1  Featured image Module Lessons FILTER Module 3 Bacterial and Viral Genetics Dashboard Objectives t1 t2 t3 Lessons hig Lesson 1 h1 Lesson 2 title h2 Lesson 3 h3 Assignments Introduction The Bacterial Genetics of Learn about the reasons for studying bacterial and viral Chromosome Viruses genetics Start Start Start 95 End of Module  Module 3 Bacterial and Viral Genetics hig End of Module 3 t3 t2 Previous M