BEELab1 PDF 2024 Experiment 1

ChandigarhCollege of Engineering Jhanjeri Mohali-140307 Department of Applied Sciences EXPERIMENT-1 Experiment Name:- TO VERIFY OHM'S LAW AND ITS LIMITATIONS. Objective:-Students will be able to veri...

ChandigarhCollege of Engineering Jhanjeri Mohali-140307 Department of Applied Sciences EXPERIMENT-1 Experiment Name:- TO VERIFY OHM'S LAW AND ITS LIMITATIONS. Objective:-Students will be able to verify Ohm 's Law using Graphical Results. Experimental set-up/Equipment/Apparatus/Tools:-TwOAnalog Meters are mounted on the front panel to measure voltage and current, Potentiometer is mounted on the front panel to change the value of voltage and current, wire wound Resistance of 102. Theory and Application: OHM'S Law states that under given physical conditions of temperature, pressure &humidity, the current in a given conductor is directly proportional to the potential difference applied across the ends of the conductor. Formula Used:-If Vis the potential difference across the ends A & Bof the conductor as shown in Fig. (1) & I, the current flowing through the conductor, then according to Ohm's law Val r V= IR ----eq. (1) where R is a constant of proportionality & is called resistance of the conductor. Physically it denotes the opposition of the flow of current. Resources Required: S.No. Name of the Itenm Specification Quantity Remark 1. Wire Wound Resistor 10 ohmn Experimental Procedure: m K FIG. (1)  Chandigarh College of Engineering Jhanjeri Mohali-140307 Department of Applied Sciences Connect 10 ohm wire wound resistor across the terminals as shown in the diagram. 2 Switch "ON" the piano type switch provided on the front panel. 3. Vary the voltage using Potentiometer and note down the corresponding current & voltage 4 Calculate the value of resistance "R" for different values of Voltage & Current using formula : R= V/I. 5. Compare the observed and calculated value of resistance. 6. Plot a Graph between V & I (mA) CURRENT GE (Volts) Precautions and Sources of Error: 1. Allconnectionsshouldbeneatandtightandchecktheconnectionbefores wit chingON thecircuit. 2. Recordthe readings carefully. Limitations: 1 Ohm's law cannot be applied to Non-Linear circuits. 2. Ohm's law cannot be applied to Uni-Lateral circuits. Observations and Calculations: OBSERVATION TABLE St. Volts Current Resistance ( ) No. (V) (mA) Observed|Calculated 4 Result:-Ohm's law has been verified.  Chandigarh College of Engineering Jhanjeri Mohali-140307 Department of Applied Sciences Interpretation of Results: Conclusions: Thestraightlinegraphdrawnfromthedatashowsandprovesthe mathematicalrelationshipandhenceverifyingtheOhm'slaw. VIVA-VOICE 1. Define Ohm 's Law. 2. What are the limitations of Ohm 's Law. 3. Differentiate between EMF and Potential Difference. 4. What are the units of Voltage, Current and Resistance. 5. Differentiate between Linear and Non-Linear Circuits. 6. Differentiate between Uni-lateral and Bi-lateral circuits. 7. Why ammeter is always connected in series and voltmeter is connected in parallel? 8. What is the material used for making a rheostat? 9. What is the effect of temperature on resistance? Prepared By : Signature of HOD  Chandigarh College of Engineering Jhanjeri Mohali-140307 Department of Applied Sciences EXPERIMENT -2 Experiment Name:-Toverify KCL and KVL. Objective:-Students will be able to verify KVL and KCL. Experimental set-up/Equipment/Apparatus/Tools: DCRegulated power supply of 0-3 V. Four types of wire wound resistances, each 5 watt. (5 2, 10 Q, 22 land 332 are mounted on front panel Two meters are provided on the front panel to measure corresponding Voltage & Current with connections brought out on Sockets. Theory and Application: First Law (KCL):-According to Kirchhoff's first law. "The Algebraic sum of the various currents meeting at a junction in a closed electrical circuit is zero". I - - t It I_= 0 or+ It I= Ih+ I; Second Law (KVL):-According to Kirchhoff's Second law, in a