Biodiversity PDF

Invertebrates (2) Molluscs 軟體動物 (Phylum Mollusca) l Vary in size l Marine, freshwater, terrestrial habitats l Herbivores(草食), carnivores(肉食), filter feeders, parasites l 100k species Molluscs l 3 parts n Visceral Mass -> contains internal organs n Ma...

Invertebrates (2) Molluscs 軟體動物 (Phylum Mollusca) l Vary in size l Marine, freshwater, terrestrial habitats l Herbivores(草食), carnivores(肉食), filter feeders, parasites l 100k species Molluscs l 3 parts n Visceral Mass -> contains internal organs n Mantle -> Cover visceral mass, may secrete calcium carbonate & help develop gills or lungs n Foot -> locomoJon, aKachment, food capture l Radula 齒舌 -> grazing and other types of feeding l Well-developed nervous system Bivalves 雙殼類 (Class Bivalvia) l 2 parts shell closed by adductor muscles 內收肌 l No head & radula, liKle cephaliza8on 有頭化 l Tentacles 觸手 on mantle l Foot funcJon n Clams 蛤 -> burrow 打洞 in sandy & muddy soil n Oyster & mussel -> produce threads to aKach objects n Scallops 扇貝 -> burrow & swim l Filter feeder -> capture food parJcle suspended in water n 1. Water drawn in through inlet siphon contains suspended water n 2. Flow of mucus carrying trapped parJcles over gills n 3. Filtered water release through outlet siphon Gastropods 腹足類（蝸牛&蛞蝓 etc.）(Class Gastropoda) l Largest class in molluscs l Most have one-piece coiled shell (NOT ALL!!!) l Well-developed head region l FlaKen & elongated foot l Mostly marine, slugs 蛞蝓 and snails adapted to terrestrial 陸地 l Radula -> graze on seaweeds l Deposit feeders / suspension feeders / carnivores (use radula to capture food) Cephalopods 頭足類（魷魚&八爪魚）(Class Cephalopoda) l Marine (1 species tolerate brackish water 半鹹水) l Tentacles & arms capture prey by adhesive secre8on & suckers l Beak(jaw) tear prey l Well-developed sense organ Annelids 環節動物（蚯蚓&水蛭）(Phylum Annelida) l Segmented worms, mostly marine l Well-developed coelom(fluid-filled) – hydrosta8c skeleton l ParJJoning of the coelom 腔體的分割 & hydrostaJc skeleton -> independent movement of each body segment n Can burrow in mud & crawl Flatworms 扁蟲 (Phylum Platyhelminthes 扁型動物門) l Flat body l No specialized circulatory & respiratory structures l Sac body plan only 1 opening(mouth), incomplete digesJve tract(complete have 2) l No body cavity -> mesoderm fills space between organs ParasiJc flatworms (flukes 吸蟲 & tapeworms 絛蟲) l ParasiJc mode l Specialize body covering -> resistant to host digesJve juices l NOT well-developed nervous system l Well-developed reproduc8ve system -> ensure transmission to new host l Cephaliza8on lost, head replaced by hooks or suckers l UJlize a secondary host to transmit offspring between primary host Arthropods 節肢動物 (Phylum Arthropoda 節肢動物門) （昆蟲&甲殼類） l Rigid & jointed exoskeleton composed of chi8n 甲殼素, must molt 蛻皮 when they grow l SegmentaJon n Each segment has a pair of appendages 附屬物 for different purpose u Food gathering u ReproducJon u LocomoJon u TacJle 觸覺 n Some fused into head, thorax, abdomen l Well-developed nervous system n Brain and ventral nerve cord n Simple or compound eyes l Variety od respiratory organs n Gills, book lungs, tracheae 氣管 l Metamorphosis 變態 n Reduce compeJJon u larvae 幼蟲 and adult need different food & environment Crustaceans 甲殼類 l Have exoskeleton l Most have compound eyes & 5 pairs of appendages (NOT ALL!!!) l Majority live in marine & aquaJc environment (NOT ALL!!!) CenJpedes & millipedes 蜈蚣和千足蟲 l CenJpedes n Each body segment has 1 pair walking leg n Moist environment n Prey on small crustaceans, insects, worms u Head -> paired antennae 觸角 & mandibles 下顎 u Jaws kill prey, mandibles chews l Millipedes n Each 4 thoracic segment has 1 pair leg n Each abdominal segments have 2 pairs of legs n Under stone or burrow in the soil n Feed on leaf liKer n Cylindrical bodies, some secrete hydrogen cyanide 山埃 Insect l Most live on land l Body 3 parts 1.head 2.thorax 3.abdomen l 3 pairs of leg in thorax, some have 1 or 2 pairs of wings l Head -> sense organs & mouth l Abdomen -> most internal organ l Many undergo complete metamorphosis | eg: incomplete -> grasshopper l Food for other animals and carnivorous plants Chelicerates 螯肢類（陸地&海蜘蛛，蟎蟲，鱟） l Terrestrial, aquaJc, marine environment l >35k spiders / >1.5k scorpions l All appendages aKached to cephalothorax 頭胸部 n 1st pair (chelicerae 螯肢) for feeding and defense n 2nd pair (pedipalps 須肢/足部) for feeding or sensory system n 4 pairs walking legs l Horseshoe crab 鱟 n Prosoma (cephalothorax) u With several eyes n Opisthosoma (abdomen) n Telson (tail) u To steer and turn over Echinoderms 棘皮動物 (Phylum Echinodermata 棘皮動物門) l BoKom-dwelling marine animals 底棲海洋生物 l Larvae -> bilateral symmetry, free-swimming, filter feeders l Adults -> five-pointed radial symmetry l Endoskeleton -> calcium rich plates with spines l Central nerve ring with branches l Water vascular system 水血管系統 for n LocomoJon n Feeding n Gas exchange n Sensory recepJon  Vertebrates (1) Chordates 脊索動物 (Phylum Chordata 脊索動物門) l Bilateral symmetrical l Deuterostomate animal 後口動物 n the first opening formed during embryonic development becomes the anus l Subphylum Cephalpchordata 頭脊索亞門 (NON VERTEBRATES) l Subphylum Urochordata 尾索動物亞門 (NON VERTEBRATES) l Subphylum Vertebrata 椎骨亞門 l Most chordates are vertebrates (hv a vertebral column) n Fishes n Amphibians 兩棲 n RepJles n Birds n Mammals l Most have internal skeleton (bone and / or car8lage ), muscle aKach on it n Allows greater freedom of movement n AKain larger body size than invertebrates CharacterisJcs of Chordates l Have 4 characterisJc during development n Notochord 脊索 u Dorsal 背 supporJng rod below nerve cord u Most vertebrates have embryonic notochord 胚胎脊索, replaced by vertebral column 脊椎 during embryonic development n Dorsal Tubular Nerve Cord 背管神經索, Vertebrates: Spinal Cord 脊髓 u Protected by vertebrae 椎骨 in vertebrates u Most chordates, anterior por8on become brain n Pharyngeal Pouches 咽袋 u Most vertebrates only seen during embryonic development u Nonvertebrate, fishes, amphibians larvae ->gills for respiraJon u Terrestrial vertebrates -> for various purpose, eg: human 1st pouches is for auditory tubes 聽覺管 n Postanal Tail 肝門後尾 u Tail in embryo, if not in adult -> extend beyond anus u Some chordates disappear during embryonic development eg:human  Nonvertebrate Chordates (Cephalochordates & Urochordates) l S8ll have notochord 沒有被 vertebral column 脊椎取代 l Do not have spine 脊椎 made of vertebrae l Lancelets 文昌魚目 (Cephalochordates) n Shallow marine environment u Most Jme buried in sandy / muddy substrates u Rarely swim u Only anterior end protruding 突出 n Filter feeder u 1. Water enter mouth 2. Passing through gill slits 3. Exist at atriopore 腹孔 u Feed on planktons 蜉蝣生物 l Sea Squirts 海鞘 (Urochordates) n Live on seafloor 海底 n Adults have thick outer covering n When disturbed, squirt water from excurrent siphon n Filter feeder Vertebrates (Subphylum Vertebrata 椎骨亞門) l Chordates with vertebral columns and other features l Have the 4 characterisJc of chordates and these features n Vertebral column u Embryonic notochord replaced by it u Remnants 殘餘物 of notochord rise to intervertebral discs 椎間盤 n Skull 顱骨 u Enclose and protect brain u High degree of cephalizaJon, well-developed sensory organ n Endoskeleton (carJlage or bone) u Living Jssue grow with animal u Proctect internal organs u For muscle aKachment -> rapid & effecJve movement u 2 pairs appendages l Fishes -> pectoral & pelvic fins l Terrestrial tetrapod 陸生四足動物 -> 4 limbs n Internal organizaJon u Complete digesJve tract u Close circulatory system -> blood contained within blood vessels  u Respiratory system -> obtain oxygen u Kidneys -> excreJon and water balance u Sexes -> separate u ReproducJon -> usually sexual Fishes l ~28k species Jawless Fishes 無頜魚 – Hagfishes & Lampreys 盲鰻和七鰓鰻 l Car8laginous skeleton 軟骨骨骼, lack of bony skeleton l S8ll have notochord l Cylindrical, up to 1m l Smooth, no scaly skin 無鱗片 l Hagfishes n Marine scavengers 海洋清道夫 n Feed on sok bodied invertebrates & dead fishes l Lampreys n Filter feeding or parasiJc n For parasiJc -> aKach to other fish with mouth and suck nutrient from host’s cardiovascular system Jawed Fishes 有頜魚 l Ectothermy 變溫 l Have carJlaginous or bony endoskeleton n Endoskeleton u Vertebral column u Skull with jaws u Paired pectoral & pelvic fins n LocomoJon mainly through large muscles n Fins help with balance and turning l Have scales 鱗片 l Use gills to breath CarJlaginous Fishes Have a CarJlaginous Skeleton (Sharks & Rays) l Skeleton composed of carJlage instead of bone l Lack gill cover l Body covered with dermal den8cles 真皮齒狀物 Bony Fishes Have a Bony Skeleton l 25k species n 3 groups, different in fin structures u Ray-finned fishes 射線鰭魚 u Lungfish 肺魚 u Coelacanths 腔棘魚 l Lacking external gill slits, gill covered by operculum 鰓蓋 l Have Swim bladder 鰾 n Gas filled sac n Gas secreJon & absorpJon -> change buoyancy 浮力 l Well-developed brain and nervous system l Separated sexes l Most undergo external ferJlizaJon 體外受精 n Females deposit eggs, males deposit sperm into water l Ray-finned Fishes (Class AcJnopterygii) n Parallel bony rays support & sJffen 加強 each fin n Fins have not muscles l Lobe-finned Fishes (Class Sarcopterygii) Lungfish & Coelacanths n Have paired fins consist of muscular lobe 肌肉葉 n Supported by central core of bones with fully ar8culated joints n Lungfish have lungs and gills Ray-finned Fishes have bony rays Lobe-finned Fishes have bones inside fins