BECC0703 Midterms Reviewer PDF

BECC0703 HISTORY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Civil Engineering is the profession that designs and executes structural works for the society. Civil engineering has been an aspect of life since the beginnings of human existence. In ancient age, civil engineering i...

BECC0703 HISTORY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Civil Engineering is the profession that designs and executes structural works for the society. Civil engineering has been an aspect of life since the beginnings of human existence. In ancient age, civil engineering is demonstrated by how man used old caves for shelter and the old tree trunk for crossing rivers. In this course packet, we will discuss the development of civil engineering when humans started to abandon nomadic experience. Between 4000 and 2000 BC The earliest practices of Civil engineering may have commenced in Ancient Egypt and Ancient Iraq. Circa 2700-2500 BC The construction of Pyramids in Egypt might be considered the first instances of large structure constructions. Around 2550 BC Imhotep, the first documented engineer, built a famous stepped pyramid for King Djoser located at Saqqara Necropolis. 1 AD Architecture book by the Roman architect Vitruvius, called De Architectura, was published in Rome. It is a treatise which combines the history of ancient architecture and engineering with the author's personal experience and advice on the subject. It was probably written around 15 BC by Vitruvius and dedicated to his patron, the emperor Caesar Augustus, as a guide for building projects. 3rd century BC 1   One of the earliest examples of a scienti c approach to physical and mathematical problems applicable to civil engineering is the work of Archimedes, including Archimedes Principle, which underpins our understanding of buoyancy, and practical solutions such as Archimedes’ screw. 7th century AD Brahmagupta, an Indian mathematician, used arithmetic, based on Hindu- Arabic numerals, for excavation (volume) computations. 18th Century In ancient times, civil engineering is considered to be the first main discipline of engineering, and the engineers were in fact military engineers with expertise in military and civil works. During the era of battles, the engineers were engaged to assist the soldiers fighting in the battle eld by making used for ghting the enemy. However, during peace time, they were concerned mainly with civil activities such as building fortifications for defense, making bridges, canals, etc. Until the 18th century where the term civil engineering was coined to incorporate all things civilian as opposed to military engineering. 1747 The first engineering school, The National School of Bridges and Highways, France, was opened. Its teachers wrote about books that became standard works on the mechanics of materials, machines, and hydraulics. 1756 - 59 The first self-proclaimed civil engineer was John Smeaton who constructed the Eddystone Lighthouse. The Eddystone Lighthouse in located on the dangerous Eddystone Rocks in England. The rocks are submerged below the surface of the sea and composed of Precambrian gneiss making it an accident prone for ships. The rst and second lighthouse built were destroyed by storm and fire, respectively. The third lighthouse was built by Smeaton and it was best known for designing such structure. He pioneered the use of hydraulic lime. His lighthouse remained until 1877. 2 fi  fi fi fi  1771 Smeaton and some of his colleagues formed the Smeatonian Society of Civil Engineers. Its objective was to bring together experienced engineers, entrepreneurs, and lawyers to promote the building of large public works, such as canals, and to secure the parliamentary powers necessary to execute their arrangements. 1818 World’s first engineering society, the Institution of Civil Engineers was founded in London, and in 1820 the eminent engineer Thomas Telford became its first president. The institution received a Royal Charter in 1828, formally recognizing civil engineering as a profession. Its charter de ned civil engineering as: “Civil Engineering is the application of physical and scientific principles, and its history is intricately linked to advances in understanding of physics and mathematics throughout history. Because civil engineering is a wide-ranging profession, including several separate specialized sub- disciplines, its history is linked to knowledge of structures, material science, geography, geology, soil, hydrology, environment, mechanics, and other fields.” 1819 The first private college to teach Civil Engineering in the United States was Norwich University founded by Captain Alden Partridge. The first degree in Civil Engineering in the United States was awarded by Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in 1835. The first such degree to be awarded to a woman was granted by Cornell University to Nora Stanton Blatch in 1905. 