BIM Handbook - 2018 - Chatper 10.pdf

Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/ by National University Of Singapore Nus Libraries, Wiley Online Library on [19/08/2024]. See the Terms and Conditions (https...

Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/ by National University Of Singapore Nus Libraries, Wiley Online Library on [19/08/2024]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License CHAPTER 10 BIM Case Studies 10.0 INTRODUCTION In this chapter, we present eleven case studies of projects in which BIM played a significant role. They represent the experiences of owners, architects, engineers, contractors, fabricators, and even construction crews and a facility mainte- nance team—all pioneers in the application of BIM. All the case studies are new to this edition. The case studies in the first and the second editions are available at the BIM Handbook companion website. The case studies listed in Table 10–0–1 represent a broad range of public and private building and infras- tructure projects from different regions including Asia, Europe, North America, and the Middle East. The case studies also cover various types of projects in terms of function, including medical, residential, office, museum, exhibition hall, multicultural complex, airport, and railway station projects. Taken as a whole, the case studies cover the use of BIM across all phases of the facility delivery process (as shown in Table 10–0–2) by a wide range of project participants. Three case studies focus on the use of BIM during the operation, maintenance, and facility management phase. Each case study BIM Handbook: A Guide to Building Information Modeling for Owners, Designers, Engineers, Contractors, and Facility 398 Managers, Third Edition. Rafael Sacks, Charles Eastman, Ghang Lee and Paul Teicholz. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Published 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.  Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/ by National University Of Singapore Nus Libraries, Wiley Online Library on [19/08/2024]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License 10.0 Introduction 399 Table 10–0–1 Brief Descriptions of the Case Study Projects Project Client Type Main Use Region Status* 10.1 National Children’s Hospital, Dublin Public Hospital complex Europe Under construction 10.2 Hyundai Motorstudio, Goyang Private Exhibition hall Asia Completed 10.3 Fondation Louis Vuitton Private Museum Europe Completed 10.4 Dongdaemun Design Plaza Public Multicultural Asia Completed complex 10.5 Saint Joseph Hospital Private Healthcare facility North America Completed 10.6 Victoria Station, London Underground Public Underground Europe Due for completion railway station in 2018 10.7 North Hills Residential Hall NTU Public Student housing Asia Completed facility 10.8 Mapletree Business City II Private Business office Asia Completed park 10.9 Prince Mohammad Bin Abdulaziz Public-Private Airport Middle East Completed International Airport Partnership 10.10 Howard Hughes Medical Institute Private Healthcare facility North America FM system implemented 10.11 Stanford Neuroscience Health Center Private Hospital North America FM use case tested * Status of the projects at the time of writing demonstrates a diverse set of benefits to various organizations, resulting from the implementation of BIM tools and processes. Table 10–0–3 indexes the case studies according to a list of commonly identified BIM benefits. The wide variety of software and technologies used in each phase is compiled in Table 10–0–4. These tables are guides for readers both to compare the case studies and to quickly find those that match a reader’s specific interests. No single project has yet realized all or even a majority of BIM’s potential benefits, and it is doubtful that all of the benefits that the technology enables have been discovered or even identified. Each case study presents the salient aspects of the BIM process and focuses on the ways each team used the available tools to maximum benefit. We also highlight the many lessons that these teams learned as they encountered challenges in implementing the new technologies and processes. Most of the projects were complete at the time of publication, but some of the projects were still in progress, preventing a full review or complete assessment of the benefits. Naturally, research was limited by the available information. Architecture, engineering, construction, fabrication, and real estate development are competitive fields, and organizations are often reluctant  Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/ by National University Of Singapore Nus Libraries, Wiley Online Library on [19/08/2024]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License 400 Chapter 10 BIM Case Studies Table 10–0–2 Case Studies by Phase of Lifecycle Documentation Operation and Development’ Maintenance Construction Construction Schematic Feasibility Design Design Case Study Case studies from the 1st and 2nd editions of the BIM Handbook (available on the BIM Handbook companion website) Hillwood Commercial Project, Dallas, Texas (1e, 2e) ⚪ ⚪ Sutter Medical Center, Castro Valley, California (2e) ⚪ ⚪ ⚪ ⚪ ⚪ U.S. Coast Guard (1e, 2e) ⚪ ⚪ National Aquatics Center, Beijing, China (1e) ⚪ ⚪ ⚪ Aviva Stadium, Dublin, Ireland (2e) ⚪ ⚪ ⚪ ⚪ 100 11th Avenue, New York City (1e, 2e) ⚪ ⚪ ⚪ ⚪ Music Center, Helsinki, Finland (2e) ⚪ ⚪ ⚪ ⚪ One Island East Project, Hong Kong (1e, 2e) ⚪ ⚪ ⚪ General Motors Plant, Flint, MI (1e) ⚪ ⚪ ⚪ Penn National Parking Structure, Grantville, Pennsylvania (1e) ⚪ ⚪ Federal Office Building, San Francisco (1e) ⚪ ⚪ Federal Courthouse, Jackson, Mississippi (1e) ⚪ ⚪ Camino Group Medical Building, Mountain View, California(1e) ⚪ ⚪ Marriott Hotel Renovation, Portland, Oregon (2e) ⚪ ⚪ Maryland General Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland (2e) ⚪ ⚪ Crusell Bridge, Helsinki, Finland (2e) ⚪ ⚪ ⚪ Case Studies in Chapter 10 10.1 National Children’s Hospital, Dublin, Ireland ⚪ ⚪ ⚪ ⚪ 10.2 Hyundai Motorstudio, Goyang, South Korea ⚪ ⚪ ⚪ ⚪ ⚪ 10.3 Fondation Louis Vuitton, Paris, France ⚪ ⚪ ⚪ ⚪ 10.4 Dongdaemun Design Plaza, Seoul, South Korea ⚪ ⚪ ⚪ ⚪ 10.5 Saint Joseph Hospital, Denver ⚪ ⚪ ⚪ ⚪ 10.6 Victoria Station, London Underground ⚪ ⚪ ⚪ ⚪ ⚪ 10.7 Nanyang Technological University Student Residence Halls, Singapore ⚪ ⚪ ⚪ ⚪ 10.8 Mapletree Business City II, Singapore ⚪ ⚪ ⚪ ⚪ ⚪ 10.9 Prince Mohammad Bin Abdulaziz International Airport, Medina, UAE ⚪ 10.10 Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland ⚪ 10.11 Stanford Neuroscience Health Center, Palo Alto, California ⚪ 1e: The BIM Handbook 1st Edition 2e: The BIM Handbook 2nd Edition  Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/ by National University Of Singapore Nus Libraries, Wiley Online Library on [19/08/2024]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License 10.0 Introduction 401 Table 10–0–3 BIM Benefits Described in the Case Studies Victoria Station, London Underground Stanford Neuroscience Health Center Nanyang Technological University Prince Mohammad Bin Abdulaziz Howard Hughes Medical Institute National Children’s Hospital Dongdaemun Design Plaza Mapletree Business City II Student Residence Halls Fondation Louis Vuitton Saint