closed loop (closed circuit or mesh) the Algebraic sum of the EMFs is equal to the Algebraic sum of the products of the resistance and the respective currents flowing through them. Formula Used: KCL: El=0 KVL: XE+IR =0  Chandigarh College of Engineering Jhanjeri Mohali-140307 Departmentof Applied Sciences Resources Requircd: S.No. Name of the Item Specification Qty Remark 1 Connecting Leads 700 mm length, 12 insulated 4 mm plug at both ends Experimental Procedure: For KCL For calculationof I, current Connect the circuits as shown in Fig.1. i.e. connect voltmeter across the positive to positive and negative to negative.Ammeter (mA) is connected to positive to positive and negative to negative. 3 Set output voltage 2.5 V and connect the input through patch cord. Short the A and B or C and D point through patch cord. E and F or G and H point will be open. Switch ON the kit and note down the value of current. For calculation of l, current: $ Connect the circuits as shown in Fig.1. i.e. connect voltmeter across the positive to positive and negative to negative. Ammeter (mA) is connected to positive to positive and negative to negative. * Set output voltage 2.5 V and connect the input through patch cord. $ Short the Eand ForG andHpoint through patch cord. Aand Bor Cand Dpoint will be open. Switch ON the kit and note down the value of current. R1 R2 50 A B 100C D R3 R4 2252 339! INPUT VOLTAGE E F 2.5V DC H Fig !  Chandigarh College of Engineering Jhanjeri Mohali-140307 Department of Applied Sciences For KVL For calculation of V, Voltage Connect the circuits as shown in Fig.2. i.e. connect voltmeter across voltmeter sockets and Ammeter is connected in series between A and B. Set output voltage 2.5 V and connect the input through patch cord. Short the C and D point through patch cord. E and F or G and H point will be open. Switch ON the kit and note down the value of current. Calculate voltage across 52 using Ohms Law i.e. V=IR. For calculation of V; Voltage 3 Connect the circuits as shown in Fig.2. i.e. connect voltmeter across voltmeter sockets and Ammeter is connected in series between C and D. 3 Set output voltage 2.5 V and connect the input through patch cord. Short the A and B point through patch cord. E andF or G and H point will be open. Switch ON the kit and note down the value of current. Calculate voltage across 10 Qusing Ohms Law i.e. V=IR. For caleulation of V, Voltage Connect the circuits as shown in Fig.2. i.e. connect voltmeter across voltmeter sockets and Ammeter is connected in series between E and F. Set output voltage 2.5Vand connect the input through patch cord. Short the G and H point through patch cord. A and B orC and D point will be open. Switch ON the kit and note down the value of current. Calculate voltage across 2292 using Ohms Law i.e. V=IR. For caleulation of V, Voltage Connect the circuits as shown in Fig.2. i.e. connect voltmeter across voltmeter sockets and Ammeter is connected in series between G and H. * Set output voltage 2.5 Vand connect the input through patch cord. Short the E and F point through patch cord. A and B or C and D point will be open. Switch ON the kit and note down the value of current.  ChandigarhCollege of Engineering Jhanjeri Mohali-140307 Departmentof Applied Sciences 3 Calculate voltage across 332 using Ohms Law i.e. V=IR. R1 R2 V1 5A B 10 C R3 RA 22 33 INPUT vOLTAGE 2.5V DC EV Fig 2 Precautions and Sources of Error: Allconnectionsshouldbeneatandtightandchecktheconnectionbefores wit chingON thecircuit. 2. Recordthe readings across the ammeter carefully. 3 Short the given points very carefully as given in the procedure. Calculations: For KCL Ij: Observed value of I, from Ammeter: Calculated value ofI, = V/(R+R) Observed value of , from Ammeter: Calculated value of l, - V/(RgtR4) Observed value of I = Observed value of I;+ l; ForKVL  Chandigarh College of Engineering Jhanjeri Mohali-140307 Department of Applied Sciences Given that value of V= 2.5 volt For upper arm: V VË I|R + IR2 For lower arm: VË LR4 10. Result:- KVL and KCL has been verified. 