Bee Biology PDF

#separator:tab #html:true #tags column:3 What are the 2 main functions of the Queen? - To lay eggs- To produce pheromones What are the three individuals in the colony? - Queen- Worker- Drone How many pairs of legs? 3 What do drones develop from? From unfertilized eggs (have maternal DNA but lack paternal DNA) What is the only function of the drones? To mate with virgin queens during Spring and Summer. Are worker bees female or male? Females with undeveloped reproductive organs Classification: Kingdom? Animalia (all animals) Classification: Phylum? Arthropoda (animals with segmented body and exoskeleton, lacks backbones) Classification: Class? Insecta (composed of 3 body regions, with 3 pairs of legs, 1 pair of antennae and 1 or 2 pairs of wings) Classification: Order? Hymenoptera (4-winged insects with constricted abdomen, many with social habits) Classification: Superfamily? Apoidea ( 10 - 11 families within 20,000 species of bees. Bodies are adapted to collect and transport pollen and nectar) Classification: Family? Apidae (comprised of 4 subfamilies, includes honey/bumble/orchid/stingless bees) Classification: Genus? Apis (True honey bees: six species) Classification: Species? Apis mellifera (the common western honey bee) Apis mellifera was introduces into the Americas by European settlers during which century? 17th, before the arrival, native Americans kept local species of stingless bees Do 'new' bees produce more or less honey and wax when compared to stingless bees? MORE: 'new' bees produces about 4-5x more honey. Who patented the man-made hives with moveable frames that we use for modern beekeeping today? Langstroth - 1851 What is the bee space? 9mm: the length of passage area between 2 hanging comes. Permits a passage area between them. Around the world how many modern hives are there? 60 million In the world, how much honey is produced from modern hives? 950 million kg In the world, how much bees-wax is produced from modern hives? 25 million kg Who is the world's largest producer and exporter of honey and royal jelly? With over 6 million hives. China: exports ~80mil kg of honey a year Which continent has mostly traditional hives? Africa Which continent has many beekeepers that practice migratory apiculture? Australia and New Zealand What are the 2 subclasses of the Class: Insecta? - Holometabola- Hemometbola Why are Honey beers considered a Holometabolous insects? They pass through completer metamorphosis What are the first 3 developmental stages classified as? Brood What is another word for the individuals of the colony? Castes How long is the egg developmental stage for all 3 castes? 3 days How long is the Larva developmental stage for all 3 castes? - 5.5 days for the Queen- 6 days for the worker- 6.5 days for the drone How long is the Pupa developmental stage for all 3 castes? - 7 days for the queen- 12 days for the worker- 14.5 days for the drone What does the egg contain? -Embryo-Nutrients for its development What are instars? Sub-stages, usually used when discussing development. How many instars for the larval stage have? 5 What is moulting? Changing cuticle Which caste are nurse bees? Workers What are the roles of the nurse bees? Feed all broods What do all larvae eat dirign their 1st 3 days after hatching? Mainly royal jelly After 3 days of hatching, what do those larvae who are destined to become queens supposed to eat? Royal jelly After 3 days of hatching, what do those larvae who are destined to become workers or drones supposed to eat? Bee bread What is bee bread? Mix of pollen and nectar What controls metamorphosis processes? Hormones What is the external skeleton composed of? Harden plates made out of chitin connected by membranes to provide the insect with a structure and movement. What are the 2 types of eyes called? - Ocelli/simple eyes-compound eyes Which eyes are used for actual vision? Compound eyes Which eyes percieve light? Ocelli/simple eyes How many simple/Ocelli eyes to bees have? 3 How many compound eyes do bees have? 2 Which structure is considered the bee's nose? Antennae What are the sense organs contained in the bee's antennae? The sensilla (plates, pits, and hairs) What do the sensilla detect? Odours, CO2, humidity, flavours, temperature, and air-flow. What are the 2 mouthparts? -Mandibles-Probiscis What is the proboscis? Tube-like structure which functions as a feeding straw, 5-7mm in length. What are the 3 subsegments of the thorax? - prothorax-mesothorax-metathorax Where do the 2 pairs of wings attach? - 1 pair in the mesothorax- 1 pair in the metathorax What are the components of the legs? Coxa (hip), trocanter (femur head), femur, tibia, and tarsus What is on the distal tarsus? - Claws- Pad (arolium) How is their hair segmented to carry pollen grains? Branched What is the ave speed of flight? 24 km/h What is the cycle/sec of the wings? 200 cycles/sec How many segments of the abdomen are there? 7 What is the order of the GIT? 1. Mouth2. Oesophagus3. Crop4. Proventriculis5. Ventriculus6. Anterior intestine7. Rectum8. Anus What is the crop aka? Honey stomach  Where does digestion and absorption take place? Ventriculus "What is known as the ""real stomach""?" Ventriculus Which are analogous to the kidneys? the Malighan tubules What is the blood of the bee called? Haemolymph T/F: the hemolymph does not bathe all the organs and muscles of the bee's body? F: it does! Where does O2 and CO2 move through, thats connected to the exterior of the insect's body by spiracles? Tracheae and tracheoles What are spiracles? Openings of the body exterior that participate in gas exchange. What are the spinal cords called how many are there? Nerve cords, there are 2 Where are the nerve cords and aorta placed in the bee? NC- ventricleA- dorsal Which castes have a stinger? Workers and Queens What is the stinger made up of? Modified ovipositor made up of a 3 piece shaft attached to a venom sac.Shaft is composed of 2 barbed lancets and a stylet with a poison canal in the mdidle. What are all the exocrine glands? - Wax glands- Nosonov gland- Mandibular glands- Sting glands- Arnhart glands- Salivary glands- Hypopharingeal (head) glands How many wax glands are there and where are they located? 4, they are b/w the 4th and 7th abdomen segments What is the function of the wax gland? To secrete wax as a liquid that hardens into scales that can be molded for comb construction What is the function of the Nosonov gland? Produces an attraction/recruiting pheromone. Where is the Nosonov gland located? Under the 7th abdominal tergum Mandibular glands secrete what in nurse bees? lipid for larval food Mandibular glands secrete what in older workers? alarm pheromone Mandibular glands secrete what in queens? queen substance What is the queen substance? Colony recognition, drone attraction, foraging stimulation, inhibition of queen rearing and swarming What do the sting glands secrete? Alarm pheromone - IPA main component Where is the Arnhart glands located? At the leg's pads What fo the arnhart glands secrete? Foot print substance What does the hypopharingeal glands secrete? Royal jelly What are the 3 types of comb cells worker, drone, and queen cells Where are the brood reared in the comb? At what temp? Centre of combs at 33-35C Where are food stores kept in the comb? Periphery of the brood What goes down in the early winter? - bees cluster to maintain warmth and they shiver (fast contraction of their thoracic muscles) What goes down in the late winter? - queen resumes egg-laying-workers rear brood (rapid consumption of stored honey and pollen)-colony reaches lowest population size (10k) What goes down in the early spring? - colony population grows rapidly What goes down in the mid-to-late spring? - swarm preps- drones and new queens are reared, mating flight takes place b/w them-og colony taken over by new queen-swarm searches new nest location What goes down in the Early summer? -colony reaches peak (60k) What goes down in the mis-to-late summer? -foraging behaviour-bees gather nectar and pollen, stored them in combs-nectar transformed into honey What goes down in the fall? -brood rearing dramatically reduced and adult bee population declines- prep for winter-drones expelled-new emerged bees build up fat reserves Average colony consumes how much pollen and honey per year? pollen- 20-30kghoney - 80kg Division of labour (think of age polyethism) refers to what? Variation in frequency at which individual bees engage in specific activities What is the primary division of labour? It is the reproductive (queens and drones) & the non-reproductive (workers) division b/w castes? What is the secondary division of labour? - Only among workers;- activities of the colony are distributed amongst them as worlers perform sequential tasks as they age (polyethism) Who cleans hive cells? workers When worker's hypopharyngeal glands develop, what do they become? And at what day after emergence? Nurse bees; at 5-12 days aft emergence Workers participate in what 2 duties after 12 days of emergence? - Nectar ripening- Pollen storing What is nectar ripening? - honey production;- Returning from foraging, regurgitating, and passing the nectar to hive bees What 2 processes is nectar subjected to? -Physical process: water evaporation-Biochemical process: sugar digestion(active and passive evaporation) What is Invertase? - Digestive enzyme- Added + mixed w nectar in bee's honey stomach What does Invertase do? - Breaks down sucrose into the monosaccharides: Fructose (levulose) and glucose (dextrose) Cell eventually contain fully ripened honey with <20% water content, and then what? Are covered with a wax capping Where does pollen get stored? Around the larvae cells;pressing it in with their hind end then their front end+head When do workers help build the comb? 12-15 days after emergence How many (%) perform guarding duties? And at how many days aft emergence? 10-20%; 14-18 days aft emergence At how many days after emergence do workers  forage? 