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General Zoology - BIO101 Kenneth Lloyd U. Wong FIRST SEMESTER - 1ST QUARTER | 2024-2025 F PROPERTIES OF LIFE ORGANISMS are composed of chemical elements and a photosynthetic plant that makes its own obey the same laws of chemistry and...

General Zoology - BIO101 Kenneth Lloyd U. Wong FIRST SEMESTER - 1ST QUARTER | 2024-2025 F PROPERTIES OF LIFE ORGANISMS are composed of chemical elements and a photosynthetic plant that makes its own obey the same laws of chemistry and food (producers) physics. multicellular organism autotroph (photoautotroph) 1. Bacteria belongs in kingdom Plantae 5. Snow goose widely distributed, tiny microscopic organisms with a very simple structure unicellular organism can be found everywhere an animal that ingests its food (consumers) prokaryotes unicellular organism belongs in kingdom Monera/Bacteria found in freshwater environment belongs in kingdom Animalia 2. Paramecium CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE help us distinguish living from non- living things 1. Living Things Exhibit Organization 2. Living Things Metabolize 3. Living Things Respond to Stimuli 4. Living Things Reproduce and Develop a microscopic protist 5. Living Things Adapt to Change unicellular organism found in freshwater environment 1. LIVING THINGS EXHIBIT ORGANIZATION belongs in kingdom Protista whether it is a single-celled bacterium or a 3. Morel multicellular human being, a living thing displays some sort of organization moving up the hierarchy requires new emergent properties that are determined by the interactions between the individual parts HIERARCHY OF LIFE fungus that digests its food externally ❖ Atom multicellular organism the smallest unit of matter eukaryotes composed of three sub-atomic particles: belongs in kingdom Fungi ➔ Proton ➔ Neutron 4. Sunflower ➔ Electron example: Carbon 1 General Zoology - BIO101 Kenneth Lloyd U. Wong FIRST SEMESTER - 1ST QUARTER | 2024-2025 ❖ Molecules building up molecules using energy are made up of different atoms endergonic example: H2O it is not spontaneous and requires ❖ Macromolecules energy to progress are made up of different molecules 2. Catabolism example: C6H12O6 (glucose) breaking down process ❖ Organelles breaking down molecules to produce are made up of different energy macromolecules oxidative process tiny organs example: mitochondria ❖ Cells are made up of different organelles basic unit of life responsible for all of life’s processes ❖ Tissues aggregation of cells that perform similar functions ❖ Organ different tissues work together for a more defined function ❖ Organ System Different organs that work together Sun ❖ Organism the ultimate source of energy several organ systems working to Homeostasis make it alive a state of biological balance ❖ Population it is imperative an organism maintains this to group of organisms of the same survive species living on the same area is maintained by systems that monitor ❖ Community internal conditions and make routine and group of organisms of different necessary adjustments species living on the same area ❖ Ecosystem interaction between the biotic FACTORS THAT MUST REMAIN WITHIN THE factors (living things) and the TOLERANCE RANGE OF THE ORGANISM abiotic factors (nonliving things) ❖ Biosphere layer of the earth where life exists 1. Temperature 2. Moisture level 3. Acidity 2.LIVING THINGS METABOLIZE 4. Physiological Factors Example of maintenance of Homeostasis:: Metabolism the sum of the chemical reactions taking place in living cells through which energy and new materials are provided for vital processes and activities All life on Earth acquires energy, directly or indirectly, by metabolizing nutrient molecules made by autotrophs Food provides nutrients Nutrients used as building blocks or for energy Energy the capacity to do work ❖ too much sugar levels in the blood Work (hyperglycemia) are lethal to the organism what it takes to maintain the organization of When blood sugar level rises, our the cell and the organism pancreas produces insulin, which causes our cells to absorb glucose ➔ the liver also absorbs TYPES OF METABOLISM glucose and store it as glycogen. 