Joseph Hospital Hyundai Motorstudio International Airport Benefits Cost reduction ⚪ ⚪ ⚪ ⚪ ⚪ ⚪ Time saving ⚪ ⚪ ⚪ ⚪ ⚪ ⚪ ⚪ ⚪ Enhanced design quality ⚪ ⚪ ⚪ ⚪ ⚪ ⚪ ⚪ Better end-user requirements capture ⚪ ⚪ ⚪ ⚪ ⚪ ⚪ Request for Information (RFI) reduction ⚪ Rework reduction ⚪ ⚪ ⚪ ⚪ ⚪ ⚪ Waste reduction ⚪ ⚪ Safety improvement ⚪ ⚪ ⚪ Communication/decision-making improvement ⚪ ⚪ ⚪ ⚪ Reduced energy consumption ⚪ ⚪ ⚪ ⚪ Improved asset and facility management ⚪ ⚪ ⚪ ⚪ ⚪ Improved resource management ⚪ ⚪ ⚪ Accurate impact analysis ⚪ ⚪ Facilitated modular or offsite prefabrication ⚪ ⚪ ⚪ ⚪ ⚪ Others ⚪ ⚪ ⚪ ⚪ to disclose their enterprise expertise. Nevertheless, most organizations and individuals were extremely helpful and made significant efforts to share their stories and provide images, information, and important insights. We have tried to identify the key issues of each project, not just success stories, but also the problems that had to be solved and the lessons learned from dealing with them. Acknowledgments The authors wish to acknowledge and thank Kyungha Lee, Jehyun Cho, Namcheol Jung, Yongshin An, Wonjun Kim, Taesuk Song, Kahyun Jeon, and Daeyoung Gil at the Building Informatics Group of Yonsei University for their review of the case studies and software applications.  Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/ by National University Of Singapore Nus Libraries, Wiley Online Library on [19/08/2024]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License 402 Chapter 10 BIM Case Studies Table 10–0–4 BIM Uses, Software, and Technologies Used for the Case Studies Phase BIM Uses Software Technologies 10.1 National Children’s Hospital Feasibility Site Analysis Revit, AutoCAD Laser Scanning Phase Planning Revit, AutoCAD CAD Design Existing Conditions Revit Modeling Design Authoring Revit, Dynamo, NBS Create Virtual Reality (VR), Augmented Reality (AR) 3D Coordination Navisworks Clash Detection Cost Estimation CostX Analysis Structural Analysis Dynamo, Tekla Structural Designer Structural Modeling and Analysis 2015, SCIAEngineer 16 Preconstruction 3D Coordination Navisworks Virtual Reality (VR), Augmented Reality (AR), Laser Scanning Cost Estimation CostX Relational Database Other Engineering Dynamo, Tekla Structure, Designer Virtual Reality (VR), Augmented Analysis 2015, SCIAEngineer16 Reality (AR), Laser Scanning 10.2 Hyundai Motorstudio Construction Design Review Navisworks IFC Documentation Design Review Fuzor Virtual Reality Construction Design Authoring CATIA, Tekla Structures, Digital IFC project, Revit Architecture, Revit MEP, AutoCAD MEP Existing Conditions Trimble Realworks Laser Scanning 3D Coordination Autodesk Recap Laser Scanning Digital Fabrication Digital Project Prefabrication Phase Planning Navisworks IFC 10.3 Fondation Louis Vuitton Design and Collaboration GT Global Exchange (GTX, Trimble Cloud-based Project Management Construction Connect) Design Authoring, Digital Project Engineering, Detailing, Tekla Structures, BoCAD, Solidworks, and Design Review Autodesk products, Rhinoceros, Grasshopper, ANSYS, NASTRAN, Sofistik3D, 3DVia Composer, Solibri Existing Conditions Laser Scanning Digital Fabrication Digital Project Prefabrication  Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/ by National University Of Singapore Nus Libraries, Wiley Online Library on [19/08/2024]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License 10.0 Introduction 403 Table 10–0–4 (continued) Phase BIM Uses Software Technologies 10.4 Dongdaemun Design Plaza Schematic and Design Design Authoring Rhinoceros Development Construction Design Authoring, 3D Rhinoceros, Digital Project, Revit, Documentation Coordination, and AutoCAD Construction Documentation Structural Analysis MIDAS, Tekla Structures Other Engineering Analysis Wind Simulation Construction 3D Coordination Rhinoceros, Digital Project, Revit, Tekla Structures Structural Analysis MIDAS, Tekla Structures Digital Fabrication Rhinoceros, Digital Project, AutoCAD Multipoint Stretch Forming Design Authoring Rhinoceros, AutoCAD IFC 10.5 Saint Joseph Hospital Construction 3D Coordination Revit, BlueBeam IFC Documentation Phase Planning Primavera P6, Synchro Others Structural Analysis Others Construction Digital Fabrication Revit, BlueBeam Prefabrication 3D Control and Planning Navisworks Virtual Reality (VR) 3D Coordination Revit, BlueBeam COBie 10.6 Victoria Station, London Underground Schematic Design Feasibility Bentley Triforma, Bentley AECOsim Modeling Layout Legion Modeling Crowd Simulation Collaboration Archiving Bentley ProjectWise File Sharing, Cloud Design Development Design Authoring, 3D Triforma, AECOsim Modeling Coordination Collaboration ProjectWise File Sharing, Cloud Archiving Structural Analysis STAAD, Hevacomp Finite Element Method Construction Design Reviews Triforma, AECOsim Modeling Documentation Drawing Microstation CAD Construction Existing Conditions Triforma, AECOsim Collaboration ProjectWise Phase Planning AECOsim 4D Simulation (Continued)  Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/ by National University Of Singapore Nus Libraries, Wiley Online Library on [19/08/2024]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License 404 Chapter 10 BIM Case Studies Table 10–0–4 (continued) Phase BIM Uses Software Technologies 10.7 North Hills Residential Hall, NTU Design Design Revit Modeling Structural Analysis ETABS FEM Other Engineering Analysis PHOENICS CFD Construction Data Sharing Google Drive Cloud File Sharing Construction Planning and Autodesk Navisworks 4D Simulation Sequencing Clash Detection and 3D Autodesk Navisworks Clash Detection Coordination Digital Fabrication AutoCAD CAD 10.8 Mapletree Business City II Design Design Revit Modeling Design review Unity Virtual Reality (VR) Collaboration Autodesk A360 Model Sharing Existing Conditions Laser Scanning Construction Construction Planning and Navisworks, Revit Clash Detection Sequencing 4D Simulation Layout Autodesk Point Layout Add-in Total Station Survey As-built Autodesk A360 Augmented Reality (AR) 10.9 Medina Airport, UAE O&M Maintenance Scheduling EcoDomus-FM Space Management/Tracking Navisworks Laser Scanning Asset Management IFS, EcoDomus-FM Record Model Aconex, Revit, Navisworks EcoDomus PM 10.10 Howard Hughes Medical Institute O&M Facility Management EcoDomus Existing Conditions Revit Database EcoDomus Building System Analysis Revit Impact Analysis EcoDomus, Database 10.11 Stanford Neuroscience Health Center O&M Tested for Facility Management EcoDomus Tested for Asset Management Revit, Maximo  Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/ by National University Of Singapore Nus Libraries, Wiley Online Library on [19/08/2024]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License 10.1 National Children’s Hospital, Dublin 405 10.1 NATIONAL CHILDREN’S HOSPITAL, DUBLIN 10.1.1 Introduction The new National Children’s Hospital (NCH) in Dublin, Ireland, is the largest, most complex, and most significant investment project ever undertaken in healthcare in Ireland. The NCH site is centrally located within Dublin City at the St James’s Campus. NCH will bring together into one entity three existing hospitals: Our Lady’s Children’s Hospital Crumlin, Temple Street Children’s University Hospital, and the National Hospital