20-40 days At what age do they die after emergence? - workers (>40 days) --> in the winter (up to 5 months)- Queens (up to 2-3 years)-Drones ??? Bees respond to stimuli in their immediate environment w sterotyped behaviors. SO, they act w/o what? Awareness of the consequences of their behaviour What are the 4 factors influencing the likelihood and freq in which a task is performed? - Stimuli- gene predisposition- physiological development- hormone regulation Why is there variability in the genetic predisposition to prefeorm specific tasks among workers? Polyandry:high genetic diversity due to the mating-behaviour of queen bees Do nest bees have low or high levels of juvenile hormone? low Do forager bees have low or high levels of juvenile hormone? Higher titres How do flowering plants attract bees? - shapes, colours, scents- UV coloured lines that lead to flower nectaries- bees learn to recognize and forage on particular flowers thanks to their direction for good nectar and pollen How do bees find flowers? scouting OR being recruited by a dancing bee Pollen contains ? reproductive cells/ gametes of flowering plants? Male What factors affect nectar secretion? - soil moisture- solar radiation-  Where in the flower is pollen produced? In the anthers What are the female plant organs that get pollenated? Stigmas When during the course of the day is pollen more available? From the early morning to early afternoon How do honey bees specifically collect pollen from flowers? By crawling on the anthers to dislodge pollen with their tongues and mandibles What type of charge do their hair and pollen grains have? - hair: positively charge- pollen: negatively charged How heavy is an average pollen load? 20mg How many pollen pellets is an avergae pollen load? 2 pollen pellets Specifically describe the process unloading of pollen pellets/ - forager worker bee introduces her hind legs into a selected cell;- removes the pollen pellets from her hind legs- Food-processing bee: comes, pushes pollen to the boittom of the cell using her head- adds honey and saliva to the stored pollen (making bee bread) Which foraging trips are shorter? Pollen foraging trips are shorter than nectar foraging trips How variable are pollen foraging trips? (in min.) 10 - 187 min What is water used for? -Cool the hive-dilute honey What is propolis? Specifically? - Bee glue with antimicrobial properties- Specifically, resins collected from buds of plants/trees.  How does a propolis collector collect it? A propolis collector uses her mandibles to dislodge the resin and transfers it to her pollen baskets with her forelegs What do bees use propolis for? - as a cement (caulking material) to seal cracks, close openings, or cover surfaces in the hive.- Smear combs with propolis which sanitizes the hive What is robbing behaviour? - Type of foraging- Bees attempt to rob the honey stored by other bees What are the negatives (to both parties) regarding robbing behaviour? -Assaulted colonies may end up losing all their food stores and may die- risk of disease transmission Who described bee dances as the most complex system of communication in insects? Karl von Frisch Order of scout bee mission ti find food and return to hive: 1. Finds food source2. Fills her honey stomach/ pollen basket3. returns to hive memorizing landmarks on the way back4. performs specialized coomunication behaviour (dance) on the vertical comb What are the 3 types of dances called? - round dance- sickle dance- wagtail dance Describe the wagtail dance: - runs in narrow semi-circle-turns sharply and moves in a straight line-makes another semicircle to the left/right-moves agian in a straight line over the initial line path(during the straight-line segmetns she wiggles her abd in wagging movements) What is the info conveyed in the wagtail dance: -distance-direction-quality of food source The more circuits/unit time, the shorter OR longer the distance to the food source? Shorter How is distance conveyed based on a dance? Indicated by the angle of the straight/wagging part of the dance in relation to the position of the sun. Number of foragers dancing increases/decreases w profitable sources or increases/decreases if they become scarse? "1. increases2.decreasesaffecting the # of recruited bees" How do bees perceive the sun on overcast days? Detect UV light from sun and uses the plane of the polarized light Who believed that bees find food sources by odour? Wenner and Johnson 1967 How do bees estimate distance? By optical flow (speed of visual info passing thorugh their eyes during the flight to the food source) What are the main components apart of the bee communication system? - Dance language info (some parts of the dance more than other parts)- chemical (hormones?) communication - odour "Which caste is this?" Drone "Which caste is this?" Worker "Which caste is this?" Queen "Label this image properly:" "" Who is the Patron saint of beekeepers? St. Ambrose Define swarming? "The natural division of one colony into two or more colonies; it is the natural means of reproduction and dispersal of honey bee colonies. " What is the storage of a surplus of food reserves during a period referred to as? Nectar Flow What is the term of the upside-down wiker baskets that were widely used to house colonies? Skeps How can wings function as one unit? "Hamuli (wing hooks along leadng edge of hind wings)- they ""hool onto"" and fold at the posterior edge of the forewings" Within the abdomen are the whole reprodictive and excretory systems and much of the...? Digestive, circulatory, respiratory, nervous, glandular, and defense systems Why is the hair of the bees branched? To carry pollen grains Why is moulting necessary for larva to grow? Because the exoskeleton is relatively rigid and does not allow space for size increments Which of the castes are haploid? Drones What is parthenogenesis "The reproduction from an ovum without fertilization" Which caste is reproduced via parthogenesis? Drones What (typically) is the length of drones flight to reach a congregation area? >7km How far do queens fly away from their nests to reach a congregation area? 2-3km What does it mean when queens are polyandrous? Mate with many drones How is genetic variability ensured in honey bee populations? Queens are polyandrous, increasing the genetic recombination of traits due to multiple mates. How many drones does a queen mate with between in the course of 1-10 mating flights? 10-40 drones When do mating flights take place? During the 1st two weeks after emergence Where does the queen store semen? In her spermatheca What happens to excess semen? It is discarded How long can stored sperm in the queen's spermatheca remain viable for? For several years What does Queen supersedure mean? When defective/old queens are replaced (superseded) by workers How do queenless colonies occur? Resultant from unsuccessful queen replacement When does swarming take place? When resources are abundunt in the field, which favours reproduction When does the population of the colony build up? During the spring When the brood nest becomes congested, the distibution of queen's substance is reduced/increased? reduced What arre the 3 signs of swarming? 1 - Workers reduce foraging activity2 - Bees accumulate at the hive entrance (forming a beard)3 - presence of queen cells in the brood nest Why does the queen of a colony reduce her egg-laying rate and consumes less food to loose weight during swarm departure? To be able to fly with the swarm The primary swarm contains how much of the colony's worker population and which queen (old/new)? half the workers, and the old queen Which type of bees select the nest? Scout bees Where do scout bees select nests? hollow trees, rock fissures, even spaces between walls What are the main practices to control swarming? 1 - colony inspections to destroy queen cells2 - provision of space3 - removal of entracne reducers too facilitate the ventilation of colonies during warm days4 - requeening/queen replacement "Label this image:" "" What are analogous to the kidneys? The Malpighian tubules How many ventral ganglia are there? 7 What is the egg-laying structure (ovipositor) of the female bee? the sting What is the order of mated queen egg travel? 1 - They develop in hundreds of thread-like ovarioles in the ovary2 - pass into the oviduct where they are fertilized by sperm stored in the bulbous spermatheca3 - Egg is placed into cells of the comb What is the penis of the bee called? aedeagus Where is alarm hormone produced? Sting glands What are on the 3-part sting shaft to ensure that it stays in the victim so the alarm chemical remains ar the sting site? Tiny barbs "Label this image:" "" What is active evaporation of honey? Regurgitating honey stomach contents and blowing a series of bubbles to thoroughly mix the enzyme sucrase into the nectar Worker bees at what age are capable of wax secretion and can participate in the building of comb and capping of honey-filled cells 12 days of age What is drifitng? When bees accidently enter other hives How old are workers when they guard? 18-21 days of age What is the composites of the hive/colony order? queen pheromones + the food collected by workers What age are worlers ready to begin foraging? by 21 days of age What are the four materials that bees forage? 1 - pollen2 - nectar3 - water4 - propolis What are five feral nest characteristics that bees require? 