Bio Revision PDF

22.1: The Integumentary System 1. What is the main organ of the integumentary system? A. Muscles B. Skin C. Hair 2. Which tissue covers the body surface? A. Connective tissue B. Muscle tissue C. Epithelial tissue 3. What protein in the epidermis helps waterproof & prote...

22.1: The Integumentary System 1. What is the main organ of the integumentary system? A. Muscles B. Skin C. Hair 2. Which tissue covers the body surface? A. Connective tissue B. Muscle tissue C. Epithelial tissue 3. What protein in the epidermis helps waterproof & protect the skin? A. Collagen B. Keratin C. Melanin 4. What does melanin protect against? A. Skin cancer B. Water loss C. UV radiation 5. The dermis is primarily composed of: A. Muscle tissue B. Connective tissue C. Epithelial tissue 6. What structure in the skin helps regulate body temperature? A. Sebaceous glands B. Nerve cells C. Sweat glands 7. What causes goosebumps in humans? A. Muscles in the dermis contracting B. Inactive sweat glands C. Temperature increase 8. What causes acne? A. Melanin deficiency B. Excessive sweating C. Blocked sebaceous glands 9. What layer stores fat & helps the body retain heat? A. Epidermis B. Dermis C. Subcutaneous layer 10. Which of the following structures is NOT found in the dermis? A. Hair follicles B. Sebaceous glands C. None 11. What type of burn only affects the epidermis? A. First-degree burn B. Second-degree burn C. Third-degree burn 12. The deadliest form of skin cancer is: A. Nonmelanoma B. Melanoma C. Melanocyte 13. Which cells divide to replace dead cells in the skin? A. Epithelial cells B. Fatty cells C. Nerve cells 14. Which tissue type provides the skin with the ability to return to its normal state after being stretched? A. Epithelial tissue B. Connective tissue C. Muscle tissue 15. A suntan is the result of: A. Increased keratin production B. UV radiation increasing melanin production C. Excess sweat gland activity 16. Goosebumps are associated with which tissue type? A. Nerve tissue B. Muscle tissue C. Connective tissue 17. What forms a scab when the skin is cut? A. Keratin B. Collagen C. Blood clots 18. Sebaceous glands secrete: A. Sweat B. Oil C. Keratin 19. Which layer of skin is most involved in thermoregulation? A. Epidermis B. Dermis C. Subcutaneous layer 20. Wrinkles are caused by: A. Excess keratin B. Loss of skin elasticity C. Enhanced nerve activity 21. Vitamin D is produced when the skin is exposed to: A. Heat B. UV light C. Oil 22. Which of the following is NOT a function of the integumentary system? A. Producing RBCs B. Regulating body temperature C. Vitamin D production 23. Second-degree burns affect: A. The epidermis B. The dermis C. Both 24. What causes blackheads? A. Blocked hair follicles B. Increased melanin production C. Sunburn 25. How does the skin respond to cold? A. Producing keratin B. Contracting muscle cells C. Increasing sweat production 26. What is 1 characteristic of third-degree burns? A. Only affects the dermis B. Muscle tissue may be destroyed C. Only involves mild redness 27. Which tissue type communicates sensory information to the brain? A. Nerve tissue B. Epithelial tissue C. Connective tissue 28. The process of skin repair includes: A. Shedding hair B. Blood clotting & scab formation C. Vitamin D production 29. What structure prevents the skin from tearing? A. Melanocytes B. Connective tissue C. Oil glands 30. The epithelial cells in the epidermis are: A. Columnar B. Cuboidal C. Squamous 1. The epidermis is thicker than the dermis. False 2. Hair & nails contain keratin. True 3. Melanoma protects the skin from UV radiation. False 4. Hair follicles are located in the subcutaneous layer. False 5. Sebaceous glands are associated with hair follicles. True 6. The dermis contains nerve cells, muscle fibers & sweat glands. True 1. What are the 4 main types of tissues found in the skin & describe their functions? o Epithelial tissue: covers body surfaces o Connective tissue: provides support & protection o Muscle tissue: involved in body movement o Nerve tissue: forms the body’s communication network 2. What is the role of keratin in the integumentary system? o Keratin waterproofs & protects the outer layer of the skin. 3. What is the difference between first-degree, second-degree, and third-degree burns? o First-degree burns affect only the epidermis o Second-degree burns damage both the epidermis & dermis o Third-degree burns destroy deeper tissues, including muscle & nerves 4. What role do sebaceous glands play in the skin? o Sebaceous glands produce oil, which lubricates the skin & hair. 5. How does the skin repair itself after a minor cut? o Cells in the epidermis divide to replace lost cells, blood clots form a scab to protect the wound & WBCs prevent infection. 