in Tallaght. The ultimate aim is to share the presence of this new hospital facility with St. James’s Adult Hospital and, in time, also the Coombe women’s and infants’ university hospi- tal by integrating them into a single health campus. These hospitals will merge to form the Children’s Hospital Group before transition to the new facilities. The first contracts for construction were awarded in July 2016, but only for one section. At the time of writing, construction had begun, but the case study deals only with the design phase. The client requested the use of BIM, as they believed it offered a qualitative advantage to project development and delivery by facilitating more efficient design option studies and development and coordination of design informa- tion. The client expected that during construction BIM would derive significant improvements in cost, value, and carbon performance through the use of open sharable asset information. BIM was requested to a Level 2 standard (as defined in PAS 1192-2:2013), which involved all parties using their own 3D CAD models, but not necessarily working on a single, shared model. As BDP (Building Design Partnership, the co-lead design firm) had worked on a number of hospitals in the UK at a Level 2 standard, this standard was seen as a realistic level of expectation to which all the members of the multidisciplinary design team could aspire. The client required that all stakeholders must be involved with the design, which normally would result in difficulties for the design team with regard to the presentation of technical information to nonspecialists. All hospital projects present a complex array of issues, but pediatric facili- ties pose a number of unique challenges because of the age range of the children and young people and the close participation of their extended families. The inclusion of multiple stakeholders, including the staff of the existing hospi- tals, clinical leads, and local residents, carried the potential challenge of the design team having to rely on laypeople, with no knowledge of design, to aug- ment their understanding of the required functionality of the space. A BIM model offered the opportunity to visualize space easily, therefore improving an awareness of underutilized spaces, as well as being used by the whole team to further collaboration techniques, as it offered an easier way of interpreting the project requirements. Collaboration was key in the NCH design process, and BIM was an essential tool that helped nonspecialized end users to con- tribute more effectively during the construction process. The early application of BIM was crucial in demonstrating the visual impact on the surrounding area. BIM was implemented from early project conception and was used as a key tool in obtaining planning permission. With the requirement to meet the UK BIM  Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/ by National University Of Singapore Nus Libraries, Wiley Online Library on [19/08/2024]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License 406 Chapter 10 BIM Case Studies Level 2 standard, BIM offered the opportunity for the design team to generate room data from the model, apply complex algorithms in generating roof pan- els, use advanced augmented reality practices, and apply innovative methods of analysis. 10.1.2 Motivation for the Project An integral goal of the project was to pursue synergies, including an energy center, facilities management (FM) services, materials management, environ- mental waste management service, central sterile service department, logistics, helipad, medical gas services, water supply services, and main public drainage services. The children’s hospital will provide in-patient care and all surgery (including day surgery), while the satellite centers at Tallaght Hospital and Connolly Hospital will provide urgent care and outpatient care. The proposed Children’s Research and Innovation Centre, which is an integral part of the new children’s hospital, will be co-located with the existing academic facilities on the campus at St James’s Hospital. This maximizes clinical linkages and creates a center of excellence for both pediatric and adult healthcare research. Much of the current infrastructure in existing children’s hospitals is not compatible with contemporary healthcare needs, and the current duplication and triplication of some services across the three pediatric services in Dublin was unsustainable. Co-location of the new children’s hospital with St. James’s Hospital provides access to the greatest breadth and depth of adult subspecial- ties to optimally support the new children’s hospital. 10.1.3 The Building The building will be three stories tall above street level along the South Circular Road and four stories along its southern elevation, and it will be four stories tall along its northern and eastern elevations with the same parapet height as the southern side. The public entrance is located about midway along the northern side, with two further entrances into the hospital on the eastern side for self-presenting patients and ambulances accessing the Emergency Department. The building will provide a number of landscaped and recreational areas, including courtyard gardens at ground level and a significant garden covering most of the building footprint at Level 04, which will have the benefit of fresh air and distant views to the city. The ward block rises to seven stories above ground level, comprising three levels of wards, with an additional plant area enclosed on the roof space. The oval shape of the ward block reduces its impact on near and middle distance views and assists in reducing the impacts on microclimate effects. The new hospital will accommodate 380 children as in-patients, each in their own individual room with en-suite bathroom and facilities for a parent to comfortably stay with their child. In addition, there will be 87 day care beds. The new hospital will have state-of-the-art operating theaters, including specialized theaters for heart surgery, neurosurgery, and orthopedics. The theater areas will have dedicated rooms for emergency and general surgical procedures, as well as interventional theaters. The design also encompasses a  Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/ by National University Of Singapore Nus Libraries, Wiley Online Library on [19/08/2024]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License 10.1 National Children’s Hospital, Dublin 407 FIGURE 10–1–1 NCH and its surroundings. Image courtesy of BDP. 52-bed family accommodation building adjacent to the new children’s hospital. A helipad and a two-level underground car park are also to be constructed. Figure 10–1–1 illustrates the layout of the building within its proposed new environment, while Figure 10–1–2 details the main entrance to the NCH. 10.1.4 The NCH Project The National Pediatric Hospital Development Board (NPHDB) is responsi- ble for overseeing the building of the hospital. The board’s members have combined experience and expertise in architecture, planning, engineering, and procurement to bring this very large and complex project to completion. BDP, a major international practice of architects, designers, engineers, and urbanists, and O’Connell Mahon Architects are the co-lead designers on the project. They were contracted by the NPHDB as lead consultants and archi- tects to design the building to a Level 2 BIM standard in collaboration with ARUP (M&E Engineering), Linesight (Cost Consultant), and O’Connor Sutton Cronin (OCSC), among others. The initial cost estimate for the hospital was in the region of €650 million, excluding fit out costs. The finished complex is expected to be completed by 2019, and to become fully operational by 2020. Ground works began on the first phase in July 2016. BDP used their BIM knowledge from the very beginning to offer a qualita- tive advantage to the project development process, maximizing collaboration between design team members, identifying conflicts in design drawings, and maximizing accuracy in the scheduling and measuring of building elements.  Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/ by National University Of Singapore Nus Libraries, Wiley Online Library on [19/08/2024]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License 408 Chapter 10 BIM Case Studies FIGURE 10–1–2 NCH entrance. Image courtesy of BDP. Initially, Murphy Surveys conducted a series of laser scans of surround- ing buildings, streetscape, site features, topography, visible and underground services, and so on. BDP requested 2D CAD files of the elevations and 3D DWG files of all the levels, which they then imported into Revit to create an overall topography in BIM. Figure 10–1–3 gives a virtual view of the exist- ing site, while Figure 10–1–4 details the position of the NCH in relation to its surroundings. 10.1.5 The BIM Execution Plan (BEP) A full Level 2 BIM collaborative environment was a contractual requirement for the project by the client on the advice of BDP, who have been using the BIM process successfully since 2011. For public sector projects in Ireland there is a requirement to use the Government Construction Contracts Committee (GCCC) form of contract. In order for BIM to work with the GCCC form, the contracts were adapted with both the Construction Industry Council (CIC) BIM protocol (a supplementary legal agreement that is incorporated into pro- fessional service appointments and construction contracts by means of a sim- ple amendment) and a BIM Execution Plan (BEP), which was introduced as an additional legal document. Already at the design stage, a conscious effort Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/ by National University Of Singapore Nus Libraries, Wiley Online Library on [19/08/2024]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License 409 of the NCH in relation to its FIGURE 10–1–4 Position FIGURE 10–1–3 Existing Image courtesy of BDP. Image courtesy of BDP. 10.1 National Children’s Hospital, Dublin surroundings. site. Primary Plant Routes External Envelope Internal Partitions Substructure Construction Existing Site Structure  Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/ by National University Of Singapore Nus Libraries, Wiley Online Library on [19/08/2024]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License 410 Chapter 10 BIM Case Studies was made to address future problems, such as intellectual property rights, contractual issues, and more. An important feature within the contractual framework was the requirement that the NPHDB retain ownership of the model. The CIC protocol stated that the design team will have no liability to the contractor in connection with any use, amendment, modification, or alteration of the building information models provided by the employer, whether for the permitted purpose or otherwise. The client requested that the contractor should produce, update, and deliver a federated construction BIM model. This involved amalgamating models to be created by each of the relevant subcontractors, incorporating all construction installations, assemblies, and components along with their associated COBie information throughout the construction process to provide an accurate, data-rich “as built” BIM and Asset Information Model (AIM) prior to substantial completion. Due to the large size of the project, the model was split into a number of different discipline-specific models. These included models for the site, M&E, external envelope, internal layout, and Fixtures Furniture and Equipment (FF+E), as shown in Figure 10–1–5. The client requested that any information generated within the BIM must be suitable to transfer to the NPHDB computer-aided FM software application. An Employer Information Requirements (EIR) document, which detailed the client’s requirements and expectations with regard to BIM, was prepared. The EIR enabled the design team to understand the needs of the client from an early stage. It detailed roles and responsibilities, technical issues, submit- tals, and the management of models. It also detailed team training, which was provided by the BIM managers within each organization (or by an external con- sultant) to all team members, to allow them to access, view, and print from the model. The BIM manager was also responsible for establishing software proto- cols for the successful delivery of the project and the coordination of meetings on-site, undertaking clash detection, and proposing any required solutions. To enhance this process, BDP entered into a three-year Global Enterprise Business Agreement with Autodesk. The agreement provided BDP with unlimited access to all Autodesk software, including Autodesk project support, to assist in the development of procedures, workflows, and overall BIM implementation. The Project Revit Manual, an internal document, defined the working pro- cedures and best practices for BIM adoption. This document ensures that the modeling practices would align with the BIM Level 2 aspirations as the team grows, and ant team members joining the project through its lifetime have a single point of reference for all methods and conventions in use on the project. This document is updated as the working practice evolves. BDP also provided its own in-house training. Any potential staff working on the project had to undertake a BIM knowledge smart test. The test provides an indicator of a person’s BIM knowledge. The results enable training to be tailored to help indi- viduals reach their necessary BIM maturity through either in-house or online training. The BEP was structured in accordance with the RIBA Plan of Work 2013, PAS 1192-2:2014, PAS 1192-3:2014, BS 1192:2016, BS 8541—Pts 1-4:2012, BS 1192:2007, and AIA Document E202 2008. The BEP outlined the role of Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/ by National University Of Singapore Nus Libraries, Wiley Online Library on [19/08/2024]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License 411 10.1 National Children’s Hospital, Dublin Landscape Envelope Structure Discipline-specific models and the federated model. Container File Image courtesy of BDP. Internal FIGURE 10–1–5 M&E Site  Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/ by National University Of Singapore Nus Libraries, Wiley Online Library on [19/08/2024]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License 412 Chapter 10 BIM Case Studies each design team member with regard to modeling requirements, collaboration, and coordination procedures. Data was held in the Common Data Environ- ment (CDE), which was structured in accordance with PAS 1192:2 (i.e., work in progress, shared, published documentation, and archive folder). To facili- tate coordinated and efficient working, each design team made its design data available for project-wide formal access through a shared repository. Prior to sharing, data was checked, approved, and validated as “fit for coordination.” 