1. Anabolism This lowers down our blood sugar building up process level 2 General Zoology - BIO101 Kenneth Lloyd U. Wong FIRST SEMESTER - 1ST QUARTER | 2024-2025 ❖ too low sugar levels in the blood (hypoglycemia) are lethal to the organism EVOLUTION When our blood sugar drops, our pancreas releases glucagon, which interacts with our liver to release glucose BASIC CHARACTERISTICS ORGANISMS this increases our blood sugar levels SHARE 3.LIVING THINGS RESPOND TO STIMULI 1. They are composed of cells which are organized in a similar manner 2. Their genes are stored in DNA ➔ Living things interact with the environment 3. Carry out the same metabolic ➔ living organisms must have the capabilities reactions to acquire energy to respond to the changes in the environment Response ensures survival of the organism and it often results to movement Example: ❖ Vulture can detect and find carcass a mile away and soar toward dinner ❖ Some snakes have very sensitive infrared receptors that detect body heat of prey against a colder background 4.LIVING THINGS REPRODUCE AND DEVELOP ➔ Life comes only from life Primordial soup ➔ Living things have the capacity to grow and a theory that all life on Earth started from reproduce the ocean due to the accumulation of ➔ The ability to reproduce, produce new organic compounds individuals, is common to all life Tiktaalik ➔ living things must reproduce to ensure believed to be the first land organism that continued existence and maintain their evolved from fishes population Growth defined as the irreversible increase in size EVOLUTION THEORIES Development changes in the structure and function 1. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck’s theory of Evolution TYPES OF REPRODUCTION revolved around the idea of use and disuse Theory by Jean-Baptiste Lamarck 1.Sexual 2. Charles Darwin’s Origin of Species begins with the union of sperm and egg the process through which (fertilization) and followed by cell division populations of living organisms and differentiation adapt and change 2. Asexual Survival of the fittest production of new individuals without the union of sperm and egg published in 1859 DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) Theory by Charles Darwin contains codes that direct every aspect of Articulated 2 main points: our lives ❖ Descent with modification a view that contemporary 5.LIVING THINGS ADAPT TO CHANGE species arose from a succession of ancestors) Adaptation ❖ Natural selection includes any modification that makes an is the proposed organism more suited to its way of life mechanism for descent with modification 3 General Zoology - BIO101 Kenneth Lloyd U. Wong FIRST SEMESTER - 1ST QUARTER | 2024-2025 adaptation to the Prokaryotes (lack membrane-bound environment and organelles) the origin of new unicellular species as closely most are heterotrophic (obtain food by related processes can “edit” a eating other organisms) population’s some are photosynthetic or chemosynthetic heritable variations ❖ Artificial selection PROTISTA when humans Eukaryotes choose organisms mainly unicellular or simple multicellular with specific characteristics as may be heterotrophic or photosynthetic breeding stock, they include protozoa, algae, and slime Molds are performing the role of the environment PLANTAE Eukaryotes TAXONOMY multicellular photosynthetic life cycle with alternation of generations cell walls of cellulose ANIMALIA Eukaryotes multicellular heterotrophic most move about by muscular contraction nervous system coordinates responses to stimuli Taxonomy FUNGI the discipline of identifying, classifying, and Eukaryotes naming organisms according to certain rules most multicellular Organisms are classified in various hierarchical levels (taxa) based on heterotrophic hypothesized evolutionary relationships. absorb nutrients do not photosynthesize cell walls of chitin SIX-KINGDOM CLASSIFICATION 1. Archaea THREE-DOMAIN CLASSIFICATION 2. Bacteria 3. Protista Domain 4. Fungi a level of classification above the kingdom 5. Animalia based on fundamental differences among 6. Plantae organisms ARCHAEA 1. Kingdom Archaea 2. Kingdom Bacteria Prokaryotes (lack membrane-bound 3. Eukarya organelles) unicellular microscopic BACTERIA most live in extreme environments Prokaryotic cells of various shapes differ in biochemistry and in cell wall Adaptations to all environments structure from bacteria Absorb, photosynthesize, or chemo-synthesize food Has unique chemical characteristics BACTERIA Example: Escherichia coli 4 General Zoology - BIO101 Kenneth Lloyd U. Wong FIRST SEMESTER - 1ST QUARTER | 2024-2025 Technology applies scientific knowledge for ARCHAEA some specific purpose Scientific Theory Prokaryotic cells of various shapes Joins together two or more related Adaptations to extreme environments hypotheses that have been thoroughly Absorb or chemo-synthesize