Biofar Pertemuan 5 dan 6 - Dissolution (PDF)

Pertemuan 5 dan 6 Disolusi Studi IVIVC Model Pelepasan Obat Introduction The oral route is the preferred way of dosing, because this is the easiest and most convenient way of noninvasive administration. In order for an orally administered drug to exert its effect systematical...

Pertemuan 5 dan 6 Disolusi Studi IVIVC Model Pelepasan Obat Introduction The oral route is the preferred way of dosing, because this is the easiest and most convenient way of noninvasive administration. In order for an orally administered drug to exert its effect systematically, it has to become bioavailable (i.e. available at the site of action) which means that the drug has to permeate through the GI mucosal membrane into the general circulation. In addition to its permeability through the gut wall, the availability of a drug in the body depends on its ability to dissolve in the gastrointestinal (GI) fluids. Introduction The solubility of drug in the GI fluids is affected by both physiological and physicochemical factors. Physiological Environment Physicochemical Factors Characteristics of The Drug Intestinal pH pKa Transit time Solubility in the gut lumen Gastrointestinal dissolution rate motility Aqueous diffusivity Luminal metabolism Partition coefficient chemical and Endogenous substances such as enzymatic stability in the intestine bile Salts Exogenous substances such as nutrients Introduction The Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) combines physicochemical properties of compounds and physiological factors to predict the fraction dose absorbed from the gastrointestinal transit. “BCS is a scientific framework for the classification of drug substances based on their aqueous solubility and intestinal permeability.” Introduction The permeability of a given drug determines the upper limit of its extent of absorption. A change in the solubility/dissolution properties of a drug/formula may significantly affect its biological availability. A variety of interacting factors affect the solubility/dissolution properties of a drug/formula: BCS Classes: According to the BCS, drug substances are classified as follows: – Class 1: High Solubility – High Permeability (ex: metoprolol) – Class 2: Low Solubility – High Permeability (ex: glibenclamide) – Class 3: High Solubility – Low Permeability (ex: simetidin) – Class 4: Low Solubility – Low Permeability (ex: HCT) BCS Application The biopharmaceutical classification system is combined with the dissolution of IR drug products in order to decide whether or not to grant a Bioequivalence (BE) study waiver for a specific formulation. This BCS approach can be used to justify bio-waivers for highly soluble and highly permeable drug substances (Class 1) in IR solid dosage forms that exhibit rapid in vitro dissolution. BCS Solubility Classification The classification of drug solubility is based on a dimensionless value called the Dose Number (Do). Do is the ratio of highest dose strength in 250 ml to the saturation concentration (solubility) of drug in water. 250 ml volume is derived from typical BE protocols that prescribe administration of a drug product to fasting human volunteers with a glass (~ 8 ounces = 236.6 ml) of water. BCS Solubility Classification Do = (Dose/250) / Solubility For the solubility determination, the pH- solubility profile of the drug substance should be determined at 37±1oC in aqueous media with a pH range of 1-7.5. BCS Solubility Classification A sufficient number of pH points should be used, the specific pH values used depend on the ionization characteristics of the drug. pH=pKa, pH=pKa+1, pH=pKa-1, pH=1, pH=7.5 The determination should be done in triplicates. BCS Solubility Classification USP Buffer solutions are preferred, however other buffers may be used in case of physical or chemical incompatibility. Validated stability indicating assay that can distinguish the drug substance from its degradation products should be used to determine the drug concentration in the buffer solution. BCS Solubility Classification A drug substance is classified as highly soluble when the highest dose strength is soluble in ≤ 250 ml of aqueous media over the pH range 1-7.5 Drugs with dose numbers of ≤ 1 are classified as high-solubility drugs. Conversely, drugs with dose numbers of >1 are classified as low solubility drugs. BCS Permeability Classification The permeability class of a drug substance can be determined in human subjects using pharmacokinetic studies or using intestinal perfusion approaches. Pharmacokinetic Studies in Humans: Mass balance studies: Absolute bioavailability studies: Oral BA studies using intravenous administration as a reference. BCS Permeability Classification Intestinal Permeability Methods: – In vivo intestinal perfusion studies in humans – In vivo or in situ intestinal perfusion studies using suitable animal models – In vitro permeation studies using excised human or animal intestinal tissues – In vitro permeation studies across a monolayer of cultured epithelial cells BCS Permeability Classification Since permeability data derived from pharmacokinetic or intestinal perfusion methods are not readily available for most of the drugs and is expensive and time consuming to determine an alternative method may be used. Permeability is estimated using a correlation between the n-octanol/water partition coefficient of the uncharged form of the drug molecule and the measured human jejunal permeability. BCS Permeability Classification: (Kasim et. al., Molecular Pharmaceutics, VOL. 1, NO. 1, 85-96, 2003) Drugs exhibiting log P or CLogP values greater than or equal to the values for metoprolol (1.72 and 1.35, respectively) are categorized as “permeable” drugs. Metoprolol was chosen as the reference compound for permeability since 95% of the drug is known to be absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. What is Dissolution Dissolution is the process by which a solid solute enters a solution. In the pharmaceutical industry, it may be defined as the amount of drug substance that goes into solution per unit time under standardized conditions of liquid/solid interface, temperature and solvent composition. Dissolution is considered one of the most important quality control tests performed on pharmaceutical dosage forms and is now developing into a tool for predicting bioavailability, and in some cases, replacing clinical studies to determine bioequivalence. Dissolution behaviour of drugs has a significant effect on their pharmacological activity. Dissolution Testing of Immediate Release Products The goal of dissolution testing is to assure the pharmaceutical quality: – The ability to manufacture the product reproducibly and ensure that it maintains its release properties throughout the shelf life – The ability to rely on stability of the biopharmaceutical properties of the dosage form (rate and extent of absorption) Dissolution Testing of Immediate Release Products A. Quality Control Tests: – Current compendial dissolution tests were for the most part developed with the aim of studying the physical properties of the dosage form. – The concerns of dissolution testing from a qulaity control point of view is: To use conditions under which 100% of the drug can be released Reliability and reproducibility of the test The possibility of automating the test (especially for high volume products) Dissolution Testing of Immediate Release Products B. Biopharmaceutical Studies: – As a result of the high cost of the pharmacokinetic studies and the inadequacies of the substitute studies (e.g. animal studies etc.) an increasing recent interest in developing dissolution tests to establish IVIVC’s. – When the dissolution test is designed to indicate the biopharmaceutical properties of the dosage form, it is important that the test simulate the environemnt in the GIT than necssarily produce sink conditions for release. – As a result, it is not always possible to meet the needs of both quality assurance and biopharmaceutical aspects with one dissolution test. Dissolution Testing of Immediate Release Products A variety of factors can determine the rate and extent of drug absorption following oral administration: – Slow release of the drug from the doage form – Instability of the drug in the GIT – Poor permeability of the GI mucosa to the drug – First pass metabolism of the drug in the gut wall or the liver Dissolution Testing of Immediate Release Products As a result, the dissolution test can be used to predict the in vivo performance of the dosage form when the release of the drug is the limiting factor in the absorption process: – Controlled release dosage forms – Immediate release dosage forms containing drugs that are poorly soluble. Dissolution Testing of Immediate Release Products Selection of dissolution test media based on the BCS: – Class 1: High Solubility – High Permeability – Class 2: Low Solubility – High Permeability – Class 3: High Solubility – Low Permeability – Class 4: Low Solubility – Low Permeability Dissolution Testing of Immediate Release Products Class I substances: – These are substances with good aqueous solubility