10.1.6 Visualization, Simulation, and Design Optimization The NPHDB requested the facility to download the model in IFC file format at any time. A robust system of document management was implemented, which was held and managed in the CDE. The system allowed all project team mem- bers to upload documents and data to a shared area that could be accessed easily while providing an auditable repository of information. BIM was used in a number of areas for simulation and design optimiza- tion. As the project progressed, virtual illustrations and videos were used to demonstrate the visual impact of the hospital on the surrounding areas. An example of this is the Luas, which is a tram/light rail system that serves the Dublin area and stops outside the hospital. A number of 3D images and videos were used to demonstrate how these works will be undertaken, as illustrated in Figure 10–1–6. Videos can be viewed at the NCH website (www.newchildrens hospital.ie/design-vision/video/). Figures 10–1–7 and 10–1–8 illustrate ren- dered views used to communicate the emerging design to the building users. BDP has integrated modeling workflows with cloud rendering services and now use Google Cardboard as the primary visualizing tool for presentations. FIGURE 10–1–6 NCH in relation to LUAS Light Rail. Image courtesy of BDP.  Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/ by National University Of Singapore Nus Libraries, Wiley Online Library on [19/08/2024]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License 10.1 National Children’s Hospital, Dublin 413 FIGURE 10–1–7 Patient room user view. Image courtesy of BDP. FIGURE 10–1–8 Atrium user view. Image courtesy of BDP. By adopting this immersive technology, staff members of the NCH were placed inside a virtual representation of their building, which enabled an understand- ing of design proposals and further permitted them to engage with the design. Figure 10–1–9 provides a view of what the client would see if wearing the Google Cardboard glasses. NBS Create, a specification authoring tool for BIM, allows for compilation of a specification by adding system outline clauses. It enabled BDP to synchro- nize their specification with the Revit model using a plugin, and allowed the full  Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/ by National University Of Singapore Nus Libraries, Wiley Online Library on [19/08/2024]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License 414 Chapter 10 BIM Case Studies FIGURE 10–1–9 Google Cardboard view. Image courtesy of BDP. Google Cardboard, a visualisation tool where project stakeholders are placed ‘inside’ a virtual representation of their building. use of BIM objects from the National BIM Library, using UniClass to reference their model, view, and component names. With 6,500 rooms, the NCH facility maintenance database requires about half a million FF+E objects that need to be embedded with information that must be coded, coordinated, and specified. Codebook, a software designed to produce room data sheets as an output of the BIM process, was used to input or export information on the room properties and FF+E within the Revit models. The database was hosted on Codebook’s servers, which can provide backup and restore support. This ensured all data was accessible to the client and several consultants. Table 10–1–1 provides information on some of the fields required to be populated, and Figure 10–1–10 illustrates this in relation to an operating theater that can be viewed within the model. Dynamo software reduces the requirement for manual repetitive tasks as it enables the establishment of custom workflows in Revit. As it extends BIM using the data and logic environment of a graphical algorithm editor, it was used for rapid design development. For instance, the external consultant for building services used Dynamo software to analyze the roof panels based on their slope angle. Within Dynamo all curtain panels were selected by family type. This panel area was then computed and the now remapped result range was linked to a color range that enabled automatic overriding of panel colors within the view. This process is illustrated in Figure 10–1–11.  Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/ by National University Of Singapore Nus Libraries, Wiley Online Library on [19/08/2024]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License 10.1 National Children’s Hospital, Dublin 415 Table 10–1–1 Codebook Information Fields Criteria Fields to be Completed Standard Information Project Department Room Room Number Design Criteria Room Code Room Label Room Name Room Number Design Template Name Room Instance Area Required Room Type Room Notes Code SOA* Line SOA Quantity SOA Room Area SOA Total Area Sub Department Number of Rooms Code Occupancy Room in Use Number of Number of Staff/ Personnel Occupants Visitors Windows Internal Glazing Doorsets Security Observation Observation Observation Required Type Fire Fire Enclosure Other Notes * SOA = Schedule of Areas. FIGURE 10–1–10 Code- book data for an operating theater. Image courtesy of BDP.  Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/ by National University Of Singapore Nus Libraries, Wiley Online Library on [19/08/2024]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License 416 Chapter 10 BIM Case Studies FIGURE 10–1–11 Analysis of roof panels by area in Dynamo. Image courtesy of BDP. Navisworks Manage was the main tool used at an early stage for clash detection. Clash resolution meetings were held, where appropriate, for each work stage, and clash detection reports were included within monthly design team reports. The clashes were designated within three levels as follows: Level 1 clashes (services versus structures and architectural); Level 2 clashes (services versus services), and Level 3 clashes (all other clashes). A clash reduction anal- ysis graph, as shown in Figure 10–1–12, was issued to members of the design team to keep them informed. It enabled all parties to follow the progress in resolving clashes per designated clash test with the overall aim that the graph sets a continuous falling slope equating to a reduction of clashes. For example, the purple line in the graph represents the structure versus containment clash test, which began at 1,300 clashes on January 1, 2015, and subsequently fell to  Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/ by National University Of Singapore Nus Libraries, Wiley Online Library on [19/08/2024]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License 10.1 National Children’s Hospital, Dublin 417 FIGURE 10–1–12 Clash reduction analysis. Image courtesy of BDP. 400 clashes by January 16, 2015. During construction, the design team could coordinate specialist subcontractor design elements using this clash detection protocol. The quantity