BIC111 - Lecture 1 PDF

8/26/2024 The Matter & its Properties Lecture 1 Amine BAHI, PhD...

8/26/2024 The Matter & its Properties Lecture 1 Amine BAHI, PhD August 27, 2024 1 Main Objectives Describe the properties of the solid, liquid, and gaseous states Classify matter according to its composition Provide specific examples of physical and chemical properties and physical and chemical changes Distinguish between intensive and extensive properties BIC111 – Lecture 1 2 2 1  8/26/2024 The Discovery Process − Chemistry Chemistry is the study of matter, its chemical and physical properties, the chemical and physical changes it undergoes, and the energy changes that accompany those processes Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space. The air we breathe, our bodies, our planet earth, our universe Matter undergoes change. Sometimes this change occurs naturally, or we change matter when we make new substances (creating drugs in a pharmaceutical laboratory) All these changes involve energy, the ability to do work to accomplish some change BIC111 – Lecture 1 3 3 The Classification of Matter Matter is a large and seemingly unmanageable concept because it includes everything that has mass and occupies space Chemistry becomes manageable as we classify matter according to its properties—that is, the characteristics of the matter In this section, the classification of the matter will be based on its: State − gaseous state, the liquid state, and the solid state. Composition − matter is either a pure substance or a mixture BIC111 – Lecture 1 4 4 2  8/26/2024 The Classification of Matter Solid − particles are very close together, define shape & volume Liquid − particles closer together, definite volume but no definite shape Gas − particles widely separated, no definite shape or volume BIC111 – Lecture 1 5 5 Physical Properties A property of the matter that can be observed or measured without changing the composition of matter. Physical properties are used to observe and describe matter BIC111 – Lecture 1 6 6 3  8/26/2024 Physical Changes It produces a difference in the appearance without causing change in the composition of the matter BIC111 – Lecture 1 7 7 Chemical Properties Chemical properties of matter describes its "potential" to undergo some chemical change or reaction by virtue of its composition Can be observed only when one substance matter is changed into another substance Example: when burned, that substance becomes something completely different; the ability to burn is a chemical property BIC111 – Lecture 1 8 8 4  8/26/2024 Chemical Changes Describe the change of one type of matter into another type Describe the substance during a chemical reaction Example: iron combines with oxygen in the presence of water to form rust … BIC111 – Lecture 1 9 9 Physical vs. Chemical Properties BIC111 – Lecture 1 10 10 5  8/26/2024 Physical vs. Chemical Properties The rusting of metal Water freezing into ice Baking a Cake Fireworks exploding Moldy bread Hair being cut Paper shredding Burning wood Milk going sour Ice cream melting BIC111 – Lecture 1 11 11 Physical Properties − Intensive vs. Extensive Intensive Property − independent of the amount and/or quantity of matter present Depends only on the chemical composition/structure of particles (intensive  internal) Example: If a gallon & a cup of milk are each at 20C, when they are combined, the temperature still 20C BIC111 – Lecture 1 12 12 6  8/26/2024 Physical Properties − Intensive vs. Extensive Extensive Property − dependent on the amount and/or quantity of matter present. Depend only on the number of particles (extensive  external) Example: A gallon of milk has a larger mass and volume than a cup of milk BIC111 – Lecture 1 13 13 Matter Composition & Classification Matter can be broken down into two categories: pure substances and mixtures Pure substances are further broken down into elements and compounds Mixtures are physically combined structures that can be separated into their original components BIC111 – Lecture 1 14 14 7  8/26/2024 Pure substances − Elements & Compounds Pure substances are made of only one type of atom or only one type of molecule Element − simplest form of the matter; can’t be changed into a simpler form by chemical reactions Example: Oxygen & gold are elements because they don’t decompose following chemical reaction Compound − a substance resulting from the combination of two or more elements.; refer to substances that decompose into elements by chemical reactions Example: Table salt is a compound >>> decomposed into Na & Cl chloride Example: Sugar is a compound because it is decomposed into C, H, & O BIC111 – Lecture 1 15 15 Mixtures − Homogenous & Heterogenous Mixture − two or more substances in which each substance retains its own identity, no chemical reaction Homogenous − uniform composition >>>> the same properties throughout the mixture Example: Sugar or salt dissolved in water; air is an example of a homogenous gaseous solution Heterogenous − nonuniform, random composition. Mixtures with different properties Example: Sand mixed with water; oil mixed with water Example: Ice cubes in a drink; salad dressing; pizza; concrete… BIC111 – Lecture 1 16 16 8  8/26/2024 To Recapitulate… BIC111 – Lecture 1 17 17 Click to edit Master title style 8/26/2024 8/26/2024 18 9