1 - sheltered, darkened enclosure2 - small, defensible entrance3 - size of adequate volume4 - parallel comb constructed w bee space5 - separation of brood and food in the comb Is a darkened or lightened enclosure needed for efficient wax secretion from worker wax glands? darkened enclosure How do queens differ between the different types of cells? -Before laying, queen measures the diameter w her forelegs What size differs a drone cell from a worker cell? - if the opening is 4mm (the size of the drone cell) she will selectivley lay the unfertilized (drone) eggs- if smaller, she will plant a fertilized (worker) egg What does the queen do after she has layed the eggs She will mark eggs with a pheromone Is egg survival greater in previously used cells vs. new cells? greater in previously used cells When do worker bees die? After 5-6 weeks as adults When is the ave peak population of 60k bees produced in the year? in June What does the round dance signal? - informs potential foragers, recruits, of a food soorce within 80 meters of the hive- more livley = richer source with higher sugar concentration- powerful odours of the food source cling to the body of the dancing forager and communicates the floral source of the foodSPECIFICALLY:- food is near (<80m) of the hive- smell and taste of the food- profitability of the source How can bees accuratley fix on the location of the sun? - Using the azimuth position of the sun - bees detect polarized light and using planes of polarization to also fix sun's location Where is the wagtail dance performed in the dark hive? on the lower vertical brood combs How do bees see the sun when in the dark comb? - utilizing the wagtail dance- convert the angle of the sun outside the hive to a gravity orientation on the vertical combs inside the dark hive- EG:the sun's azimuth is oriented directly upward on the comb (against gravity), therefore to indicate a resource source that is 80 degrees to the left of the sun, bees will dance 80 degrees to the left of the straight up of the comb What does teh wagtail dance communicate? - distance to food source- direction to food source- smell and taste to food source-profitability to food source How does the wagtail dance go? - dancing bee runs in a narrow half-circle to one sidethen- does a sharo turn and runs in a straight line while vigorously waggling her abd from side to sidethen- makes a half circle in the opposite direction completing a full circle (more like a figure 8)(the straight (waggling portion) is always performed with the bee orienting her body at the same position relative to gravity on the vertical comb in the dark hive In the hive, where do bees majorily do their dancing? On the lower comb surfaces, it better transmits sound cues in comparison to capped cells Honey bees remain attached to a particular flower on sunsequent trips and foraging days, as long as what? The food resource remains attractive What is the limiting factor for foraging? Is the temp of the thorax, must keep it above 30 degrees C for flight How do bees able to elevate their BT despite being ectothermic (cold-blooded) By contracting their wing muscles to produce heat What is the minimum temp for active foraging? 8-10 degrees C How do bees rid of excess heat? air circulation through the trachea of the thorax and by shunting warm blood to the abdomeb wher it can cool down faster What is the ideal external temp for flight? 19-30 degrees C Where does energy come from for flight? From glycogen stored in fat bodies What is the corbiculae The pollen basket that is a concaved surface on the tibia of females How is the tube of the proboscis formed from? From the maxilla and labium of the mouth parts How much nectar may a bee collect? 70mg, almost her own BW How much are the weighs of normal loads of nectar? 40mg What is the stimulus for pollen foraging? Brood, brood amout is proportional to the inc/derease of pollen collection What is the behaviour of gathering pollen termed? Scrabbling Why is water foraged? - For the dilution of honey to feed larvae- cool down hive- inc humidity What kind of water do bees prefer The kind with a scent, not pure water What happens during poor forage conditions? number of scouts increases, increasing the possibility of colony finding a new resource, increasing robbing behaviour How many eggs does a queen lay/year? Over 200k eggs/year How many eggs will a queen produce/life-span? 500k/2-3year life span Whyre virgin queens smaller than slut queens? their ovaries in the abd remain undeveloped after mating How long to mating flights last? Several days How long does a queen have to mate before her likelihood of successfully mating decreases? within the first 3 weeks of emergence Will a queen mate again after mating in her life time? no why do drone layers doom the colony? Workers are needed in the colony for everything to go well ad to eventually replace her What is a queen cell called when its empty? queen cup What is a queen cells called when occupied? Queen cell What is it called when worker bees kill the old/failing queen? Balling What is a notable feature of drones reared by workers? they are smaller-bodied but produce viable sperm  What are the three glands in the head of worker bees - Hypopharygeal glands (for brood-food)- Salivary glands (digestion)- Mandibular glands (alarm pheromones, along with the Koshewnikov gland associated w the sting apparatus) What is the term for division of labour by age? Age polyethism Aggregations of drones also occur at local magnetic sources (i.e., powerlines and old car bodies) T/F? True Where did the earliest records of beekeeping come from? Ancient Egypt Where is the antenna cleaner located? Notch w comb-like hairs to clean the antennae located on the foreleg How many segments compose the antennae? 12 What are the sense organs of the antennae? - The sensilla (plates, pits and hairs) used to detect odours, CO2, humidity, flavours, temp, and airflow. - In the antenna pedicel is the Johnston organ (bee's ear) What is the antennae sensitive too? Many chemicals such as floral odours, bee pheromones, H2O, CO2 Are all patrilines equally represented among bees performing the same task? "NOE.g., Undertaking is a rare task of removing dead bees from the hiveExperiment: they put dead bees in the hive and collected the undertakers and compared their DNA to the rest of the colonyResults: Only 1 or a few patrilines will be represented in the ""undertakers""" Are all the queen eggs laid at the same time? No, they are laid over a period of a week or more so there is staggered development of queens (Q eggs and pupae are present in colony at the same time) At the distal part of the ? there are claws and a pad ? that allows the bee to walk on rough or flat surfaces. Tarsus, arolium At what age do queens begin orientation flights? 5-6 days At what temp do H bees cluster together? When the external temp is b/w 13-16 degrees C Whats the ave life span of queen? either 2-3 years or 1-6 years if thats the options available In days, whats the ave lifespan of a worker in the summer and winter? S: 50 daysW: 270 days Define beekeeping providing H bees a dwelling to manage them for fun and profit Describe the respiration of the bee: - System of trachae (tubes) and airsacs transport CO2 and O2 to and from body tissues- openings to trachae on each body segment = spiracles- largest openings are on thorax since this body seg req the most O2 for flight (wing muscles)- gases go through tiny tubes from the atmosphere directly to cells Bees use the secretion from the hypopharyngeal glands to do what? Feed the queen and larvae 3 days old or younger Before 1980, how many species of Apis were recognized, and what were they? - Only 4 species- they were: 2 open-nested species: 1) dwarf honey bee - apis florea2) giant honey bee (Apis dorsata)^both in asia^2 cavity-nesting species:3) western honey bee (Apis mellifera) (europe and africa)4) Apis cerana (Asia) The brain Processes sensory info, centre for learning and memory Buriscon hormone involved with hardening of a bees cuticle Can drones sting? No Can queens control the fertilization of her eggs? Yes What is a caste definition? functionally distinct groups w/i a society which countries are the world's 2 largest honey producers? China and US**CHINA IS GREATER What is the comb? Structure of interconnecting hexagonal cells constructed entirely of beeswax What are the comb cells used for? 1) rearing brood2) depositing eggs3) storing nectar and pollen What is the other word for facets? ommatidia Do all facets/ommatidia have the same functions? NO- some detect the plane of polarized light- others create images to recognize motion or are used for colour vision (UV, blue, green, and yellow) Why is UV light important for foraging? Important to locate nectar, will direct the bees What colour do bees see red as? Black/grey What are compound eyes most sensitive too? Moving images What kind of vision do bees have? Trichromatic vision (similar to humans): 3 dif colour receptorsBUT shifted to recieving shorter wavelengths What are the conditions for supersedure? - low - to - moderate colony population- moderate food resources- colony not crowded- queen is old and is not producing much queens substacne Conditions for swarming? - large colony population- colony gets crowded- lots of food resources - (new) queen is young (producing enough queens substance but workers cannot distribute as effectively) When is critical period? Spring What is the crop connect to ? through what? Ventriculus, proventriculus What is the proventriculus? "A valve that allows or prevents the passage of food. It is the ""real"" stomach, where digestion and absorption occurs" When does the hive decide to rear queens? - when the old queen is failing to produce suffiecient Q substance, workers will start building queen cells What does the Nasonov gland produce? recruiting hormone/attraction hormone, produced by workers(gland is near the tip of the abd) Do drones survive after sex? no, not after ejaculation What is significant about the scout bees? Theyre older, know the surrounding area Describe drone cells: - horizontal- hexagonal- 6.5mm wide (much larger than worker bee cells) Describe inbreeding of h bees: When the Q mates w a relative, extreme inbreeding is when she mates w her brother Describe the stinger: shaft w 2 sliding barbed lancets Describe the worker cells: horizontal, hexagonal, 5.5mm wide What is the division of labour in a Hbeww colony is also known as? Polyethism Do bees shiver? Yes, during the winter they generate heat by vibrating their thoraxic muscles Does cross over and recombination occur in drone sperm production? No, bc drones carry a single set of chromosomes and thus chromosomes synapis w homologous chromosomes cannot occur Does