11. Interpretation of Results: KCL: Observed value of = Observed value ofIt I, KVL: VË V3 + V4 12. Conclusions: From the mathematical calculations and observed values of current using Ammeter, verify the result ofKVL and KCL. VIVA-OICE 1. Define KCL. 2. Define KVL. 3. What is the difference between junction and node. 4. What direction should be assumedfor KCL? 5. What are the applications of Kirchoff"'s Laws? 6. Verify the statement "All mesh are loop but all loops are not mesh"? 7. Define Active and Passive Elements. 8. Differentiate between loop and mesh. 9. What are ldeal and Practical Voltage sources? 10. What are ldeal and Practical Current sources? Prepared By Signltre of HOD  Chandigarh College of Engineering Jhanjeri Mohali-140307 Department of Applied Sciences EXPERIMENT-3 Experiment Name:-To Measure Resistance and Inductance of coil by Ammeter - Voltmeter method. Obiective:-Students will be able to calculate resistance and inductance using mathematical formulae. Experimental set-up/Equipment/Apparatus/Tools:- 1. Separate 10VAC, 20VAC, 30VAC, 40VAC&S0VAC voltages provided through a band switch. 2. One 100 mA AC ammeter (Analog)& one 50V range AC voltmeter (Analog) mounted on front panel. Theory and Application: The chokecoil predominant inductance associated with the effect of resistance of the conductor. The choke incurs hysteresis and eddy current losses because of the core material and the alternating current flux. Therefore a choke coil can be considered as equivalent to the series combination of resistance and inductance. Formula Used: FOR INDUCTANCE =>> V IX, (at 10 volt) I(wL) I(2*pi*f)L L V/ I(2*pi*) FOR RESISTANCE VR IR (at 10 volt) Resources Required: S.No. Name of the Item Specification Qty Remark 1. Connecting Leads 700 mm length, 06 insulated 4 mm plug at both ends Experimental Procedure:  Chandigarh Collegeof Engineering Jhanjeri Mohali-140307 Department of Applied Sciences Connect the ammeter and voltmeter using patch chords as indicated on the panel. Select a voltage supply of 10 volts ac using band switch. Switch ON the kit. Note down voltage across the choke (V) using voltmeter and current (I) through the circuit using mill ammeter in the observation table. Now select a supply voltage of 20.30,40, and 50 volts ac using band switch and repeat step 4. Draw Graph between V, and I. Calculate the choke inductance using the formula. Also, calculate the value of resistance across 10Vsupply by connecting only the resistor across ammeter. Precautions and Sources of Error: 1. Allconnectionsshouldbeneatandtightandchecktheconnectionbefores wit ching ON thecircuit. 2. Recordthe readings across the ammeter carefully. Observations and Calculations: S.No Supply voltage (V) Voltage across Inductor (V) Current (I) 1 10 2 20 3 30 4 40 5 50 VL = IXL (at 10 volt) VR IR (at 10 volt) Result: The choke inductance is...... Henry and the resistance is......ohm at 10 yolts. Interpretation of Results: Plot the graph between V,and I.  Chandigarh College of Engineering Jhanjeri Mohali-140307 Department of Applied Sciences VL Conclusions:-_From graphical interpretation, astraigh line has been observed between voltage across inductor and current. VIVA-VOICE 1. Define Inductive Reactance. 2. Why choke coil is used? 3. What are the applications of Choke Coil? 4. Is choke coil is used in AC or DC circuits? 5. What are the units of inductance and inductive reactance? 6. WhyAmmeter is connected in series and Voltmeter is connected in parallel? 7. Define Series Resistance and Shunt Resistance. 