and easy transport properties through the GI mucosa. – Their bioavailability after oral dose is usually close to 100% provided they are not decomposed in the GI tract and do not undergo extensive first pass metabolism. – Acetaminophen and metoprolol are typical examples of class I drugs. Dissolution Testing of Immediate Release Products Because the absorption rate of class I substances is usually limited by non-dosage form related factors, it is rarely possible to achieve an IVIVC for an immediate release dosage form of a class I drug. Dissolution testing of a dosage form of a class I drug can be used mainly as a quality control test in addition it can be used to verify that the dosage form functions sufficiently well to ensure that the absorption is not dissolution-controlled. Dissolution Testing of Immediate Release Products Consequently, the FDA recommends a one point test in a simple medium, with 85% or more of the drug to be released within 30 minutes for immediate release dosage forms of class I drugs. Since class I drugs have high solubility throughout the physiological pH range, the first choice for a dissolution medium is the simulated gastric fluid without enzymes. Pepsin may be added in case of drugs formulated into hard gelatin capsules to ensure a timely dissolution of the shell. Dissolution Testing of Immediate Release Products In some cases, the simulated intestinal fluid USP without enzymes can be used for drugs that are weakly acidic in nature whose dissolution may be hampered by the low pH of the SGF. Water is the least suitable medium for the dissolution of class I drugs as it has nominal buffer capacity of zero (i.e. can not resist changes in pH caused by the dissolution and subsequent ionization of an acidic or basic drug). More complex biorelevant media are not necessary for class I drugs. Dissolution Testing of Immediate Release Products Class II drugs are characterized with low solubility, however they are easily transported across the GI mucosal membrane. An aqueous solubility less than 100 ug/ml or a dose number more than 1 is often a signal that the dissolution of the drug will control the rate of its introduction to the general circulation. The FDA uses a D/S value of 250 in the SUPAC guidance as the cutoff value for compounds with good solubility. Dissolution Testing of Immediate Release Products Biorelevant media are usually recommended for class II drugs including: – SGF plus surfactant to simulate fasted state in the stomach – Ensure or milk 3.5% fat to simulate fed state in the stomach\ – FaSSIF to simulate fasted state in the small intestine – FeSSIF to simulate fed state in the small intestine Dissolution Testing of Immediate Release Products SGF plus surfactant is particularly suitable for weak bases because they are most soluble under acidic conditions. The surfactant added must be able to reduce the surface tension to an appropriate value (35-40 mNm-1) The volume of the gastric fluid is an important issue in developing a bio-relevant dissolution testing since the volume of the gastric fluid in the fasting state is 30-50 ml. Adding the contribution which reaches about 250-300 ml results in a total volume of 300-500 ml (still practical in USP apparatus 1 or II) Dissolution Testing of Immediate Release Products HCl 0.01-0.05 M Triton X-100 0.01% (equiv. to SLS 8.67 mM 40mN/m) NaCl 0.2% Water qs. ad 1 L Dissolution Testing of Immediate Release Products Dissolution Testing of Immediate Release Products FaSSIF and FeSSIF are two dissolution media that were developed in order to simulate the fed and fasting conditions in the intestinal content. The two media are particularly useful for forecasting the in vivo performance of poorly soluble drugs from different formulations and assessing the food effects on the in vivo dissolution. They are more useful for IVIVC than the regular compendial media. Intended for development rather than QC applications. Dissolution Testing of Immediate Release Products The dissolution rate in FaSSIF and FeSSIF is usually better than that in simple aqueous buffers because of the increased wetting of the surface of the solid particles and micellar solubilization of the drug by the bile components. Composition of FaSSIF Composition of FeSSIF KH2PO4 3.9 g Acetic acid 8.65 g Na Taurocholate 3 mM Na Taurocholate 15 mM Lecithin 0.75 mM Lecithin 3.75 mM KCl 7.7 g KCl 7.7 g NaOH qs pH 6.5 NaOH qs pH 5 Distilled Water qs 1 L Distilled Water qs 1 L Dissolution Testing of Immediate Release Products Drug lipophilicity plays a role in the ability of bile salts to