BIO II_Unit V Chapt 16.pdf

BIOTECHNOLOGY CHAPTER 16 CHANGING THE LIVING WORLD Learning Objectives ▪ Explain the uses of selective breeding. ▪ Explain how people increase genetic variation. Selective Breeding Humans breed organisms with desired traits. Takes advantage of naturally occurring genetic variation. Selective Breedin...

BIOTECHNOLOGY CHAPTER 16 CHANGING THE LIVING WORLD Learning Objectives ▪ Explain the uses of selective breeding. ▪ Explain how people increase genetic variation. Selective Breeding Humans breed organisms with desired traits. Takes advantage of naturally occurring genetic variation. Selective Breeding in Plants Methods of Selective Breeding Hybridization Inbreeding Increasing Variation How can breeders increase genetic variation? bacterial mutations polyploid plants REVIEW BIOTECHNOLOGY 16.2 THE PROCESS OF GENETIC ENGINEERING Learning Objectives ▪ Explain how scientists copy the DNA of living organisms. ▪ Explain how recombinant DNA is used. ▪ Describe how transgenic organisms are produced. DNA Analysis Finding a Gene Predict mRNA sequence Screen a genetic library to find a match Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) 1. DNA is heated to separate strands. 2. The mixture is cooled and primers bind to the strands. 3. DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to strands, producing two complementary strands. 4. The process repeats and the section of DNA is copied again. Each cycle doubles the amount of DNA. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Rewriting the Genome Recombinant DNA is DNA from different sources that has been joined together. Plasmids Small circular pieces of DNA EcoRI Restriction site ampr Genetic marker tetr Genetic marker ori: Origin of replication Plasmid DNA Transformation Human cell Gene for human growth hormone EcoRI EcoRI Sticky ends EcoRI Bacterial cell Plasmid CRISPR and DNA Editing Transgenic Plants TRANSGENIC ANIMALS Cloning Nucleus of egg removed Foster mother Egg donor Fused cell Donor nucleus Cell donor Embryo Cloned lamb Biotechnology Applications 16.3 APPLICATIONS OF BIOTECHNOLOGY Learning Objectives ▪ Explain how genetic engineering can benefit agriculture and industry. ▪ Explain how biotechnology can improve human health. ▪ Explain how DNA is used to identify individuals. Agriculture and Industry Ideally, genetic modification will lead to better, less expensive, and more nutritious food as well as less harmful manufacturing processes. GM crops GM animals Health and Medicine Genetic Testing Medical Research Preventing and Treating Disease Golden Rice Human Proteins Gene Therapy GM Mosquitos Examining Active Genes mRNA from cancer cells cDNA from cancer cells mRNA from normal cells cDNA from normal cells Personal Identification Forensic Science REVIEW Applications of Genetic Engineering 1. Explain how genetic engineering can benefit agriculture and industry. 2. Explain how biotechnology can improve human health. 3. Explain how DNA is used to identify individuals. ETHICS AND IMPACTS OF BIOTECHNOLOGY Learning Objectives ▪ Explain what privacy issues biotechnology raises. ▪ Describe some of the pros and cons of transgenic organisms. ▪ Explain what some of the ethical issues are around new biotechnology. Profits and Privacy Patenting Life Molecules and biotechnology procedures can be patented. Genes found in nature cannot be patented. Genetic Privacy DNA can reveal private information, including ethnic heritage, the chances of developing certain diseases, and evidence for criminal cases. Who owns the information stored in your DNA? How should genetic information be used? Arguments for GM Foods Produce higher yields Lower food costs Reduce land use Reduce chemical usage Reduce energy consumption After more than two decades, no evidence of harm has been found. Arguments against GM Foods No long-term studies Herbicide resistance genes may lead to overuse of herbicides. Insect resistance genes may threaten beneficial insects. Patents may prove too costly for small farmers. Ethics of the New Biology Just because we have the technology to modify an organism’s characteristics, are we justified in doing so? REVIEW Ethics and Impacts of Biotechnology 1. In your opinion, what is the single most important ethical issue related to biotechnology? 2. Why does this issue need to be resolved?