colony division have to occur during a swarm? yes Does juvenile hormone affect behavioral activities? It affects age polyethism Does the hive = colony? No Do multipatriline colonies perform better than single patriline colonies? YES,Ex: brood nest temp is more stable in genetically diverse olonies than in genetically uniform onesEx2: genetically diverse colonies founded new colonies faster than swarms from genetically uniform colonies, they accumulated differences in foraging rates, food storagem and population growth led to impressive boosts in the fitnees of genetically diverse colonies During a colony inspection, you notice there are queen cells being built on the combs. From that observation, you can conclude that...? - the colony is queenless- the colony is superdeding the queen - the colony will swarm During the development stages if hbees, what does the ecdysone hormone regulate? Moulting What occurs during the pupal stage? hbee larvae develops and change into adults (metamorphosis) Each swarm must have what? a queen and thousands of workers What are bee populations that become adapted to a particular environment through evolution called? ecotypes What are examples of how bees notice a task needs to be done: - larvae are not being fed adequately- larvae produces hunger signal (pheromone)- perception of pheromone causes glands to reduce production of JH- reduced JH causes JH brood-food glands to regenerate- bees that are stimulated produce food reqd to feed larvae Experiment w moving hive A and adding hive B empty but w mated queens in its place: "- foragers fly out from Hive A and return to original location which is now Hive B- Hive A is no deficient in foragers and is mostly younger bees- Hive B has only foragers, no brood-care bees2-3 days later:- Hive B: old foragers have regenerated their brood food glands, wax glands, etc and arefeeding larvae, secreting wax, foraging, etc. tasks are being performed adequately- Hive A: lost most of its foragers so young bees are foraging at an exceptionally young age""precocious forager""" What occurs when a bee stings? barbs on lancets get hooked into skin, alternating contraction of muscles on either side of force sting into tissue while the muscle on the venom sac contracts pumping venom into tissues What are their eyes:? - 3 ocelli/simple eyes- 2 compound eyes What is another word for the vertical muscles on the thorax responsible for wings flapping? dorso-ventral Flower scent and colour are what? are the most important flower clues that are attractive to hbeesd The following is true for Apisdorsataa) is also known as the gianthoney beeb) colonies nest on cliffs and talltreesc) colonies migrate in search ofblossomsd) each colony builds a singlelarge combe) all of the above is true e) all of the above is true What are the functions of hind legs: pollen packing and transfer in pollen basket (corbiculum) What are the functions of mid legs: used to groom pollen off thorax and abd and transfer to hindlegs What are the functions of the abd: digestion, excretion, circulation, and glandular secretions What are the functions of the head: feeding, glandular secretions, mostly sensory fxns What are the functions of thorax: locomotion (legs, wings), pollen collection workers become guard bees before becoming? foragers How do guards detect home bees? odour What is the haemolymph composed of? defense cells and plasma Define hive structure made by humans for bees to inhabit What is the term for insects that pass through complete metamophosis Holometabolous What is honey? concentrated and chemically altered nectar; mostly sugars but some enzymes and small amounts of pollen, minerals, etc. The honey bee, Apis mellifera, isa) the major honey-producing bee world-wideb) the most intensively studiedspecies of insectc) the most important managedpollinator of crop plantsd) a) and b) onlye) a), b) and c) are all correct e): a), b) and c) are all correct How are segments connected? via one another by inter-segmental membranes How can swarming be prevented? - supplying the hive w supers to provide space as the colony grows- removing the hive entrance reducer by early spring to prevent ventilation- requeening to colony to prevent the swarming tendency How can worker bees detect the queen's absence so rapidly? bc her pheromone has a quick half-life of 25min How could be determine experimentally if JHlevel regulates the tasks performed byindividual worker bees? 1. treat young worker bees with JH to see if it causes them to performbehaviours typical of older bees2. knock out the glands that produce JH and see if bees behave like young bees3. create colonies with abnormal age distribution of workers (i.e. all old bees orall young bees) Vertical muscle contract, thorax ? and wings are ? flattened, raised Logitudinal muscles contract, thorax ?, wings are ? bulges upwards and downwards, lowered How do bees perceive stimuli and what does thischange in the bee? through patrolling, a bee perceives various stimuli within the colony(pheromones, vibrations, etc.) which are processed by the bee brain and cancause changes in JH hormone level How do drones find the queen? Visually ( they have large eyes)Chemically ( they sence q substance) How do scout bees show the colony where their newnest is? they do a waggle dance indicating direction and distance to nest site How far do drones fly away from nest and what doesthis mean for the queens that mate with them? They fly up to 8km from the next making it unlikely that the queen willencounter their own brothers how is behavioural flexibility a constraint on bee taskperformance? the ability of worker bees to shift their behaviours to compensate forunusual events experienced by their colony (e.g. attack by predator)would enhance efficiency How is efficiency a constraint on bee taskperformance? - inefficient if each bee does all tasks on the same day since task locationsvary and performance for some tasks improve with experience- inefficient to have all glands active at all times (e.g. wax glands, brood-food glands) How is risk a constraint on bee taskperformance? it is more efficient to perform low risk tasks first to get as much work out of each beeas possible as it ages How is the blastoderm formed? The egg nucleus divides numerous times and the resulting nuclei migrate to the periphery of the egg, where they form a layer of cells (the cleavage cells) that eventually becomes the blastoderm How long ago is it noted that humanshunted for honey? 9-10 thousand years How long can the queen store sperm for? (her entire life) "how long does it take a drone to becomean ""adult""" 24 days3 days as egg5 days as larva16 days as pupa "how long does it take a queen to becomean ""adult""" 16 days3 days as egg5 days as larva8 days as pupa "how long does it take a worker bee tobecome an ""adult""" 21 days3 days as egg5 days as larva13 days as pupa how long do the afterswarms continue for? after swarming process can repeat every 1-2 days until crowding decreases enough how many chemicals are blended intoQ subst? 5 How many chromosomes does apismellifera have? Apis mellifera has two sets of sixteen different chromosomes. how many chromosomes do honey beeshave? 16 pairs = 32 chromosomes how many colonies can be made from oneoriginal colony? up to 6 (1 prime swarm + 0-4 afterswarms + original colony) how many days after the first queenemerges will an afterswarm leave theparent colony? 2-3 days how many worker bees die during winter ~2/3 how much honey does a colony need tosurvive winter? ~25kg how much sperm is stored in queen'sspermatheca ~7 million In today's beekeeping world, what does Canada excel on? honey yield per colony Is a male bee haploid? A male bee is haploid because it only carries one set of chromosomes from its mother. Is the queen attracted to the worker pheromone, Nasanov? Yes, she follows the worker bee attraction pheromone and joinsthe growing mass of workers, once with the swarming bees,her pheromones cause the swarming cluster to become calm JH levels control: internal program for behavioural tasks Juvenile hormone: Is the hormone that influences cell and body differentiation. Which stage of brood is when the developing of a honey beeundergoes the greatest amount of body differentiation. Larva Levels of JH through life span: low at emergence, increases to max in foragers- concentration of JH in blood increases with bee age lifespan of drones 35 days in summerabsent in the winter The main characteristic of all traditional hives used until the 17thcentury was that... they had fixed combs "The most important hive design of the 17th century wasdeveloped by the so-called ""father of modern beekeeping""..." Lorenzo Langstroth Nutrients from digested food are absorbed into the ______ (blood). Food waste passesto the anterior intestine, a mere tube, and then into the rectum, where it accumulatesuntil discarded. While in the rectum, water is ______ from the wasted materials. Haemolymph, reabsorbed fat body: fat body lines inner surface of upper abdomen and stores fats and proteinsfor use in winter Ocelli/simple eyes: Three eyes with simple lenses. Detect light intensity and may serve for orientation during flight. No images are generated Patrilines: groups of supersisters each consisting of female offspring that share the same father- so if a queen mates with 10 different males there will be 10 different patrilines Precocious foragers Young bees becoming foragers earlier than usual Prime Swarm: 1st swarm with mated queen Secondary swarm (after swarm): A secondary swarm is produced when the colony swarms with a virgin queen after the old queen has left. supersisters workers that share the same father since drone sperm are all identicalso they have the exact same genes from their father (3/4 of genes incommon) Which is the structure located in the legs of that allows the bee to walk on flat surfaces. The tarsus There are more than _____ tubules winding among theinternal organs and in contact with the haemolymph.They discard their waste at the junction of the intestineand ventriculus. 