improve drug solubility: – At low P values below about 1.5 -2, the presence of bile salts appears to exert little effect on drug solubility. – For more lipophilic compounds. however, there is a very close, log‑log correlation between the partition coefficient and solubilization capacity of the bile salts for the drug. Dissolution Testing of Immediate Release Products Because FaSSIF and FeSSIF combine it higher pH value with the possibility of micellar solubilization, they are especially suitable for studying the dissolution of poorly soluble weak acids. For example, many NSAIDs are weak acids, with pKa, values in the range 3.5‑4.5. These drugs tend to dissolve very slowly under gastric conditions, but at intestinal pH and buffer capacity values, their dissolution rates can be several orders of magnitude higher. Dissolution Testing of Immediate Release Products The appropriate volume of medium to use depends on the conditions of administration: In the fasted state the intestine contains relatively little fluid, because the para-intestinal organs are secreting at essentially baseline rates. When a drug is administered in the fed state, the volume of co-administered fluid is supplemented by the volume of fluid ingested with the meal and by secretions of the stomach, pancreas, and bile, all of which can easily achieve near maximal rates in response to meal intake. In addition, depending on whether the meal is hypo‑ or hypertonic, there may be net absorption or secretion of water across the intestinal wall. As a result, postprandial volumes in the upper Small intestine as high as 1.5 L have been reported. These differences between fasted and fed state are particularly important when designing tests to assess the potential for food effects on in vivo release and absorption. Dissolution Testing of Immediate Release Products Dissolution Testing of Immediate Release Products The bile components (lecithin and bile salts) present some practical problems in terms of their purity and the time and effort required to prepare the medium and analyze the samples, not to mention their cost. For routine quality assurance, it would be far more practical to use a synthetic surfactant system that could match the surface tension lowering and solubilization properties of the bile components. The bile components lower the surface tension to about 45‑50 mN/m which is some what higher than the gastric surface tension. Therefore. no single surfactant ‑concentration combination can be applied for the simulation of both gastric and intestinal conditions. Dissolution Testing of Immediate Release Products Furthermore, it is uncertain that the usual surfactants (SLS, Tweens, or other) can solubilize drugs similarly to the bile components. The use of the wrong surfactant could lead either to over‑ or under discrimination among formulations. An example from the controlled‑release literature is one in which results in CTAB or TWEEN correctly predicted differences among three formulations in vivo, but SLS falsely predicted similarity among the three formulations. Not only the type. but also the concentration of surfactant could play a role here, and much work still needs to be done to identify a synthetic surfactant system that could be used as a general substitute for bile components. Dissolution Testing of Immediate Release Products Dissolution of Felodipine in different surfactant solutions General Concepts In principle, considerations fortesting conditions for extended release (ER) formulations are similar to those for immediate release (IR) ones. Ranges of performance are more important for ER products than for IR products to achieve special pharmacokinetic target profiles, especially for drug substances with a narrow therapetic range. Because of the different concepts of slow release formulations and the various therapeutic indications, “standard” specifications for extended release formulations can not be set. Test Medium An aqueous system as a test medium is preferred. The instructions on pH differ slightly between the various pharmacopeias Volume 500-1000 ml pH pH 1-6.8 (8), water (justification) Additives Enzymes, salts, surfactants Deaeration Product by product validation Mandatory for flow through cell (Ph.Eur.) pH of The Test Medium For quality control purposes, only one pH is usually used for dissolution testing. Exceptions are made only for delayed release formulations. Different pH values are preferred in comparison to a pH gradient method. Apparatus According to USP 32 1. Rotating Basket (EP, BP and JP) 2. Paddle (EP, BP and JP) 