food tested over time Has unique chemical characteristics generally accepted by the scientific Example: Methanosarcina mazei community Theory EUKARYA is synonymous with a guess due to lack of knowledge Algae, protozoans, slime molds, and Scientific Principle/Law water molds Widely accepted set of theories ❖ Complex single cell (sometimes filaments, No serious challenges to validity colonies, or even multicellular) ❖ Absorb, photosynthesize, or ingest food Molds, mushrooms, yeasts, and ringworms LIMITATIONS OF SCIENCE ❖ Mostly multicellular filaments with specialized, complex cells ❖ Absorb food Scientific Study Certain algae, mosses, ferns, conifers, and is limited to area that can be observed and flowering plants measured ❖ Multicellular, usually with specialized tissues, Cannot be used to address all questions containing complex cells Bound by practical limits ❖ Photosynthesize food ➔ Temporal considerations Sponges, worms, insects, fishes, frogs, ➔ Spatial considerations turtles, birds, and mammals ❖ Multicellular with specialized tissues containing complex cells 6 STEPS TO THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD ❖ Ingest food 1. Make an observation 2. Form a hypothesis 3. Test the hypothesis 4. Collect, Organize, and Analyze the Data 5. Draw conclusions 6. Communicate the results MAKE AN OBSERVATION Observations based on senses or tools Sight Touch Smell RULES OF NAMING Taste Hear This is a question you DO NOT know the Binomial Nomenclature answer to and can’t look up ➔ Genus first and Species second “Why” and “What would happen ➔ First letter of genus should be capitalized if..” are good beginnings of scientific ➔ Species should be all in lowercase letters questions ➔ Either italicize or underline the name Observations of natural events usually raise ➔ Separate the underline of genus and species a question Latin Research ➔ It is used because it was the universal is usually done to help find out more about language back then (lingua franca) the question raised ➔ It is a dead language Inference Honorific A logical interpretation of events based on ➔ You can’t name the new species you prior knowledge or opinion discovered by your name ➔ You can name it by the country where you discovered the new species FORM A HYPOTHESIS SCIENTIFIC METHOD formed to try to explain your observation or answer your question Scientific Inquiry Hypothesis The goal of science is to understand natural phenomena 5 General Zoology - BIO101 Kenneth Lloyd U. Wong FIRST SEMESTER - 1ST QUARTER | 2024-2025 tries to predict or determine the outcome of your experiment even before the experiment 1. Bar Graph is done used for categorical data must be testable Predictions usually stated in an “if ….. Then” statement TEST THE HYPOTHESIS Controlled Experiments are used to test a hypothesis an experiment that tests only one factor at a time Control Group is compared with an experimental group 2. Line Graph allows you to see if a change in a variable used for time interval data creates an observed outcome by comparing the control group with the experimental group TYPES OF VARIABLES 1. Null Hypothesis hypothesis that is stated negatively 0 3. Pie Chart 2. Alternative Hypothesis hypothesis that is stated positively + Variable a factor that changes in a controlled experiment are not changed in the Control Group adds up to a whole 100% or all of are changed in the Experimental Group something serve as the factor tested DRAW CONCLUSIONS TYPES OF VARIABLES Scientists decide whether the results of the experiment support a hypothesis 1. Independent Variable When the hypothesis is not supported by the The variable being changed in the tests the scientist must find another experiment explanation for what they have observed It is the cause No experiment is a failure 2. Dependent Variable All experiments are observations of real The variable that responds to the events change The variable being measured It is the effect COMMUNICATE THE RESULTS COLLECT, ORGANIZE, AND ANALYZE Results must be communicated in the form of a written paper or presentation DATA Communication Data helps other scientists performing the same defined as recorded observations or experiments to see if the results of your measurements experiment are the same as their results ➔ qualitative = description Helps people see if results are repeatable ➔ quantitative = number data Based on observations Utilize tools or senses is organized in tables, charts and graphs so that it can be more easily analyzed TYPES OF GRAPHS 6