100 eggs increase in weight > _____ times before becomingpupae 1500 three constraints on bee task performance: - efficiency- risk- behavioural flexibility The tibia contains the _____ or basket, a depression witha _____ used to pack and carry pollen or propolis pellets corbicula, bristle Trophallaxis Trophallaxis is the activity of transferring food from mouth to mouth. true or false? by late march, the number of youngworkers emerging in a colony should equal and thenexceed the mortality of old winter bees True true or false, construction of queen cups is indicative ofswarming? false true or false: inbreeding is detrimental to the honeybee colony true The two words used in the binomial system for naming living organisms stand for what? genus and species Venom and alarm pheromones: - absent at emergence- reach peak by day 14-18 when bees generally perform guarding duties The ventriculus epithelial cells secret ______ for food digestion. Food getssurrounded by the _______ membrane as it enters the ventriculus; enzymes and digested products diffuse through this membrane. enzymes, peritrophic The ventriculus of a honey beea) is an organ where food is digested and is located in the thorax of the beeb) is an organ where food is digested and is located in the head of the beec) is an organ where food is digested and is located in the abdomen of thebeed) is an organ where wastes are stored and is located in the abdomen of thebeee) none of the above is true c) What are the 2 main components ofnectar? water and sucrose. What are the 3 main sugars contained inflower nectar? Sucrose, glucose, and fructose What are the main management activitiesperformed after overwintering in earlySpring? - Feeding colonies with sugar syrup- Expanding brood nest by reversing hive bodies what colour is bee blood? clear, not red since there are no haemoglobin in red blood cells Where did Honey bees evolve? Africa or Asia. When does brood stop emerging? early october What is honey bee behavior a complex interaction of? - stimuli- genetic predisposition- physiological development- hormone regulation What happens as JH levels increase with age? propels bee from one behavioural caste to the next there is no need for other bees to direct its activities What does the blood NOTtransport? O2 and CO2 What does the bloodtransport/remove? nutrients and hormones and removes waste products What do bees do in March? begin rearing young worker bees again using stored pollen and honey What are the speies w/i the genus: Apis A mellifera, A cerana, A dorsata, A florea What percent of the species of bees social? 10% What is the other higly social group? Stingless bees Where is the greatest diversity of Apis? India What is the eastern honey bee? A cerana Who is the closest relative to A mellifera? A cerana Who produces smaller colonies, A mellifera or A cerana? A cerana What is the species name of the giant honey bee? A dorsata Who injects twice as much venom as A mellifera? A dorsata Which species can not be maaged/kept in hives? A dorsata and A florea Which species nests on single combs in trees and cliffs? That are large and exposed A dorsata What species is the dwarf honey bee? A florea Where do A florea nest on? Small single combes in trees and bushes Can subspecies breed and produce fertile offspring? yes What are ecotypes? Factors that shaoe a race or subspecies " What are the 2 synonyms for race? " sub species and ecotypes Which species is from the italian peninsula? A m ligustica What are the 2 negative of the A M liguistica req large food reserves tendency to rob other colonies What is the species from Austria nd Balkans? A M carnica What are the positives of the  a m carnica? - fast spring buildup- good honey producers- efficient use of food stores- over winter well- very quiet and gentle- resistant to disease and tracheal mites what are the negatives of a m carnica? - High tendency to swarm- susceptibility to chalk brood  What does it mean to chalk brood? Disease that affects larva - fungus that kills them What are positive characteristics of german: A M mellifera? good honey producers, efficients use of food stores, overwinter well What are negative characteristics of german: A M mellifera? - defensive and nervous- slow spring build up- susceptible to foulbrood (why theyre replace 100yrs ago)(infections that kills larva) Which are killer bees? A M scutellata A m scutellata cordovan looks like? yellow w no stripes A m scutellata buckfast significant characterstics? selected for the most productive colonies that were resistant to to tracheal mites and for gentleness A m scutellata East. Russian bees significance? resistant to varroa and tracheal mites A m scutellata africanized bees siginificance? artificially made, are more defensive Significance of mongrel bees mates in air, not sure the drone they mate w, miz of genes in the population When should you start keeping a few hives when starting? during the spring Which hive should you be basing your hive off of? Langstroth hive (1857) What are the parts of the hive? - Bottom board- Brood chamber (with frames and foundation)- Queen excluder- Supers (with frames and foundation)- Inner cover- Outer cover What are considered hive management equipment? smoker & hive tool Hive installation: "hives placed on stands, behind fences or natural barriersUneven placement of hives and use of landmarks and different colours" Things to consider when opening and inspecting a hive: - wear ppe- avoid string odours- work on warm, dry, windless and subby days- avoid jerky movements-dont block entrance- prevent robbing What does a smoker do? Calms/pacifies the bees, smoke must be sense and cool What is the opening procedure: - smoke entrance- remove covers- remove supers (using the hive tool)- smoke b/w frames- remove a lateral frame and inspect frames What would you be inspecting for? to detect and solve problems:- damged equipment- queen- colony deevlopment- swarming symptoms- diseases- food stores Why would you feed the colony? to stimulate queen laying and colony development as well as to medicate the colonies What could be used as a nectar substitute? Dry sugar or in syrup What could be used as a pollen substitute? soybean flour How to avoid robbing behaviour? - avoid spilling syrup- dont leave hives open fpr too long-close hive entrances- do not leave syrup or honey exposed What do you use for requeening? mailing cages Spring management? - food stores inspection and sugar feeding if necessary- reverse brood chambers if brood is present in upper box (early spring)- prevent and control swarming by adding supers - requeening colonies-destroying queen cells-opening hive entracnes (mid-spring) late spring management add mroe supers Fall and winter management: - inspect colonies to ensure that eacg colony is healthu with enough workers and with food stores positioned around the bee cluster- resize colonies- requeen- feed- treat against diseases and parasitesAdditionally:- combine weak colonies w strong colonies- wrap hives w isolating materials and reduce hive entrances What is honey define? - saturated sugar solution produced by honey bees from plant nectar- contains simples sugars that dont require additional digestion- also contains proteins (including enzymes), vitamins, minerals, and water (no more than 20%) order of honey production: - foraging bees collect nectar from flowers- nectar is received by another bee- conversion of nectar into honey: by chemical and physical transformation What is nectar flow? the period when flowers are producing enough nectar for the bees to collect and store.before this period, colonies are managed via swarm control then supering Honey is ready for removal when it contains less that ? % of water 18-20% Bee removal? bees need to be remived from the supers to be harvested;there are physical and chemical methods to do this Honey extracting process: 1) uncapping (removal of wax cappings covering honey cells in the combs)2) extracting (combs are centrifuged to extract the honey from the interior of their cells)3) cleaning up the honey (by settling honey in tanks for several days) Prolongued exposition of honey to high temps destroys ? and ? and ? the product? enzymes, vitamins, darkens What is the ave composition of honey? - Moisture: 17-18%- Fructose: 38%- Glucose: 30%- Sucrose: 1.3%- Maltose: 7%- Higher sugars: 1.4%- Guconic acid: 0.43%-pH: 3.91 Honey can be classified by floral source? true, a microscopic analysis of its pollen grains is ised to determine the plant species from which the nectar was collected Crystallized honey can be artificicially produced through a process of? controlled granulation What can honey be sold as? extracted liq honey, crystallized honey, chunk honey, comb honey (section or cut-comb) Uses of honey: ? - Honey can be a sweeterner- medicine Beeswax is a ? hydrocarbon secretion of bee's abd glands How to obtain beeswax? by melting cappings from honey extraction in a mold How is pollen collect from hives? By traps placed at the bottom of the hives Propolis is? A sticky resinous gum gathered by bees from trees and shrubs Define RJ: Creamy-white viscous secretion from the workers' head glands How to mass-produce RJ? "Colonies used to produce royal jelly are queen-less and are frequently supplied with capped brood to maintain them strong and with lots of young workers (royal jelly is produced by young bees). " Sex is determined by what and not by a chromosome? a gene "Sex gene in bees has more than # alleles ?" 15 there are how many sex genes in a drone? 1 How many sex genes carried by female bees? 2 What happens with larvae of diploid males? Eaten up by workers Workers eat the ? individuals? Homozygous Mitosis in somatic cells = ? 2 identical diploid cells Meiosis in germ cells = ? 