Biochemistry Module 1 - University of the Assumption - PDF

8/5/24 Learning Objectives MODULE 1:...

8/5/24 Learning Objectives MODULE 1: At the end of this module, you should be able to: Introduction to 1. 2. define Biochemistry and explain its scope; enumerate and explain the attributes of a living organism; Biochemistry 3. 4. differentiate the different chemical reactions occurring in living matter; and describe properties of chemical reactions occurring in-vivo. First Semester, AY 2024-2025 Faculty-in-charge: Mr. Vince Gamboa University of the Assumption University of the Assumption 1 2 big BIOLOGY BIOCHEMISTRY BIOCHEMISTRY CHEMISTRY PHYSICS small University of the Assumption University of the Assumption 3 4 BIOCHEMISTRY chemistry of living things study of the structure, composition, and chemical reactions of substances in living systems the most comprehensive of all branches of chemistry that includes organic, inorganic, and physical chemistry to the extent. University of the Assumption University of the Assumption 5 6 1  8/5/24 Biochemistry Attributes of Living Organism subdivided into: 1. Living organisms are complicated and highly organized. Cells 1. Animal Biochemistry / Physiological Chemistry – chemical which compose them possess initiate internal structure containing processes taking place among animals many complex molecules. 2. Plant Biochemistry / Phytochemistry – chemical processes 2. Each part has specific function to perform. taking place among plants 3. It has the capacity to extract and transform energy from the environment. This is used to build and maintain their own intricate scope: chemical changes in living organism, chemistry of nutrients, structure from simple raw materials. chemistry of enzymes, chemistry of digestion and absorption, chemistry 4. They have the ability to replicate brought about by the presence of of blood, chemistry of body fluids, chemistry of hormone DNA. University of the Assumption University of the Assumption 7 8 Characteristics of Biochemical Reactions Characteristics of Biochemical Reactions 1. Biochemical reactions are classified as either catabolic (degradative) or anabolic (synthetic). A. Catabolic – results in the breakdown of organic compounds to simpler substances (e.g., fermentation) B. Anabolic – results in the assembly of biomolecules from simpler molecules (e.g., photosynthesis) University of the Assumption University of the Assumption 9 10 Characteristics of Biochemical Reactions 2. Many biochemical reactions require energy in the form of ATP. University of the Assumption University of the Assumption 11 12 2  8/5/24 Characteristics of Biochemical Reactions Characteristics of Biochemical Reactions 3. Conditions for biochemical reactions differ from those of ordinary 5. Biochemical reactions are organized into pathways. chemical reactions. They take place in mild conditions and in aqueous solutions. (Why?) 6. Biochemical reactions are regulated. 4. Presence of enzymes is sometimes necessary. 7. Biochemical reactions are localized within the cells. They act as catalysts, which means that they make biochemical reactions happen faster than they would otherwise. Without enzymes, those reactions simply would not occur or would run too slowly to sustain life. For example, without enzymes, digestion would be impossible. University of the Assumption University of the Assumption 13 14 Chemical Reactions Occurring In-vivo Chemical Reactions Occurring In-vivo 1. Oxidation – oxygen combines chemically with another substance. 2. Reduction – loss of oxygen or by gain of hydrogen or gain of This includes also any reaction in which electrons are transferred. electrons. Whenever oxidation occurs, there is a simultaneous and corresponding reduction. (remember LEORA & GEROA) E.g., all foods and organic substances are reducing agents because A. Aerobic oxidation – this takes place in the presence of oxygen; the substance oxidized combines directly with oxygen they have the property of taking up oxygen 3. Hydrolysis – union of a substance with one or more molecules of B. Anaerobic oxidation – this occurs in the absence of oxygen; water, forming an unstable "substance-water complex" which is substance undergoes oxidation either by a loss of hydrogen or by subsequently fragmented. loss of electrons E.g., large molecules are broken down into smaller and simpler forms (in digestion) Fe2+ →Fe3+ + e− University of the Assumption University of the Assumption 15 16 Properties of Chemical Reactions In-vivo 1. Mildness – energy is taken up and released in a gentle way, not violently as those occurring in the test tubes. This is attributed to the high specific heat of water, which makes up large portion of the protoplasm. ------------------------------------------ End of Module 1------------------------------------------------------------ Readings and References: 2. Speed – chemical reactions in-vivo occur with surprising speed Stoker, H. Stephen. Biochemistry. Cengage Learning Asia Pte Ltd, 2016 because of the aid of enzymes which facilitate chemical reactions. Hart, Harold, et al. Organic Chemistry: A Brief Course. Cengage Learning Asia Pte Ltd, 2012 Stoker, H. Stephen Exploring General, Organic and Biochemistry. Cengage Learning Asia Pte Ltd, 2013 3. Orderliness – a high degree of orderliness is assumed due to the existence of cell specialization within the different organs of the body. University of the Assumption University of the Assumption 17 18 3