Bioe 20B-W1D1-Oct 1- ANNOTATED SLIDES PDF

REMINDERS ANNOUNCEMENTS 1. Sections start this week; you will select your scientific papers and Tuesday, 10/1/24 review content 2. Content video questions are graded on accuracy Week 1, Day 1 3. HW/Quizzes/Project assignments...

REMINDERS ANNOUNCEMENTS 1. Sections start this week; you will select your scientific papers and Tuesday, 10/1/24 review content 2. Content video questions are graded on accuracy Week 1, Day 1 3. HW/Quizzes/Project assignments are due on Sunday by midnight Energetics & Metabolism with a 24-hour grace period Due this week: Homework 1, Quiz 1, Scientific Paper Choice TODAY’S AGENDA (8-9:35AM) Animal Fun Fact of the Day: Form and Function Finish Form and Function Kahoot! Animal of the Day: Homeostasis Homeostasis and Metabolism FORM AND FUNCTION IN NATURE Animal Fun Fact of the Day Mantis shrimp have two types of raptorial appendages Spearers stab agile fish Smashers break snail shells  Key Concepts for CH 39/38 1. Structure (form) is related to function 2. Size Matters: Surface to Volume Ratios 3. Animals are comprised of specialized tissues 4. Homeostasis 5. Metabolism & Energetics 4  Let’s Review What are the 4 kinds of animal tissues? TISSUE TYPE EPITHELIAL CONNECTIVE MUSCLE NERVOUS FUNCTION: Secretes/absorbs nutrients Bind and support Locomotion Process information Creating compartments Heat production Long cells (muscle STRUCTURE: Sheets of tightly packed cells Cells embedded in Single layer = simple extracellular matrix that fibers) composed of Cell body with nucleus, dendrites and axons Multiple layers = stratified can be liquid, jelly, or myofibrils Dendrites and axons solid carry information to and from cell body Skin Bones Makes up central/peripher EXAMPLE(S): Lining of hollow tubes Cartilage 3 Types: 1) cardiac (heart) nervous system (intestines, esophagus, Ligaments/Tendons 2) skeletal (voluntary + Brain stomach) Adipose (fat) striated) Spinal cord 3) smooth (involuntary + no Glands (thyroid, pancreas) Blood Optic nerve striations) Alveoli in lungs Loose connective tissue Peripheral nerves ? LET’S PLAY…GUESS THAT TISSUE!  Cells make up tissues, tissues make up organs, organs make up organ systems The heart is an organ where all four tissues are working together for the common function of pumping oxygenated blood to the body. The heart is one part of the circulatory system. HOMEOSTATIC EXTREMES IN NATURE Animal Fun Fact of the Day Wood frogs can freeze solid without damaging their cells! Produces anti-freeze to sustain cellular processes Can survive temperatures as low as -15 degrees C HOMEOSTATIC EXTREMES IN NATURE Animal Fun Fact of the Day Wood frogs can freeze solid without damaging their cells! Produces anti-freeze to sustain cellular processes Can survive temperatures as low as -15 degrees C  Key Concepts for CH 39 1. Structure (form) is related to function 2. Size Matters: Surface to Volume Ratios 3. Animals are comprised of specialized tissues 4. Homeostasis 5. Metabolism & Energetics 10 REVIEW: HOMEOSTASIS & CONFORMERS/REGULATORS What is the definition of homeostasis? Homeostasis Active maintenance of internal body conditions around a set point What are some examples of set-points in humans? Body temperature (37 C) Blood pressure (~120/80 mmHg) pH (7.35-7.45) Blood sugar (~90 mg/100 mL) Osmolarity (300 mOsm/L) Resting heart rate (60-100 bpm) REVIEW: HOMEOSTASIS & CONFORMERS/REGULATORS What is the definition of homeostasis? Homeostasis Active maintenance of internal body conditions around a set point The setpoint can change! Increase in body temperature with infection Monthly fluctuations in menstrual hormones Changes in hormones at puberty Daily changes in hormones with diurnal cycle REVIEW: HOMEOSTASIS & CONFORMERS/REGULATORS Homeostasis = Equilibrium What’s the difference? Active State of balanced maintenance opposing forces; of