4 genetically dif haploid cells other way to describe alleles? expression forms The queen uses what from all males shes mated with to fertilize eggs? sperm cells A honeybee colony is made of workers from different ? Subfamilies (patrilines) One patriline per? father (drone mated with queen) Other word for patriline? Subfamily "A1 and A2 are ? and are related by #%?" supersisters, 75% "A3 is the ? of A1 and A2, related by %?" Full sister, 50% "A4 is the ?, of A1, A2, and A3, related by %?" Half sister, related by 25% "There is evidence of African genes in HB populatios acriss Mexico.Africanization of honey bees resulted in ? honey yields per hive in temperate climates of Mexico?(The Process and Outcome of the Africanization of Honey Bees in Mexico: Lessons and Future Directions)" LOWER AHBs are more resistant to ? and ?(The Process and Outcome of the Africanization of Honey Bees in Mexico: Lessons and Future Directions) parasites, diseases "Africanized bees OG from ? as a consequence of poorly planned intoduction of bees from ?(Colonization, impact and control of Africanized honey bees in Mexico)" Brazil, Southern Africa "Prices of hive and pollination products and services should remain high because ?(Colonization, impact and control of Africanized honey bees in Mexico)" the complexity of mexicos beekeping post africanization invasion "If other hive products such as pollen and propolis could be marketed at better prices, some of the behaviors of ? could be exploited, and beekeepers would have more economic resources to control and make these bees more ?.(Colonization, impact and control of Africanized honey bees in Mexico)" Africanized bees, productive When best to start keeping bees? Early spring Parts of the hive: bottom board, brood chamber ( w/ frames and foundation), queen excluder, supers (w/ frames and foundation), inner and outer covers What should you do before place urban apiaries? talk to neighbours, provide nearby water sites, prevent swarming Early spring management? - food stores inspection and sugar feeding if necessary- reverse brood chambers if brood is present in uppper box mid-spring management? "Prevent and control swarming by adding supers, requeening colonies, destroying queen cells, and opening hive entrances " Late spring management? Add more supers Fall and Winter management? - colony inspection to ensure that each colny is healthy, with enough workers and with food stores positioned around the bee cluster- resize colonies, requeen, feed, treat against deseases and parasites-combine weak and strong colonies- wrap hives w/ isolating materials and reduce hive entrances Absconding is caused by? Disturbance or lack of forage food actions taken by keepers to manage africanized bees where eztablished include: - requeening the colonies- using the smoker more frequentlyto pacify the bees- relocating apiaries to moreisolated locations- feeding colonies during times ofdearth Africanized bees are more resistantto the parasitic mite Varroadestructor than European bees inpart b/c:A) the developmental time ofafricanized bees is shorter than thatof European beesB) africanized bees are less attractiveto varroa than are European beesC) africanized bees groomthemselves more efficiently thanEuropean beesD) africanized bees express hygienicbehaviour at a higher rate thanEuropean beesE) all of the above E all of the above Africanized honey bees in the Americas are descendants of Apis mellifera scutellate and several races of European honey bees "After mating, a queen returns to herhive carrying the ""mating sign"", that is:" the dronereproductive organinserted in hervagina Age-related tasks of worker honeybees usually take place in thefollowing order first to last: cell cleaning, brood feeding, comb building, foraging "American foulbrood canbe diagnosed in thefield bya) finding dead bees atthe hive entranceb) finding tremblingbees above the combsc) using the ""ropy test""d) finding dead younglarvaee) a) and b) are correct" C As the larva of a honeybee grows, it moults,which means it changes cuticle Beekeepers try toprevent swarming oftheir colonies because: swarms usually result in areduced honey crop Bees as well as humanscan see the followingcolours: blue, green and yellow What are the three possible reasons as to why queen cells are present in the colony? - wants to swarm (replace old w new)- lost their queen- sucks at being a queen (not laying eggs well, or not producing sufficient amount of queens substance) Demare Method: Queen and sealed brood are separated to reduce nest congestion, queen and empty combs below queen excluder; sealed brood above excluder How do bees cluster in a huddle during winter: queen in center, workers shivering (contracting their thorax muscles) around her to produce heat.Workers exchange places from outside to inside and continue moving like that to keep the center of the cluster warm at all times. Winter: cluster temp when there are brood present above 30 degrees Winter: cluster temp when there are NO brood present at least 20 degrees What does a refractometer do? measure the % of water or solids in honey Bee repellents "butyric anhydride (honey robber) OR benzaldehyde (artificial oil of almonds)" Honey extraction process: "Uncapping: the removal of wax cappingExtracting: by centrifugationCleaning: settling honey in tanks so impurities float to the top of the honey, such as capping or beeswax or bee body partsFiltration/straining: to remove small particles, sugar crystals and pollen grains" Two types of honey extractors: radial and tangential When should you reverse a colony? When conditions warm up and brood moves in the upper chamber When reversing a colony, what would combiming it with stimulate colony growth? W feeding What is the centrifuge with perforations? Capping spinner, main source of beeswax for keeper What are the 3 types of uncapping tools? - Electrical heated knife- forks-uncapping machines When do you know to add more supers? When theres new white wax at the top of the frames WHat sugars is honey, mostly? mostly fructose and glucose Nectar contains mostly what sugar? sucrose For queen rearing: when to graft larvae? day 1 What do they mean by bi-potent? The brood has not differentiated into a worker or queen yet, they can become either. Describe Nucs (Nucleus colonies) - Small colonies, sold in boxes- Contains 3-4 frames that have brood and honey stores, as well as workers Why does buying full hives suck in comparison to buying Nucs? could carry spores of dif pathogens, ridden with disease What to consider when chossing apiary locations? "Away from traffic, animals, and humansGood air circ, and good water drainageProximity to flowering plants and waterProtection from direct windsEntrance exposed to morning sunAway from pesticide applications (dont want to lose them)Accessible to vehicles in all seasonsClose to extracting facilities" Where should you place apiaries? "Hives placed on stands (dont want humidity (inc bad moisture and inc risks of disease infestation)1m away from each otherBehind fences natural barriers (shrubs, trees)Uneven placement of hives rather than on straight rows (so that they look different from b eye view)Equipment painted w dif colours that BEES CAN SEE (white, green, blue)80% of beekeepers in Ontario are hobby beekeepers which have less then 20 hivesIn Ontario ave is 80-90 lbs of honey/year, VS Alberta a hive can produce 100kg/year" When opening the hive, what do u need to consider? "Wear protective equipmentAvoid strong odours to prevent excessive stinging by the bees (such as old spice, or B-O), bees react to them via stingingBeekeepers in the season use neutral unscented soapHave the smoker ready beforeWork on warm, dry, windless, and sunny daysDont leave hive open for too long, we dont want to promote robbing behaviourAvoid jerky or rapid movements bc that promotes stingingDont the blockade the hive entrance, place on the side or behind the hive" Why is it rare to find brood in a lateral frame? "Queen works to the center of the hive to a lateral hive. THEREFORE, very rare you find brood in the lateral hive" How many hives is considered a strong colony? 9-10 populated frames Why should you inspect the colonies? "To detect and solve potential or existing problemsTo replace damaged equipmentAssess colony developmentCheck for queen presenceTo assess queen performance (none to little sace between capped brood)Detect swarming symptomsSigns of diseasesFood storesMUST BE DONE EACH SPRING AND FALL , inspect in spring to be ready for the summer, in the fall because you want the colony to be prepared for the winter" What do you use to treat for mites? caricites Food stares are needed for what? colony development and winter survival What are nectar substitutes? "Sugar (dry or in syrup), honey, & HFCS (high fructose corn syrup)" What are pollen substitutes? "soybean flour mixed w sugar syrup (not always necessary)" Explain the introducing of a new queen: Mailing/bento or plastic cages. Hole at top and sugarey paste dividing the queen from the hole. The workers will eat through this eventually working way to queen. Takes 2-3 days, and permits time for colony to adjust to new queen scent so that they do not immediately consider her as an invader and aphyxiate her.  How are AHBs better than EHBs? - express more hygienic/grooming behaviour, inhibiting pathogen reproduction- Collect more pollen and propolis- more defensive What are Ontario Hbs called? Carniolan What are Californian Hbs called? italian What are disadvantges of AHBs? - sting more (more defensive)- produce less honey- swarm more-more costly to manage PPE to wear and tools to have: - light coloured coveralls- gloves-bales-boots+ smoker and hive tools Requirements to keep HBs? - info on bee bio- bee hives- bees- apiary- ppe-management equipment-interest-time When to start keeping bees: spring: bees have the remainder of the season to become established- few hives 5-10 Hive parts: - bottom board- brood chamber w/ frames and foundation- queen excluder- honey supers (w frames and foundation)- inner cover- outer cover Sex ratio:  15k drones : 5 queens Individual repro vs colony level repro? individual: mating b/w queens and dronescolony: production of several colonies by swarming Interconnection: xolony level repro depends on the repro of the individuals How do queens spread pheromones? via contact and trophallaxis Why does swarming occur? Due to colony inc so much that they must leave the hive, make or find a new one What happens with no queen: "in 21 days, they will all develop ovaries of all workers, u know that thats happened if there are more then one eggs layed in the cells (queens would never do that), and they dont mate with drones, and they only produce drones " Do drones have dads and grandfathers? no dads, yes grandfathers Define parthogenesis: "made by one parent, not needing fertilization" how long after emergence are drones sexually mature? 