6. What is the function of the subcutaneous layer? o The subcutaneous layer stores fat & helps retain body heat. 22.2: The Skeletal System 1. The axial skeleton includes: A. Arms & legs B. Skull & vertebral column C. Shoulder & hips 2. What type of bone is found at the ends of long bones & in the center of flat bones? A. Compact bone B. Spongy bone C. Both 3. Osteocytes are found in: A. Cartilage B. Blood vessels C. Compact bone 4. What is produced in red bone marrow? A. Fat cells B. Osteocytes C. Blood cells 5. The process of bone formation from osteoblasts is called: A. Osteocytosis B. Ossification C. Remodeling 6. What covers the ends of bones at movable joints? A. Cartilage B. Ligaments C. Bone marrow 7. Which cell type is responsible for breaking down bones? A. Osteoblasts B. Osteoclasts C. Osteons 8. Yellow bone marrow consists mainly of: A. Blood cells B. Fat cells C. Cartilage 9. What is the name of the tube-like structures found in compact bone? A. Osteons B. Ligaments C. Tendons 10. The appendicular skeleton includes the: A. Ribs B. Vertebral column C. Clavicle 11. Osteoarthritis is caused by: A. Deterioration of cartilage B. Bone fractures C. Lack of calcium 12. A simple fracture occurs when: A. The bone breaks through the skin B. The bone cracks but does not break through the skin C. The bone is twisted 13. Which structure in the bone contains blood vessels & nerves? A. Cartilage B. Haversian system C. Marrow cavity 14. What type of bone cells are responsible for bone growth & repair? A. Osteoclasts B. Osteoblasts C. Ligaments 15. What is the role of ligaments? A. To store calcium B. To connect bones at joints C. To produce cartilage 16. Which bones are part of the axial skeleton? A. Femur & humerus B. Tarsals & metatarsals C. Sternum & ribs 17. When does the body convert yellow bone marrow to red bone marrow? A. When calcium is in large amounts B. When bones are damaged C. In cases of extreme blood loss or anemia 18. What is the function of the Haversian system? A. To produce RBCs B. To repair bone fractures C. To transport blood & nutrients to bone cells 19. How is a compound fracture different from other fractures? A. It affects multiple bones B. The bone breaks through the skin C. The bone is twisted 20. Which of the following is NOT a type of bone fracture? A. Simple fracture B. Stress fracture C. Ligament fracture 21. Where does ossification begin in the fetus? A. Cartilage B. Compact bone C. In the marrow cavity 22. What joint is found in the knee? A. Gliding joint B. Hinge joint C. Ball-and-socket joint 23. What disease causes joints to become inflamed & deformed? A. Osteoarthritis B. Rheumatoid arthritis C. Bursitis 24. How does the body repair a broken bone? A. By forming a blood clot & callus of cartilage B. By increasing the number of osteocytes C. By converting red marrow to yellow marrow 25. What happens during bone remodeling? A. Cartilage produces new osteocytes B. Osteoblasts break down old bone cells C. Osteoclasts break down bone cells to be replaced by new ones 26. Which of the following joints is an example of a ball-and-socket joint? A. Neck B. Shoulder C. Wrist 27. What fills the cavities of infant bones? A. Yellow bone marrow B. Red bone marrow C. Osteocytes 28. Osteoclasts are involved in which process? A. Bone growth B. Bone resorption C. Bone marrow production 29. What is the role of osteoblasts in bone formation? A. Break down old bone cells B. Form new bone tissue C. Produce cartilage 30. What happens during ossification in the fetal skeleton? A. Cartilage is replaced by bones B. Bones are replaced by cartilage C. Osteocytes break down bones 1. Spongy bone contains bone marrow & is less dense than compact bone. True 2. Osteoblasts break down bone tissue. False 3. Cartilage covers the surface of bones in movable joints. True 4. Bone fractures result in the release of endorphins to reduce pain. True 5. Rheumatoid arthritis is caused by the deterioration of cartilage in joints. False 6. The repair of a bone fracture begins with the formation of a callus. False 1. What are the 2 divisions of the human skeleton? o The axial skeleton o The appendicular skeleton 2. How do osteoblasts & osteoclasts contribute to bone remodeling? o Osteoblasts form new bone tissue o Osteoclasts break down old bone cells 3. Mention 3 functions of the skeletal system. o provide support for the body o protection for organs & bone marrow o bones are reservoirs for the storage of minerals, such as calcium & phosphorus 4. What is the difference between compact bone & spongy bone? o Compact bone: dense & strong, found in the outer layers of bones o Spongy bone: less dense & contains bone marrow 5. How does the body repair a bone fracture? o The body repairs a fracture by forming a blood clot, followed by the formation of a soft callus of cartilage, which is later replaced by spongy bone and then compact bone. 6. What is the main difference between red bone marrow & yellow bone marrow? o Red bone marrow produces RBCs, WBCs, and platelets o Yellow bone marrow consists mainly of fat cells