Behaviorism - Dr. AlI Tareq PDF

Medical education unit Learning Theories (Behaviorism ) Prof.Dr.Ali Tareq PH.D Dermatology Diploma in Psychodermatology Diploma in psychotherapy (CBT,ACT,DBT)  Learning outcomes At the end of the lecture , the participants will be able to :...

Medical education unit Learning Theories (Behaviorism ) Prof.Dr.Ali Tareq PH.D Dermatology Diploma in Psychodermatology Diploma in psychotherapy (CBT,ACT,DBT)  Learning outcomes At the end of the lecture , the participants will be able to : 1- Define Behaviorism 2-Describe its main principles. 3- Apply it into educational and clinical practice. ‫النظرية السلوكية ؟‬ ‫‪Behaviorism‬‬  Behaviorism is a theory of learning focusing on observable behaviors and discounting any mental activity. Learning is defined simply as the acquisition of new behavior. Behaviorists call this method of learning ‘conditioning’. Two different types of conditioning : Classical conditioning (Pavlov) Operant conditioning (Skinner ) An unconditioned stimulus (US) An unconditioned stimulus (US) in classical conditioning is a stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers an unconditioned response (UR) without prior learning. An unconditioned stimulus, therefore, is a biologically potent stimulus that can elicit an involuntary response. This stimulus-response relationship is innate, meaning the response is a reflexive or biological reaction that occurs naturally when the unconditioned stimulus is presented.  ‫الجرس تحول الى مثير مشروط (دال ) ‪, signifier‬‬ ‫اي اصبح له معنى جديد ‪,‬من خالل االقتران مع الطعام الذي له معنى‬ ‫حقيقي غير مشروط ‪.‬‬ Pavlov identified four stages in the process of his classical conditioning  A child experiences a painful medical procedure in a hospital (US), which is distressing (UR). The child then associates the hospital environment (CS) with this distress. Visiting a hospital makes the child feel anxious or fearful (CR)  A person eats contaminated food (US), gets sick, and feels awful (UR). The person associates the sight of food (CS) with contaminated food. The sight of food makes the person feel awful (CR).  Getting a flu shot (US) hurts and makes a child cry (UR). The child associates the needle (CS) with getting hurt. The sight of the needle makes the child cry (CR).  Being laughed at (US) in a presentation makes a person feel nervous (UR). The person associates giving a presentation (CS) with being laughed at. (avoid presentation)  Drinking coffee (US) increases alertness (UR). A coffee drinker associates the aroma of coffee brewing with drinking coffee. Smelling coffee makes a coffee drinker feel alert (CR).  Being punished (US) by their parents for failing an exam feels bad (UR). The child associates exams (CS) with punishment. Exams make the child feel bad (CR).  A subject teacher is mean (US), and the students don’t like him (UR). Students associate the subject (CS) with the teacher. Is classical conditioning manipulative?  A teacher notices that a student becomes anxious every time they enter the classroom. This could be an example of: - A) Classical conditioning - B) Operant conditioning - C) Cognitive learning - D) Observational learning  A child cries when they see a doctor because they associate the doctor's office with a painful vaccination. This is an example of: - A) Discrimination - B) Generalization - C) Operant conditioning - D) Classical conditioning ‫‪Operant conditioning‬‬ ‫التعلم االجرائي الشرطي‬ Operant conditioning Operant conditioning, or instrumental conditioning, is a type of associative learning in which behaviors are strengthened or weakened by their consequences, called reinforcement or punishment. When a behavior is paired with a consequence repeatedly, an association is formed to create new behavior. Psychologist B.F. Skinner, is the father of operant conditioning How does operant conditioning work?  