3. Reciprocating cylinder (EP) 4. Flow through cell (EP, BP and JP) When to choose the correct apparatus? Depends on the purpose 1. Quality Control - batch homogenity and conformity - stability 2. Research and Development - drug release behaviour - in vitro simulation of gastrointestinal passage 3. IVIVC Rotating Basket Volume standar 900 mL - 1 L Dapat digunakan untuk sediaan yang mengambang Kecepatan putaran umumnya 50 - 100 rpm Besar mesh 40 Rotating Basket Keuntungan Kerugian Gabungan proses Digunakan untuk disintegration and banyak monografi dissolution (partikel Perubahan pH selama kecil bisa keluar dari basket) pengujian mudah Hydrodynamic dead dilakukan zone di bawah basket Mudah Volume terbatas -->sink diautomatisasikan condition susah dijaga untuk poorly soluble drugs Paddle Paddle Paddle Paddle Paddle Paddle Paddle Reciprocating Cylinder Reciprocating Cylinder Reciprocating Cylinder Reciprocating Cylinder Reciprocating Cylinder Flow Throung Cell Flow Through Cell Flow Through Cell Flow Through Cell Flow Through Cell Flow Through Cell Transdermal Delivery Dissolution Paddle over disk Cylinder Reciprocating Holder Paddle over disk Cylinder Reciprocating Holder Non Compedial Non Compedial Non Compedial Test duration At least 80% dissolution must be reached within the test period. A direct determination of test duration from the dosage interval is scientifically justified only when the time axes in vitro and in vivo have a1:1 relation. In special cases, an in vitro dissolution of less than 80% may be accepted if the test duration as at least 24 hours. In these cases a recovery control has to be performed during development using dissolution established under other test conditions. Setting of Specifications For ER formulations, it is generally required that at least three specifications points are determined (USP may accept 2). – The first one after 1-2 hours (about 20-30% drug release) to provide assurance against premature drug release. – The second specification point has to be close to 50% (definition of dissolution pattern). – The last point, the dissolution at this point must be at least 80% to ensure almost quantitative release. Dissolution of less than 80% of the last point has to be justified and should be supported by results obtained over a test duration of at least 24 hours. Interpretation Interpretation Interpretation Interpretation Interpretation Interpretation Interpretation Dissolution Determination Ada beberapa cara yang dapat digunakan untuk mengungkapkan hasil uji kecepatan pelarutan atau parameter disolusi diantaranya adalah (Khan, 1975): a. Metode klasik 1) Menentukan jumlah zat terlarut pada waktu tertentu. Misalkan C360 berati dalam waktu 360 menit maka ada zat aktif yang terlarut sejumlah X% 2) Waktu yang dibutuhkan oleh sejumlah zat aktif untuk melarut. Contohnya T60 memiliki arti waktu yang dibutuhkan agar zat aktif larut 20% dalam media. Dalam metode ini hanya diketahui satu titik saja maka proses yang terjadi diluar titik tersebut tidak diketahui. b. Metode dissolution efficiency (DE) DE adalah perbandingan luas daerah di bawah kurva disolusi pada waktu tertentu (t) dengan luas daerah segi empat persegi panjang yang menggambarkan 100% zat aktif yang terlarut pada waktu yang sama, yang dirumuskan. Dengan Y x dt merupakan luas daerah di bawah kurva t dan Y100 x t merupakan luas bidang kurva yang menunjukkan semua zat aktif yang telah terlarut pada waktu t. Keuntungan yang dapat diperoleh bila menggunakan metode DE dibandingkan metode yang lainnya adalah: Dapat menggambarkan semua titik pada kurva disolusi, tidak hanya satu titik saja. Metode ini dapat menggambarkan hubungan antara percobaan in vitro dan in vivo karena pengungkapan hasil dengan metode DE serupa dengan pengungkapan hasil secara in vivo.  c. Konstanta kecepatan pelarutan Untuk menentukan konstanta kecepatan kelarutan dapat digunakan persamaan 4, yang diperoleh dari grafik korelasi antara log jumlah obat yang terlarut (W∞-Wt) dengan waktu (t). Nilai konstanta yang diperoleh merupakan nilai slope dari grafik yang dihasilkan. Perhitungan Disolusi - Kumulatif 1. Jika dari kurva baku berupa % atau mg% diubah menjadi g/mL atau mg/mL 2. Ubah menjadi jumlah yang terdisolusi (mg) dengan cara dikali dengan volume media 3. Hitung faktor terkoreksi dengan cara (volume sampling di kali kadar) ditambah dengan faktor terkoreksi sebelumnya 4. Hitung jumlah total yang terdisolusi dengan cara menjumlahkan jumlah terdisolusi dengan faktor terkoreksi 5. Hitung % pelepasan obat dengan cara jumlah total terdisolusi dibagi dengan jumlah awal obat