surveyor (Linesights) worked closely with BDP to ensure that information was embedded in the form of coding for each element in the model, allowing effective analysis in CostX and approximate calculation of quantity take-offs. As information such as cost per square meter is related to the model element, the client was afforded better understanding of different design iterations and greater cost certainty, particularly early in the design pro- cess. Figure 10–1–13 provides an illustration of a quantity takeoff with regards to the walls within CostX by using some of the available 3D tools. From this dimension groups were created, which were then used to take off building elements within the model, such as skirting boards, architraves, and the like. The Level of Development (LOD), which was outlined in the BEP, followed the standard fundamental requirements (i.e., a minimum LOD 100; the Model Element may be graphically represented with a symbol or other generic repre- sentation) up to LOD 500. (Model Element is a field-verified representation in terms of size, shape, location, quantity, and orientation.) The possession of structured data and information requirements about the organization in relation to its asset(s)—in the form of an Asset Information  Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/ by National University Of Singapore Nus Libraries, Wiley Online Library on [19/08/2024]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License 418 Chapter 10 BIM Case Studies FIGURE 10–1–13 Take-off within CostX. Image courtesy of BDP. Requirement (AIR) document and COBie drops, which are aligned to project stages, and represent the information required and the level of development of that project stage—has enabled a greater control of the asset requirements of the client. Structural frame and finite element analysis and design for the New Children’s Hospital was primarily carried out using two structural programs, Tekla Structural Designer 2015 and SCIA Engineer 16. Both programs can import 3-D Revit frame models and can be used for the structural analysis of structural steel and reinforced concrete construction. Both linear and nonlinear analyses were carried out for different short- and long-term load conditions. 10.1.7 Summary of BIM Benefits A virtual model can help predict and avoid potential risks. It enables clash detection, improving the quality of the design and removing associated risk. Planners can reduce the impact on surrounding areas to the building site by mapping best access routes for the delivery and removal of materials to ensure relatively unrestricted traffic flow. The use of BIM can enhance the involvement of the client in the design process, ensuring better management of space within the hospital (i.e., theater, plant, nurse stations, and so on) and aiding function- ality. As the GCCC forms of contract are fixed price, the contractor can use  Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/ by National University Of Singapore Nus Libraries, Wiley Online Library on [19/08/2024]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License 10.2 Hyundai Motorstudio Goyang, South Korea 419 BIM to predict elements of risk with greater accuracy and be better positioned to absorb this risk. Early collaboration within the design team ensured clarity of vision, roles, and requirements. The BIM contractual documents, as outlined in the EIR, were essential to this and the client’s understanding and expectations. Guidance documents such as the Project Revit Manual ensured that a live system could help with training needs. Another notable lesson learned was the importance of aligning management and training practices from the multidisciplinary design team with cultural differences in order to streamline the digital workflow. Overall the NCH has provided a significant stepping stone for Ireland’s construction industry on its BIM journey. The application of BIM and its asso- ciated processes has enabled the intelligent management of information, which has delivered significant benefits. The application of innovative technologies empowered an eclectic range of client stakeholders to gain a closer understand- ing of the project concept than a traditional approach would have allowed, with expected continued benefits across the complete lifecycle of the project, enhanced by application of the AIM to driving value. Other expected benefits include use of the AIM by the Facilities Management team to view space and perform “what-if” analyses, study maintenance and access, and ensure suffi- cient provision of space as equipment requirements fluctuate in conjunction with ongoing medical advances. Acknowledgments Dr. Alan Hore, Dublin Institute of Technology (DIT); Dr. Barry McAuley, CitA BIM Innovation Capability Programme & DIT; and Professor Roger West, Trin- ity College Dublin, compiled this case study together with the authors. We are grateful to Sean O’Dwyer, Dominic Hook, and Zucchi Benedict, all from the Building Design Partnership (BDP). 10.2 HYUNDAI MOTORSTUDIO GOYANG, SOUTH KOREA Five Challenges and Resolutions 10.2.1 Project Overview Hyundai Engineering & Construction (Hyundai E&C) is a top-five general con- tractor in South Korea. Hyundai E&C has developed its application of smart construction processes using BIM through managing such projects as the Qatar National Museum (budget $550 million USD, 2011–2017). From 2013 until its completion in 2016, Hyundai E&C was focused on the Hyundai Motorstudio Goyang project (Figures 10–2–1 and 10–2–2). The final total project budget for construction was $170 million USD. This project has various interesting characteristics. It is a multipurpose building mainly used for exhibition halls for automobile products. It has a steel-framed structure with a mega truss structure and free-form exterior panels. The irregular geometric shape of the building was challenging for the project team in terms of space  Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/ by National University Of Singapore Nus Libraries, Wiley Online Library on [19/08/2024]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License 420 Chapter 10 BIM Case Studies FIGURE 10–2–1 BIM model image of Hyundai Motorstudio Goyang. Image courtesy of Hyundai E&C. FIGURE 10–2–2 Completed Hyundai Motorstudio Goyang. Photo by Sejun Jang. utilization, and exterior and interior design during the design and construction phases. Many change orders were made during the construction phase, and BIM played a key role in resolving the issues caused by the frequent design changes to this project. The planned construction schedule was 39 months from breaking ground. Due to the various design changes and additional facilities required by the owner, this was extended by five months to 44 months. Associated with these  Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/ by National University Of Singapore Nus Libraries, Wiley Online Library on [19/08/2024]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License 10.2 Hyundai Motorstudio Goyang, South Korea 421 changes, was an increase in budget from $120 million to $170 million USD. Construction started in March 2013 and was completed in November 2016. The client was Hyundai Motor Group. Delugan Meissl Associated