Operant conditioning works by applying a consequence, which is a reward or punishment, after a behavior. Reward, also known as reinforcement, strengthens a behavior by increasing the likelihood that a behavior will repeat in the future. Punishment weakens a behavior by decreasing the likelihood it will repeat. What are operant conditioning examples in everyday life?  Receiving “Likes” for posting images on social media motivates people to post more. Getting a ticket for speeding discourages driving above the speed limit. Earning a discount coupon for recycling regularly encourages more recycling. Earning a free coffee after purchasing ten drinks motivates continued patronage of the café. Gaining compliments for dressing stylishly encourages maintaining a fashionable wardrobe. ‫ إن تلقي "اإلعجابات" لنشر الصور على وسائل التواصل االجتماعي يحفز الناس على نشر المزيد‪.‬‬ ‫ إن الحصول على مخالفة السرعة الزائدة يثني الناس عن القيادة بسرعة أعلى من الحد األقصى‬ ‫للسرعة‪.‬‬ ‫ إن الحصول على قسيمة خصم إلعادة التدوير بشكل منتظم يشجع على المزيد من إعادة التدوير‪.‬‬ ‫ إن الحصول على قهوة مجانية بعد شراء عشرة مشروبات يحفز االستمرار في رعاية المقهى‪.‬‬ ‫ إن الحصول على الثناء على ارتداء المالبس األنيقة يشجع على الحفاظ على خزانة مالبس‬ ‫عصرية‪.‬‬ What are operant conditioning examples in the classroom?  Earning a sticker for every book read motivates a student to read more. Forfeiting recess time due to disruptive behavior discourages such actions in the classroom setting. Getting a lower grade for submitting homework late discourages procrastination and encourages timely submission. Being chosen as class leader for consistently good work motivates continued diligence and responsibility. Granting a class party for achieving a collective goal motivates teamwork and collective effort among students. Awarding a certificate for perfect attendance encourages consistent school attendance and punctuality.  ‫ إن الحصول على ملصق مقابل كل كتاب يقرأه الطالب يحفزه على القراءة أكثر‪.‬‬ ‫ إن التخلي عن وقت االستراحة بسبب السلوك المشاغب يثبط مثل هذه التصرفات في بيئة الفصل‬ ‫الدراسي‪.‬‬ ‫ إن الحصول على درجة أقل لتأخير تسليم الواجبات المنزلية يثبط التسويف ويشجع على التسليم في‬ ‫الوقت المناسب‪.‬‬ ‫ إن اختيارك كقائد للفصل لعمل جيد باستمرار يحفز االجتهاد المستمر والمسؤولية‪.‬‬ ‫ إن منح حفلة للفصل لتحقيق هدف جماعي يحفز العمل الجماعي والجهد الجماعي بين الطالب‪.‬‬ ‫ إن منح شهادة للحضور المثالي يشجع على الحضور المدرسي المستمر وااللتزام بالمواعيد‪.‬‬  After receiving praise from their teacher, a student starts to participate more frequently in class discussions. This is an example of: - A) Punishment - B) Negative reinforcement - C) Positive reinforcement - D) Extinction  A student who frequently disrupts class is given a lower grade, which discourages that behavior. This is an example of: - A) Positive reinforcement - B) Punishment - C) Classical conditioning - D) Extinction Applications :  Educational application Setting clear behavioural objectives for medical students and providing structured learning experiences. (example :Standardized Assessments) Using positive reinforcement, such as praise or rewards, to reinforce desired behaviors, such as active participation in class or meeting learning goals. (Example : Lecture ) Providing immediate feedback to students on their performance and progress. (example : Simulation-Based Training\skill acquisition ) Clinical applications Placebo phenomena ‫هل لها تطبيقات في العالج النفسي؟‬ ‫فهم وعالج اإلدمان يعتمد على فهمنا‬ ‫للنظرية السلوكية‬ Phobia ‫االكتئاب والعجز المكتسب اليمكن فهمه من دون معرفة النظرية‬ ‫السلوكية ‪.‬‬ ‫ماذا نقصد بالعجز المكتسب)‪ (learned helplessness‬؟‬ ‫شكرا الصغائكم‬