Blood Biology Notes (PDF)

Functions of Components blood of blood RBC shape Blood groups and and Cross production matching Blood WBC Clotting Dr Greg Davis Martini Chapter 18 Copyr...

Functions of Components blood of blood RBC shape Blood groups and and Cross production matching Blood WBC Clotting Dr Greg Davis Martini Chapter 18 Copyright notice  Learning objectives and reading At the end of this lecture you should be able to: 1. Describe the components of blood with a rough description of the relative proportion of each ingredient in blood. 2. Explain the role of blood in transporting nutrients and gasses throughout the body 3. Describe how red blood cell structure relates to its function; Describe the role of haemoglobin in red blood cell function 4. Explain what is meant by the terms blood type, antigen. Explain how a person’s blood type is determined. 5. Explain the role that white blood cells have health and disease. Reading guide (textbook): Chapter 18  Functions of blood Transporting gas, nutrients, hormones, wastes Regulating pH, ions Restricting fluid loss Defence against toxins, pathogens Sustaining body temperature View a shortened clip: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CRh_dAzXuoU  Components of blood Plasma proteins – Albumins, globulins, fibrinogen Formed elements – Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets Clotted blood, unclotted blood Source: https://writersforensicsblog.wordpress.com/2014/07/18/q-and-a-how-could-my- character-keep-blood-in-a-liquid-state-for-later-consumption/ Blood + anticlotting agent when centrifuged Source: https://www.thermoline.com.au/news/clinical-prp-centrifuges-for-effective- platelet-rich-plasma-separation/  Red blood cell production Happens in red bone marrow of long bones – Largest factory is the femur Develop from stem cells Takes around a week to mature Stimulated by hypoxia At end of rbc life-cycle iron is recycled  Red blood cells Also known as erythrocytes Measure of rbc is haematocrit – Whole blood is centrifuged – RBC at bottom, plasma on top – Normal values: male 46%; female 42%  Blood groups Standard ABO and Rh groups – Blood group determined by surface antigens A has only surface antigen A B has only B AB has both A and B O has neither A nor B – Rh surface antigen present (Rh+) or absent (Rh-) – Combined to give, for example, A+ group B blood donated Blood group A B Antigen Anti-B C C C C  Blood donation/transfusion O type blood is often referred to as universal donor – Lacks surface A and B antigens won’t react with recipient’s AB type sometimes called universal recipient – Lack A and B antibodies to attack donated blood Blood is usually cross-matched before donation http://laboratorytests.org/cross-matching/ – Exposes donors RBCs to recipient plasma for reaction Distribution of blood types  Which one is yours? https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/ConditionsAndTreatments/blood-groups?viewAsPdf=true  White blood cells These are also known as leukocytes or WBC – Come in several forms – Possess nucleus – Lack haemoglobin Some can migrate out of the bloodstream Capable of ameboid movement Attracted to specific chemical stimuli  Types of WBC (in blood) Neutrophils – 50-70%, and phagocytic toward bacteria, and digest them Eosinophils – 2-4% respond to allergins, kill protozoa, roundworms Basophils – 1%, accumulate in damaged tissues, provide inflammation Monocytes – 2-8% large, engulfs debris and pathogens Lymphocytes – T cells, B cells, NK cells Life of WBCs – particularly the Neutrophil in Blood Watch this video at the Source: How white blood cells work https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0TvTyj5FAaQ  Clotting mechanism Haemostasis (stopping bleeding) 3 phases: vascular, platelet, coagulation Watch how blood clots Vascular phase https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_yQD – Cutting wall of vessel creates 0U3ZtCs vascular spasm, with endothelial changes to make it sticky Platelet phase – Platelets adhere to sticky endothelial surface – Rapid build up Coagulation phase – Delayed action  Summary Components of blood Function of blood Red blood cells Blood types and typing Antigens and antibodies White blood cells Clotting funtion