Architects (DMAA), the international architectural firm, provided design services, including concept design, while Hyundai Architects & Engineers Associate (HDA), the domestic architectural firm, undertook the construction documentation. Since HDA was a sister company of Hyundai E&C, it became, practically, a design-build project. The general contractor, Hyundai E&C, participated in the detailed design phase to assist in the design from the aspect of constructability. Major subcon- tractors (e.g., steel, concrete, and MEP) participated in the design coordina- tion during the construction documentation phase. The major subcontractors worked with the general contractor to refine the design to suit the site condi- tions and materials. The most critical goals for the owner were: The final quality of construction Achieving a trend setting design The owner of this project, Hyundai Motor Company, had an ambitious goal: to build the most attractive automobile exhibition facility in the world. Consequently, they wanted to review the development of the building’s details and space programs more frequently and in more detail than the traditional design review process with 2D drawings. A BIM-based design coordination process was adopted to meet these needs by improving coordination and change management between client, designer, general contractor, and subcontractors. Hyundai E&C was preparing to become a BIM-based construction and project management company, capable of managing the entire lifecycle of a project from initial feasibility to operation and management by utilizing BIM. Hyundai E&C was also trying to shift its target markets from common buildings such as apartment complexes, factories, and office buildings to high-technology-oriented buildings, such as complex buildings, hospitals, and data centers. Hyundai Motorstudio Goyang was one of the major projects that Hyundai E&C selected as a pilot project for this transition, and implemented the process innovation with staff from both construction site and headquarters. The Hyundai Motorstudio Goyang project had five challenges: 1. A complex spatial arrangement 2. Free-form-patterned exterior panels 3. A mega truss structure 4. A perception gap between project participants 5. Schedule reduction To resolve these five challenges, various BIM-related techniques were deployed: The spatial design complexity was managed using a BIM-based coordi- nation process between client, designer, contractor, and subcontractor.  Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/ by National University Of Singapore Nus Libraries, Wiley Online Library on [19/08/2024]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License 422 Chapter 10 BIM Case Studies Parametric modeling was used through BIM for panelizing the façades and for detailing the free-form-patterned exterior panels. 3D laser scanning was used for quality control of the mega truss structure. Virtual reality (VR) devices and 4D simulation were used to facilitate communication between various project participants. Multi-trade prefabrication was applied for reducing schedule and increasing productivity. Detailed explanations and examples of each of the challenges and solutions are presented below. 10.2.2 Complex Spatial Arrangement: BIM-Based Design Coordination The Hyundai Motorstudio consists of various facilities (car showrooms, the- aters, a 3D experience room, automobile repair facilities, a cafeteria, childcare facilities, sports facilities, and more). For the engineering and construction of these facilities, specialized subcontractors (e.g., motor repair machine, dust inhalation) were involved in the design coordination phase in addition to the more common subcontractors (e.g., steel, concrete, glazing, and MEP). Due to the characteristics of the project, design coordination was expected to be the most challenging part of the process, and it required the coordination of more stakeholders than would be required for a typical project. Methods were needed to increase the efficiency of design coordination. Repeated coordination meetings with too many participants lead to ineffi- cient decision-making. A two-tiered coordination process (Figure 10–2–3) was used on this project and streamlined the decision-making process, allowing decisions to be made at the right level by the right participants. A Tier 1 meeting is attended by client, designer, general contractor, and the relevant major sub- contractors (e.g., steel, concrete, and MEP) and a Tier 2 meeting is attended by general contractor and subcontractors (e.g., glazing, façade, door, and catwalk subcontractors). Detailed descriptions follow. Tier 1 meetings mainly focused on constructability, major design errors, and the direction of design development, not elimination of clashes and minor design errors. Constructability issues could not be resolved solely by consultation between subcontractors. They required input from GC and designer with subsequent modifications of design. Design errors that required changes of architectural design and/or had significant effect on the cost were classified as major design errors. In addition, Tier 1 meetings lead to agreement between client and designer regarding the direction of development of detailed shop drawing. A BIM model at level of development (LOD) 250∼350, developed by an outsourced BIM firm (ArchiMac), was utilized for the coordination meeting. Miscellaneous materials (e.g., pipe branches, electrical hard conduit) were excluded from the scope of the (LOD 250-350) BIM model. This was done to make the BIM model faster and because it was not relevant to the client or designer for the Tier 1 meetings. Minor clash  Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/ by National University Of Singapore Nus Libraries, Wiley Online Library on [19/08/2024]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License 10.2 Hyundai Motorstudio Goyang, South Korea 423 First Step of BIM-based Second Step of BIM-based Coordination (LOD 250~350) Coordination (LOD 350~400) Main Participants Main Participants Out-sourcing Subcontractor BIM Firm Client Designer Client Designer (not regularly) (not regularly) LOD 250~350 LOD 350~400 BIM Model General Major BIM Model General Subcontractor Contractor Subcontractor Contractor Major Agenda Major Agenda ✓ Constructability ✓ Minor Design Error ✓ Major Design Error ✓ Results of Clash Detection ✓ Direction for Design Development FIGURE 10–2–3 Two-tiered coordination process. Image courtesy of Hyundai E&C. detection was the responsibility of the general contractor and so was excluded from the Tier 1 meeting agenda. Comprehensive optimization was conducted for major trades. In one case, as a result of catwalk design optimization, the steel quantity was reduced by 35.7%, which resulted in cost reduction. Tier 2 meetings focused on minor design errors and construction clashes. The client and designer did not regularly participate in these Tier 2 coordina- tion meetings. They only attended for critical resolution meetings when issues could result in significant changes. Contractually, the responsibility for resolu- tion of detail design errors lies with the various subcontractors. It is inefficient to resolve these through coordination meetings if the issue can be resolved directly between the relevant subcontractors and has no significant impact on costs. BIM models at LOD 350-400, developed by subcontractors for 3D shop drawings, were used for the Tier 2 coordination meeting. Construction objects that could be resolved in the field (e.g., supporting hangers, flexible pipe) were excluded from the scope of BIM modeling. It was not efficient to solve all clashes and errors through BIM. Hyundai E&C has already learned lessons from spending too much time in coordinating everything through BIM. The two-tiered system worked because participants were only called to meetings that were strictly relevant to their function. 