a setpoint; no net change state of disequilibrium 14 REVIEW: HOMEOSTASIS & CONFORMERS/REGULATORS Homeostasis = Equilibrium Internal body temperature stays at ~37C even when its hot or cold outside REVIEW: HOMEOSTASIS & CONFORMERS/REGULATORS What’s the difference? Negative feedback loop Positive feedback loop Change in variable that counteracts Change in variable that enhances further change in the same direction change in the same direction ON YOUR OWN: Label the axes and draw the corresponding graphs Terminating event Temp. setpoint (37 C) Oxytocin setpoint Time Time REVIEW: HOMEOSTASIS & CONFORMERS/REGULATORS DISCUSS: Conformers vs. Regulators Which is a thermal regulator and which is a thermal conformer? Why? REVIEW: HOMEOSTASIS & CONFORMERS/REGULATORS DISCUSS: Conformers vs. Regulators Which is a thermal regulator and which is a thermal conformer? Why? REVIEW: HOMEOSTASIS & CONFORMERS/REGULATORS same Conformers maintain __________ status as environment Regulators internal status is __________ different from environment Can an animal be a conformer with respect to one variable but a regulator with respect to a different variable? Freshwater fish = Thermal conformer = allows body temp. to change with water temp. Osmotic regulator = maintains a stable internal concentration of solutes  Key Concepts for CH 39 1. Structure (form) is related to function 2. Size Matters: Surface to Volume Ratios 3. Animals are comprised of specialized tissues 4. Homeostasis 5. Metabolism & Energetics 22 What were the main topics we covered related to metabolism & energetics? What is metabolic rate? How do we measure metabolic rate? Bioenergetic Strategies How does temperature influence metabolic rate? How does body size influence metabolic rate? REVIEW: METABOLISM AND ENERGETICS How do we define metabolism? All of the chemical reactions (catabolism and anabolism) that take place in your body to maintain life What is metabolic rate? How much energy we use per unit time Unit of energy: calorie = amount of heat needed to raise temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree C Units of metabolism (energy per unit time): Ex: joules/s, calories/min, kcal/day, watts (J/s) REVIEW: METABOLISM AND ENERGETICS How can we measure metabolic rate? Direct Calorimetry How much heat is produced per unit time Indirect Calorimetry How much oxygen is consumed per unit time How much carbon dioxide is produced per unit time Decline in fat stores per unit time 3) What is the difference between Basal BMR ____ = endotherms at rest that are thermally neutral Metabolic Rate (BMR) and Standard SMR ____ = ectotherms at rest at a certain temperature FMR ____ = average energy use over time Metabolic Rate (SMR)? Are there other AMR ____ = average metabolic rate during an activity metabolic rates we can measure? RMR ____ = average MR when undergoing normal behavior (fish) What were the main topics we covered related to metabolism & energetics? What is metabolic rate? How do we measure metabolic rate? Bioenergetic Strategies How does temperature influence metabolic rate? How does body size influence metabolic rate? REVIEW: METABOLISM AND ENERGETICS What is the difference between the terms conformers/regulators and endotherms/ectotherms? conformer/regulator General term that describes a homeostatic strategy (not just about heat) endotherms/ectotherms Terms that describe where an animal gets its heat REVIEW: METABOLISM AND ENERGETICS What is the relationship between temperature and metabolic rate for endotherms and ectotherms? TNZ = thermal neutral zone UCP = TLC = Upper critical Lower critical temperature temperature What were the main topics we covered related to metabolism & energetics? What is metabolic rate? How do we measure metabolic rate? Bioenergetic Strategies How does temperature influence metabolic rate? How does body size influence metabolic rate?