8. How galvanoneter can be used as a voltmeter and an ammeter? Prepared By : Signatare of HOD  Chandigarh College of Engineering Jhanjeri Mohali-140307 Department of Applied Sciences EXPERIMENT -4 Experiment Name:-To verify the Series & parallel Resonance in AC circuits. Obiective:-Students will verify the Resonance curve with the help of graphical results. Experimental set-up/Equipment/Apparatus/Tools:- The output of six resistances (from 50 Ohm to 200 Ohm) & six capacitors (from 0.1uF to 0.6uF) is available across sockets and can be selected by using band switches. Two inductance of 30mH mounted inside the cabinet & connection brought out on sockets. Two AC moving coil meters to measure corresponding voltage & current. Built in Sine wave oscillator of 100OHz to 100kHz. Theory and Application: The value of the frequency of applied signal at which the impedence of the circuit becomes minimum and the current flowing through the circuit is maximum. This particular frequency is called the Resonant Frequency. There are circuits, which are used in radio equipments, to select and amplify particular frequency. Such amplifiers which are used to amplify selected frequency called Tuned Amplifier. These amplifiers used a tuned circuit (L, R, CNetwork or Tank Circuit) for selection of a particular frequency. The selected frequency depends upon resonance frequency of tuned circuit. Therefore it is important to study the phenomenon of Resonance in AC circuit. Formula Used: Resonant Frequency f,= 1/2 n (LC) ½ Quality factor Q= 1/R(LIC)2 Resources Required:  Chandigarh College of Engineering Jhanjeri Mohali-140307 Department of Applied Sciences S.No. Name of the Item Specification Qty Remark 1. Connecting Leads 700 mm length, 12 insulated 4 mm plug at both ends Experimental Procedure: Series Resonance R L ALDIO FREOLIENCY FNCTKN U GENERATOR (MA) FlG. (1)SERIES RESONANCE Connect the circuit as shown in Fig. (1)i.e, R= 502,L=30mH, C = 0.luF. Adjust the Sine Wave signal of oscillator at 3Vr.m.s., IkHz. Increase the frequency in small steps towards 10 khz and note down the corresponding value of frequency and current.Record the observation table no 1. At a particular frequency ,current starts decreasing. The frequency at which current starts decreasing is the Resonance Frequency. Repeat steps 1-3 for different values of R & C Plot a graph between Frequency v/sCurrent as shown in Fig.3. Paralle! Resonance R -- FREQUENCY PUNCTON C GSNERTOR Fig 2: PARALLEL RESONANCE Connect the circuit as shown in Fig.2. Connect Resistance RI, Capacitor CI and Inductance in the circuit.  ChandigarhCollege of Engineering Jhanjeri Mohali-140307 Departmentof Applied Sciences Adjust the sine wave of oscillator at 3Vrms, IKHz. Increase the frequency of signal upto10kHz& note down the corresponding value of frequency and current. Record the observation in Table No.2. The frequency where current starts increasing is called Resonance Frequency. Repeat steps I-3 for different values of R & C. Plot agraph between frequency V/S current as shown in Fig. (4). Precautions and Sources of Error: 1. Allconnectionsshouldbeneatandtightandchecktheconnectionbefores wit chingON thecircuit. 2. Take the readings properly. Observations and Calculations: SERIES RESONANCE S.No. Frequeney Current Voltage 1 2. 3. 4. 5. PARALLEL RESONANCE S.No. Frequency Current Voltage 2 3. 4. 5. Result: Series and Parallel Resonance has been verified graphically as well as mathematicaly. The resonant frequency for series and parallel circuit is K Hz. Interpretation of Results: SERIES HKISONANCE  Chandigarh College of Engineering Jhanjeri Mohali-140307 Department CURRENT (mA) < of Applied Sciences FREQUENCY Fig 3: Series Resonance Curve PARALLEL RESONANCE CURRENT ( < ) FREQUENCY X Fig 4: Parallel Resonance Curve Conclusions:- From graphical interpretation, a straight line has been observed between voltage across inductor and current. VIVA-VOICE 1. Define Impedance. 2. Define Resonant Frequency. 3. What is Quality factor? 4. What is the condition of resonance in series RLC circuit. 5. What are the effects of resonance in series RLC circuit. 6. What is the condition of resonance in parallel RLC circuit. 7. What are the efecis of resonance in parallel RLC circuit. 8. What are the applications of resonance circuits. Prepared By: Signature of HOD