10.2.3 Free-Form Patterned Exterior: Panelization The second challenge was the difficulty of designing the free-form-patterned exterior anodized panels, which had a total area of nearly 13,940 m2.  Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/ by National University Of Singapore Nus Libraries, Wiley Online Library on [19/08/2024]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License 424 Chapter 10 BIM Case Studies Anodizing is an electrochemical process that provides corrosion resistance for the aluminum panels used for the exterior cladding and allows the use of delicate color tones on exterior panels. The key stage in this task was detailed design of the free-form-patterned panels for manufacturing and construction. The concept design did not include the details of each panel. Therefore, it was necessary to design each panel. The other main issue in the construction phase was the question of how to install the panels while maintaining the open joint gap between the irregularly shaped panels, and how to divide and connect the tiny edge panels of the exterior façade (Figure 10–2–4). Hyundai E&C, the general contractor, conducted panelization through the façade BIM model. The process was carried out with SteelLife, a facade subcontractor. To resolve these design and construction issues, a panelizing method using BIM was applied in the design phase. Digital Project software was used for parametric modeling. The panelizing method could be divided into three steps. The first step was to review the initial façade design based on the construc- tion phase documents (Figure 10–2–5). Through this process a zoning plan for the panels was developed. In this step, the number and type of panels corre- sponding to each zoning were determined. This step was considered the most critical process of the BIM panelizing since the subsequent processes would be affected by the initial façade zoning plan. The second step was to set up the parametric design and the algorithms for interactions between the panels (Figure 10–2–6). The positional design param- eters of the panels were connected so that all these design parameters would be revised if any parameter was revised. FIGURE 10–2–4 Façade panels. Photo by Sejun Jang.  Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/ by National University Of Singapore Nus Libraries, Wiley Online Library on [19/08/2024]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License 10.2 Hyundai Motorstudio Goyang, South Korea 425 FIGURE 10–2–5 Façade design model before panelization. Image courtesy of Hyundai E&C. FIGURE 10–2–6 Façade design model after panelization. Image courtesy of Hyundai E&C. The third step was to add the detail design for installation (Figure 10–2–7). After detailing the panels based on the façade zoning plan, secondary steel structure and metal connectors such as brackets and plates had to be designed. These designs were needed for installation of the exterior panels. The BIM-based panelizing method served many purposes. It enabled optimization of the number of panel types by changing the façade shapes (as was done for the Dongdeamun Design Plaza Project in Seoul, South Korea, which is the subject of Section 10.4). It also enabled design of the detailed panels without changing the façade (as was done for the Qatar National Museum Project). The priority for both the client and the architect was to connect the panel patterns smoothly, and this was more important than cost reduction. Accordingly, Hyundai E&C applied different types of design on every edge of the façade, instead of decreasing the number of panel types.  Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/ by National University Of Singapore Nus Libraries, Wiley Online Library on [19/08/2024]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License 426 Chapter 10 BIM Case Studies FIGURE 10–2–7 Façade construction model showing the structural subframe. Image courtesy of Hyundai E&C. 10.2.4 Mega Truss Structure: Laser Scanning The third challenge was maintaining quality control for the mega truss struc- ture, which weighed 3,644 tons (Figure 10–2–8). The truss structure had two key features that had to be addressed: FIGURE 10–2–8 A mega truss steel structure of Hyundai Motorstudio Koyang. Image courtesy of Hyundai E&C.  Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/ by National University Of Singapore Nus Libraries, Wiley Online Library on [19/08/2024]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License 10.2 Hyundai Motorstudio Goyang, South Korea 427 1. Construction consists of a floating structure some 12.3 m above ground level. 2. The longest length of the truss structure is 32.2 m. These features require strict management of quality control during the construction phase. The long cantilever span can sag continuously as load is added during construction, creating significant dimensional tolerance problems. The deflection of the truss was predicted in the design phase. Sag deflec- tion of about 50 mm to 100 mm was expected and precambering was planned so that it would settle into its correct designed position after installation. Moni- toring the actual deflection against the designed deflection was crucial because the following trades (i.e., glazing, exterior panel) would have to be redesigned if the deflection exceeded the expected tolerance. The team deployed 3D laser scanning to monitor the deflection of the truss efficiently and accurately during construction (Figure 10–2–9). Trimble TX5 and TX8 3D laser scanners were used. Scans were performed at nearly 40 different scanning stations on the site. The laser scanning required 20 minutes per station, for a total scanning time of two days. FIGURE 10–2–9 3D laser scanning for quality control of the steel structure. Image courtesy of Hyundai E&C.  Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/ by National University Of Singapore Nus Libraries, Wiley Online Library on [19/08/2024]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License 428 Chapter 10 BIM Case Studies The original scan data was acquired and transferred to point cloud data using Trimble RealWorks, a specialized software for post-processing scan data. The point cloud data was merged with the BIM model. The next step was to analyze the difference between the designed and the actual constructed truss position (Figure 10–2–10). In this way, the deflection of the steel structure could be measured and reviewed easily using 3D laser scanning data. Analy- sis of the merged data from point cloud and BIM model identified design and construction issues for the cur