Bio Exam 3 Review (PDF)
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This document covers various topics in biology, including scientific method, evolution, and biotechnology. It details aspects of life processes, natural selection, and various biological concepts.
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. 1 Scientific Method and Its Limits: The scientific method involves observation, hypothesis, experimentation, analysis, and conclusion. It is often oversimplified and doesn’t account for the iterative, flexible nature of real science. . 2 “Just a Theory” in...
. 1 Scientific Method and Its Limits: The scientific method involves observation, hypothesis, experimentation, analysis, and conclusion. It is often oversimplified and doesn’t account for the iterative, flexible nature of real science. . 2 “Just a Theory” in Evolution: A scientific theory is a well-supported explanation backed by evidence, not a guess. Evolutionary theory is robust and rigorously tested. . 3 Components of Scientific Inquiry: Observation, asking questions, experimentation, and data analysis. 4. Misconceptions About Evolution: Evolution isn’t a linear progression but a branching process shaped by natural selection. Life and Evolution . 4 Properties of Life: Growth, reproduction, response to stimuli, adaptation, and maintaining internal balance (homeostasis). 5. Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes: Prokaryotes lack a nucleus and organelles; eukaryotes have them. . 6 Natural Selection: Organisms with advantageous traits are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing these traits on. . 7 Mutation in Evolution: Mutations introduce new traits, some of which improve survival and reproduction. 8. Speciation: New species form when populations become isolated and evolve independently. 9. Phylogenetic Tree Interpretation: Shows evolutionary relationships; closer branches indicate closer relationships. 0. 1 Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration: Photosynthesis captures energy for ecosystems; cellular respiration releases it. Genetics 11. Punnett Square Predictions: Predicts inheritance based on parental genes. 12. Dominant vs. Recessive Alleles: Dominant alleles mask recessive ones; recessive traits appear only with two recessive alleles. 3. 1 Cell Specialization Despite Same Genes: Different genes are activated in different cells, producing unique proteins. 4. 1 Cancer-Related Genes: Tumor suppressor genes slow cell division, DNA repair genes fix errors, and proto-oncogenes regulate growth. Mutations can cause cancer. 5. 1 Cell Cycle: Includes growth, DNA replication, and division phases, with checkpoints ensuring proper progression. Biotechnology 4. 1 Biotechnology Applications: Improves crops, creates medicines, and solves crimes using DNA. 15. Types of Biotechnology: Reproductive cloning: Making identical organisms. Molecular cloning: Copying DNA sequences. Gene therapy: Fixing genetic defects. PCR: Amplifying DNA. Gel electrophoresis: Separating DNA fragments. DNA extraction: Obtaining DNA from cells. Ecology and Environment 16. Biological Community Interactions: Predation, competition, and symbiosis. 7. 1 Bioaccumulation/Biomagnification: Toxins increase in concentration up the food chain, impacting top predators. 18. Types of Biodiversity: Genetic, species, and ecosystem diversity. 9. 1 Biodiversity Loss and Protection: Habitat destruction and climate change reduce biodiversity; conservation efforts can help. 0. 2 Climate Change Impacts: Rising temperatures, sea levels, and extreme weather affect ecosystems and humans. 21. Climate Change Consensus: Human activities, like burning fossil fuels, drive climate change. 2. 2 Responding to Climate Change Misconceptions: Use data to refute myths, such as global temperature trends. 3. 2 Greenhouse Effect: Natural heat-trapping gases sustain life, but human activities amplify this effect, causing global warming. Human Biology 26. Viruses vs. Bacteria: Viruses are smaller and need hosts to reproduce; bacteria can live independently. Treatments differ: antivirals for viruses, antibiotics for bacteria. 7. 2 Immune Responses: Innate immunity is quick and general; adaptive immunity targets specific pathogens. 8. 2 How Vaccines Work: Introduce a harmless part of a pathogen to train the immune system to fight it. 29. Effect of Vaccination: Reduces the likelihood of illness by preparing the immune system. 30. Autoimmunity and Allergies: Autoimmune diseases cause the body to attack itself; allergies are overreactions to harmless substances. 1. 3 Human Microbiome: Beneficial microbes help digestion, immunity, and overall health. Anatomy and Physiology 2. 3 Digestive System Structures: Stomach (breaks down food), intestines (absorbs nutrients), liver (processes nutrients and detoxifies). 3. 3 Blood Flow in the Heart and Lungs: Blood goes from the heart to the lungs for oxygen, back to the heart, then out to the body. 34. Energy Extraction and Waste Removal: Food is digested, nutrients absorbed into the blood, and oxygen used to produce energy. Waste is expelled through the digestive, circulatory, and respiratory systems. Health and Disease 5. 3 Type II Diabetes and Heart Disease: Caused by poor diet, lack of exercise, and genetics. Prevented with healthy eating and exercise. 6. 3 Reproductive Structures: Males have testes (sperm production), females have ovaries (egg production). 37. STI Symptoms and Treatments: Symptoms vary; bacterial STIs need antibiotics, and viral STIs need antivirals. 8. 3 Sexual Consent: Consent is freely and explicitly given. Coercion or inability to say “no” means no consent. 9. 3 Tumors and Metastasis: Malignant tumors invade tissues and spread (metastasis); benign tumors do not spread.