2-3 weeks Queen is poly-? Poly androus "Certain genes are predisposed to certain ___? " stimuli "Family of bees are composed of several _______ depending on the number of drones the queen has mated with" subfamilies How old is a virgin queen when she goes off on an mating flight? 8 days old Whats a bee's larvae GIT like? Closed Why are bees considered bipotent? bc theyve the potency to become a queen or a worker Where is visuasl discrimination best at the centre rather than the edges How do workers sense the piping from thequeen(s)? comb is like a giant soundboard, so they're seeing vibrations (don't hearsounds in same way as us) Describe the activities of the swarmand swarm bees -most workers in swarm are inactive-a few workers forage for nectar (to replenish what honey metabolized by swarm bees)-scout bees 'forage' for a new nest site-scout bees: oldest, most experienced foragers that know the surrounding environment(50kmsquared)-scouts locate and evaluate possible nest site-scout bees do waggle dances (indicate direction and distance to nest site) and recruitother bees-gradually swarm reaches agreement-'Scwirrlauf' again; swarm becomes airborne, slowly flies in direction of nest cavity-experienced scouts lead other bees to cavity-bees enter new nest; begin to build combs and forage for pollen and nectar, queen layseggs and workers rear larvae, etc-race begins to build enough combs, raise enough bees, and store enough honey to make itthrough the coming winter Why do undertakers respond first to adead bee? their patriline more sensitive to scent of dead bee Do all bees have the genes to do certain behaviours? Yes; when presented with different stimuli, that's when different patrilines respond What is temperature important for in colony? development of larvae (affects expression of certain diseases; some diseases expressthemselves more when brood gets chilled) Do multi-patriline colonies performbetter than single-patriline colonies? Give two examples* Yes; a) -a honey bee colony is characterized by high genetic diversity among its workers,generated by high levels of multiple mating by its queen-few clear benefits of this genetic diversity are known-brood nest temperatures in genetically diverse colonies (i.e. those sired by severalmales) tend to be more stable than in genetically uniform ones (i.e. those sired by onemale)b) -honey bee queens mate with many males, creating numerous patrilines withincolonies that are genetically distinct-the effects of genetic diversity on colony productivity and long-term fitness areunknown-swarms from genetically diverse colonies (15 patrilines per colony) founded newcolonies faster than swarms from genetically uniform colonies (1 patriline per colony)-accumulated differences in foraging rates, food storage, and population growth led toimpressive boosts in the fitness (i.e. drone production and winter survival) of geneticallydiverse colonies) DO workers feed their supersister larvae more or less than their half sister? More, that inc the chances of their genes being passed on The worker bees works at the followingjobs in the order from first to last: cleans, nurses, forages, stores, and guards Worker bees may become precocious(early) foragers if a. The older bees in the hive are lostb. The beekeeper splits a colony and uses only the young bees for the new colony Why would you want to artificially feedyour colonies? to stimulate queen laying and colony development, medicate colonies Why were honeybees imported fromafrica to brazil? - to produce a bee better suited to the tropical conditions of brazil- to increase number of colonies and honey production in brazil- political pressures Why is swarming detrimental to modernbeekeeping? colonies that swarm loose population and produce less honey Why is it important to place hives atuneven spots/random alignment? easier for the bees to tell which hive is theirs Why is inbreeding bad for bees? reduces number of sex alleles which may result in scattered brood pattern Why do bees show/expose their Nasonovgland? To release a mating pheromone and to release a hive recognition pheromone Why are most bees mongrel bees? because there is no way for bees to fully mate with the same species, most bees are composed of bees of many races, few genes mixed Why are congregation areas locatedseveral km away from colonies? to prevent inbreeding Why are bees sperm cells very long? need to travel a long way to find spermatheca Why are bee hives not closed up tightfor the winter? to allow the beers to go out for cleansing flights when weather permits, to prevent condensation build-up in the hive, and to allow for fresh air or respiration Which series of reproductive parts bestdescribes the possible path of a bee'segg to the outside world? proximal ovariole, right oviduct, common oviduct, vaginal cavity Which senses are used by Europeanbees to interpret the waggle dance andits associated information? olfaction, touch, sound Is the nasanov gland in the abd? NO Has Beeswax originated from secretions ofthoraxic glands? NO Where is the makes semen stored in the female? spermatheca Where does the sperm travel? goes from central oviduct to lateral oviduct, some to spermatheca and thenothers discarded Where does fertilization take place? median oviduct Where does beeswax originates from secretions of abdominal glands make all movements_____ to ______ likelihood of being stung smooth, decrease What two species of bee makes up africanized bees? Apis mellifera scutellata and Apis mellifera (european races) What things immediately happen after the queen develops? - she emerges and is fed- she searches for rival queens andqueen cells- she kills potential queens either in theircell or fights them to the death What temperature would you expect in the centre of an overwintering cluster in late February? and why? about 35 C because there is brood to incubate. What steps should you go through if you seequeen cells being made? 1. look for eggs: no eggs=no queen, eggs=swarming or queen supersedure2. colony population: if colony is heavily populated and its May/June=swarming3. strength of colony: weak colony=supersedure What percentage of sperm does queen actually keep? 10-20% What is the queen doing during the queen rearing process? -the week before swarming: Q continues to lay eggs but at defining rate as shereabsorbs eggs and 'slims down'--workers must feed her less-queen goes from poor flier to good flier as she loses weight-at time of the swarm, she is forced from the nest by the masses of exiting bees-queen frequently attempts to re-enter the nest, but is usually forced back out-Q follows the worker bee attraction pheromone and joins the growing mass ofworkers; once with the swarming bees, her pheromones cause the swarmingcluster to become calm-workers control the swarming process--not the queen-'pheromone duet'--workers attract other workers and queens with Nasanovpheromone; stability of swarm cluster depends on presence of Q pheromone-if queen manages to re-enter her nest, the swarming workers will detect herabsence quickly (Q pheromone has half life of 25 min) and return to theiroriginal colony=False Swarm What is the primary swarm? half the been population and the old queen leave parental colony What is the opening procedure of a hive? smoke in a zig zag movement, remove covers, remove supers, smoke between frames, remove lateral frame and inspect frames What is the main source of wax for beekeepers? wax cappings What is the Doolittle method? - grafting larvae fro comb to artificial cup, only 24 hrs old- cell building, introduce grafted larvae into a no queen colony.. queen can be in lower box, boxmust contain young workers- harvest 9-11 days after grafting.. still capped, remove queen cells What is royal jelly? namebee uses and human uses creamy white viscous secretion from workers head glands- use bees as brood and queen food- contains sugars, proteins, fatty acids, B and C vitamins- human uses: cosmetic industry.. more research needed What is propolis? name bee uses and human uses sticky resinous gum from trees bee usage: sealing, caulking preserving material, natural antibiotic- humans: folk medicine, added to lotions toothpastes, more research isneeded What is pollen? name bee uses and human uses male reproductive cells of flowering plant- bee use: supplies nutrients for brood rearing and adult bee growth- pollen traps invented at UofG- people use: dietary supplements What is fat body? The storage organ for lipid and glycogen What is Ernestos favourite honey? ORANGE HONEY HE LOVES CITRUS LIKE ME what is chalkbrood caused by? caused by a fungus which infects bee larvae What is beeswax? Name bee uses and human uses hydrocarbon secretion of bees abdominal glands- used by bees as building material, 2% of honey produced is beeswax,lighter than water- used by humans for wax foundation, candles, cosmetics, creams What is a subfamily or patriline of bees? female progeny from each drone, each patriline per father What happens to the queen immediately after mating? her ovaries develop and she begins egg laying What happens the remainder of thesummer whether or not the colonyswarms?