Bio Exam Module Notes PDF

**Module 10/Chapter 10: Terminology and Measurement in Biomechanics** **Key Concepts** - **Mechanics vs. Biomechanics**: - Mechanics: The study of motion and forces. - Biomechanics: Application of mechanics to living systems, focusing on human movement. - **Statics vs. D...

**Module 10/Chapter 10: Terminology and Measurement in Biomechanics** **Key Concepts** - **Mechanics vs. Biomechanics**: - Mechanics: The study of motion and forces. - Biomechanics: Application of mechanics to living systems, focusing on human movement. - **Statics vs. Dynamics**: - Statics: Study of systems in equilibrium (at rest or constant velocity). - Dynamics: Study of systems in motion, including acceleration. - **Kinematics vs. Kinetics**: - Kinematics: Study of motion without considering forces (velocity, acceleration). - Kinetics: Study of forces that cause motion (gravity, friction). **Units of Measurement** - U.S. System: Distance in feet, force in pounds. - Metric System: Distance in meters, force in newtons (N). **Vector vs. Scalar Quantities** - Scalar: Only magnitude (speed, distance). - Vector: Magnitude and direction (velocity, displacement). **Module 11/Chapter 11: Description of Human Motion** **Types of Motion** - **Rectilinear Motion**: Straight-line movement (a sprinter running). - **Angular Motion**: Rotation around an axis (gymnast's backflip). - **General Motion**: Combination of linear and angular motion (a running cyclist). **Factors Modifying Motion** - Gravity - Friction - Air resistance **Key Terms** - **Speed**: Scalar quantity; how fast an object moves. - **Velocity**: Vector quantity; speed with direction. - **Acceleration**: Rate of change of velocity over time. **Projectile Motion** - Influenced by: - Angle of release (optimal for range: 45°). - Initial velocity. - Air resistance. **Module 12/Chapter 12: Conditions of Linear Motion** **Force and Motion** - Force: A push or pull; measured in newtons (N). - Newton's Laws: 1. Law of Inertia: Objects remain in their state unless acted upon. 2. Law of Acceleration: F=ma (force = mass × acceleration). 3. Law of Action-Reaction: Every action has an equal and opposite reaction. **Work, Power, and Energy** - Work: W = Force x Distance - Power: Rate of doing work (P = W/t) - Energy: Capacity to do work (kinetic energy depends on mass and velocity). **Module 12/Chapter 13: Conditions of Rotary Motion** **Torque** - Torque: Rotational equivalent of force (Torque= Force x Moment Arm) **Key Terms** - **Moment Arm**: Perpendicular distance from axis of rotation to force line. - **Force Couple**: Two forces acting in opposite directions to produce rotation. **Lever Systems** - **First-Class Lever**: Fulcrum between effort and load (seesaw). - **Second-Class Lever**: Load between fulcrum and effort (wheelbarrow). - **Third-Class Lever**: Effort between fulcrum and load (biceps curl). **Mechanical Advantage** - Ratio of output force to input force; second-class levers offer the best advantage. **Core Chapter: Core and Functional Movement** **Key Concepts** - **Lumbo-Pelvic Hip Complex**: Structures integrating the pelvis, lumbar spine, and hip for stability and movement. - **Functional Movements**: Real-life tasks or sports activities requiring coordination and balance. **Core Muscles** - **Local Muscles**: - Primary role: Stabilization. - Examples: Transverse abdominis, multifidus. - Predominantly Type I (slow twitch) fibers. - **Global Muscles**: - Primary role: Movement and force production. - Examples: Rectus abdominis, obliques. - More Type II (fast-twitch) fibers. **Core Training** - Order: Stability → Strength → Power. - Emphasizes exercises like planks, compound movements, and functional tasks for overall performance. **Newton's Third Law and Core Training** - Stability is achieved through reactive forces (e.g., maintaining balance during dynamic movements). **Quick Review Tips** **Formulas to Remember** - Work: W = F x D - Power: P = W / t - Torque: Force x Moment Arm