* -colony rears sufficient worker bees to be able to survive the coming winter-colony stores sufficient honey for the colony's needs in the coming winter What happens in the late spring, forbackground to colony reproduction? -in May, weather conditions usually ensure an abundance of pollen and nectar(dandelions and maples and fruit trees)-worker bee population increases very rapidly-if nest cavity is relatively small, the bees begin to become crowded, setting the state forswarming=colony reproduction-both parental colony and each swarm (daughter colony) must have a queen andthousands of workers-colony division must occur What happens in the fall for bees?* -brood stops emerging by early October (egg laying ceases by October or November )-transition from 'summer bees' to 'winter bees'-in summer, workers live ~35 days (max 50 days)-in winter, workers live on average 140 days (max 320 days ~1 Aug to 15 June)-percentage of emerging bees that become 'winter bees' gradually increases during themonth of September-winter bees do little or no work, develop a large fat body What happens during mating for the drones? -only activity of drones is orientation and mating flights: asuccessful male is one that mates-1-5pm-drones fly from colonies: 15-30min flights-Germans studying in valleys of the Alps: convinced that dronesfly to 'drone congregation areas' where they wait for queens in theair-visually no obvious characteristics of DCAs-radar tracking in USA: flying drones follow streams, edges offields, hedgerows, roads-drones circle and fly higher at junctions of flight paths-in whatlook like DCAs-aggregations of drones also occur at local magnetic sources:power lines, old car body-intense competition between drones: 1000+ drones per queen What happens at the end of theswarming process?* -2-3 days after 1st queen emerges from the queen cell, an afterswarm (secondary swarm)leaves the parent colony-afterswarming process can repeat every 1-2 days until level of crowding is low; thenworkers allow remaining queens in queen cells to emerge-queens 'fight' until only one remains-swarming process ends-one swarming cycle-->1 prime swarm + 0-4 afterswarms + original colony: up to 6 colonieswhere there was originally just one "What glands of a queen beeproduce the so-called ""queensubstance""?" Mandibular glands What does the smoke do to bees? it makes them engorge themselves, they prepare to leave the hive in this unsafe situation..they fill their abdomens full with honey and they cannot bend their abdomen to sting you What does the queen do duringmating? -flies from her nest and returns 15-30 minutes later: she is extremely busy during her shortmating flight-indirect evidence: queens mate ~1km from their nest-drones orient to queens visually (big eyes) and chemically (queen substance)-up to 100+ drones chase the queen, like a tail on a comet (called a 'drone comet')-queens take zig-zag flight; when queen turns, most drones chase each other, leaving only afew that stay with Q-queen allows a male to mount her back, in midair-he becomes stimulated; as he everts his genitalia, he becomes paralyzed; instant death-queen flies through DCA again and mates repeatedly-queen mates 10+ times in rapid succession before returning to nest (queens of gianthoneybees mate up to 100 times)-~7million sperm stored in queen's spermatheca-each drone has ~5 million sperm, almost enough to fill the Q's spermathecal by himself-all female bees (queens and workers) develop from fertilized eggs-the queen only takes mating flights when young-she stores sperm potentially for 5-6 years--the entire life of a queen-if insufficient sperm are received, queen takes a second acting flight, or a third-once fully mated, Q's ovaries quickly enlarge and she starts egg-laying What are the pros of italian bees? - fast spring build up- maintain populous colonies- good honey producers- overwinter well- low tendency to swarm- acceptable temperament- resistant to foulbrood What are the levels of reproduction? individual and colony Queens and drones mate in : in the air always Pros of carniolan bee? - fast spring buildup- good honey producers- efficient use of food stores- overwinter well- gentle and quiet- resistant to nosema and tracheal mites A mated queen can lay the following types of eggs a. Fertilized eggsb. Unfertilized eggs Main species within the genus Apis: mellifer (western honeybee)cerana (eastern hb)dorsata (giant hb)florea (dwarf hb) The large compound eyes of the drone are used to Locate a queen in a matingcongregation agea How to prevent robbing behaviour - avoid spilling syrup, do not leave hives open for too long, close hive entrances, do not leave syrup or honey exposed How many sex alleles can be expressed in thesperm of individual drones and eggs of queenhoney bees, respectively? 1 in a drone and 2 in a queen AHBs in the Americas are descendants of: Apis mellifera scutellata and several races of European HBs What are the 2 major components of nectar? water + sucrose Does crossing over and recomb occur in drone sperm production? NO,bc drones carry a single set of xsomes and this xoms synapsis w homologous xsomes cant occur When a keeper unwraps the hives in the spring, the following should be checked: - is the colony alive- are there any disease symptoms present?- Do the bees need food?- Is the queen present? Which traits are known to be heritable in HBs? - defensive behaviour- hygienic behaviour-honey production Ecotype/race A.mellifera is susceptible to: American and European Foulbrood mellifera Reproduction at the colony level is initiated by: workers building swarm cells A hive tool is reqd to  pry out frames that the bees have fixed in place with propolis To prevent colonies from swarming you provide them with frames containing empty drawn comb for the queen to lay eggs, destroy queen cells if observed, remove entrance reducers from hives Africanized bees are more resistant to the parasitic mite Varroa destructor than European bees in part because - dev is shorter than EHBs- less attractive for warroa- groom theselves more efficiently-AHBs express hygienic behaviour at a higher rate than EHBs Queens are excluded from honey supers to: keep them from laying eggs in the honey cells Queens produce chemical substances called pheromones, some of which: act as sexual attractant for drone The queen honey bee mates: more than once, with several drone  When establishing an apiary you have to consider the following: that the selected site is away from animaland humans & that no pesticides are applied within 2-3km from the chosen site This is the most popular race of honey bee in North America: Apis mellifera ligustica How many times can a queen honey bee sting?  several times Beekeepers try to prevent swarming of their colonies because: swarms usually result in decreased honey crop Sister worker honey bees that are daughters of the same father and mother share ___ genes in common 75% A super is a box with frames used in a hive to Store honey This is a subspecies of honey bee that evolved in former Yugoslavia and Austria (Balkans region) pis mellifera carnic After mating, a queen returns to their hive carrying the “mating sign,” that is the drone reproductive organ inserted in her vagina The best places to stand when opening a hive to inspect a honey bee colony  at the back of the hive and at either side of the hive Two functions of the hive brood chamber are to provide comb cells for the workers to rear larvae and for pollen storage In which regions is Apis mellifera scutellate naturally found southeastern Africa The following factors favoured the evolution of high defensive behaviour in races of honey bees human and animal predation of colonies When 2 virgin queens emerge simultaneously they fight until one is dead A larva heterozygotic at the sex locus may develop into a worker bee or queen bee Actions taken by beekeepers to manage Africanized bees where established include requeening of colonies, using the smoker more frequently to pacify the bees, relocating apiaries to more isolated locations, feeding colonies during times of death Worker honey bees build queen cups in a colony in response to abundant nectar and pollen & increasing photoperiod Colonies of honey bees are fed light sucrose syrup in the spring mainly to: stimulate the queen to lay eggs and expand the brood nest he hive component that keeps the queen restricted to the brood chamber iscalled the queen excluder The main management activities performed during early spring in overwintered honey bee colonies feeding them with sugar syrup and expanding their brood nest by reversing hive bodies The main reason why African honey bees were introduced to South America was to breed them for increased honey production What are the most basic functions of a bee hive? all of the above (to protect bees from weather, to allow bees to defend themselves from predators and pests & to allow the beekeeper access to the hive it or to harvest bee products) Varroa sensitive hygiene (VSH) bees are a strain of hygienic honey bees resistant to: varroa mites that was developed by US scientists Colony swarming can be prevented b supplying the hive with supers to provide space as the colony grows, removing the hive entrance reducer by early spring to... During a colony inspection you notice that there are queen cells being built on the combs. (the colony is queenless, the colony issuperseding the queen, the colony will swarm) When you inspect a colony, you do the following after opening a hive  Remove one or more lateral frames, place them outside the hive, and then remove and inspect frames from the middle of the brood chamber  The drones produced in a single queen colony are all brothers A honey bee colony is most likely to swarm during mid and late spring  An emergency cell is a cell constructed in the middle of the brood comb for rearing a new queen.  Trophallaxis in honey bees means  food or pheromone exchange mouth to mouth between adult bees  T/F: drones are expelled from hives as the weather cools in the fall  TRUE Honey bees start clustering together inside the hive when the external temperate is drops below 13°C How many sex alleles can be expressed in the sperm of individual drones andeggs of queen honey bees, respectively? 1 in a drone and 2 in a queen

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