3  fi  THE START OF CIVIL ENGINEERING IN THE PHILIPPINES Civil Engineering, as practiced in the Philippines during the Spanish era, was not by virtue of an academic title. The only architects/engineers with academic degrees in the country at that time were the Spaniards. Social prejudice constrained the repressed indio builders to content Filipino civil engineers to be called mere Maestro de Obras (Master Builders) even if they could design and build any type of structure that technology could allow at that time. In this course packet, we will situation of civil engineering throughout Philippines’ historical events such as colonization and martial law. DURING SPANISH TIME The walled city in Intramuros was established by the Spaniards as a model community. The Friar Architects/Engineers during that time were the ones who built the government buildings, bridges, residential and other structures, incorporated European standards in engineering and architectural installations. During the 18th and 19th centuries, Filipino engineers were assigned the task of maintaining, repairing and/or remodelling infrastructure systems in all “pueblos” or towns including churches, convents and government buildings. Maestro de Obras were called by the Ilustrados or the elite group to build structures in villas and mansions. 1868 The Bureau of Public Works and Highways (Obras Publicas) and Bureau of Communications and Transportation (Communicationes y Meteologia) were organized under a civil engineer known as “Director General”. 1890 School for Maestro de Obras called Escuela Practica y Professional de Artes y Oficios de Manila was founded. 4   FIRST PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC The Organic Decree issued by Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo establishing the Philippine Revolutionary Government created four (4) government departments among which was the Department of War and Public Works. Though once included in the Department of War, now Department of National Defense, its functions as builder and maintainer of roads, bridges and other public works structures are inherent in the present Department. The inclusion of public works in the War and Department can be explained by the exigencies of the revolutionary period. The construction of fortifications and trenches was needed in the cause for freedom which our heroes had fought for. When Spain ceded the Philippines to the United States in 1898, the public works and activities were placed under the U.S. Army Engineers. 1899 The Malolos Constitution was ratified during a general assembly of Congress, and the first Council of Government of the First Philippine Republic was created with Apolinario Mabini as President of the Cabinet (i.e. Prime Minister). When Mabini was replaced by Pedro Paterno as President of the Cabinet, seven departments were set up and among them was the Comunicaciones y Obras Publicas (i.e. the Communications and Public Works Department). Since then, Public Works, Transportation, and Communications have been grouped into one department. 5   DURING AMERICAN REGIME 1900 Foundation of the Liceo de Manila. This is the first private institution offering academic course for maestro de obras and headed by Leon Ma. Guerrero. February 6, 1901 Public works and projects were placed under the “Provincial Supervisions” by virtue of Act No. 83 passed by the Philippine Commission. The 1901 municipal code provided for popularly elected municipal board members who were responsible for collecting taxes, maintaining municipal properties, and undertaking necessary construction projects. 1902 The first professional association of architecture and surveyors was born on September 14, 1902 with the creation of the Academia de Arquitectura y Agrimensura de Filipinas (AAAF). The Philippine Commission passed Act Nos. 222 and 268 creating the Department of Commerce and Police which gave birth to the Bureau of Engineering and Construction of Public Works and the Bureau of Architecture and Construction of public buildings. 1903 AAFF changed the name of association to Academia de Ingenieria, Arquitectura y Agrimensura de Filipinas (AIAAF) – including civil engineers and surveyors. AIAAF merged with the Liceo and established the Escuela de Ingeniera y Arquitectura, which offered a five-year course in architecture and civil engineering. It eased to operate after a year of inception. In 1908, it was reorganized and reopened its doors to students but this time offered a three-year course for architecture, civil engineering and electrical engineering. However, it was closed in 1912. 6   1905 Act No. 1401 of the Philippine Commission passed on October 4, 1905, abolished engineering districts and positions of district engineers. On October 26 of the same year, however, by virtue of a Reorganization Act, the Bureau of Public Works was created and placed under the Department of Commerce and Police. Along with the economic growth of the country was the need for a more extensive road network that would penetrate the rural areas. In order to achieve that end, provincial boards were created in 1907 with authority to collect double cedula taxes to finance the construction of provincial roads and bridges. May 18, 1907 The Faculty of Engineering of the University of Santo Tomas (UST) was established as School of Civil Engineering with one program offering leading to the degree of Master of Science in Civil Engineering (MSCE). It is the oldest engineering school in the Philippines. During the early years of U.S. occupation, most of the civil engineers in our country came from America. The College was patterned after the University of Havana in Cuba and was rst set up at the second floor of the old UST building in Intramuros. 1910 The Board of Regents of the University of the Philippines, in a resolution passed on June 3, 1910, appointed Mr. W.J. Colbert as acting Dean of the College of Engineering. His appointment was set to effect on June 13, 1910 thereby creating the College of Engineering. Dean Colbert was authorized to prepare the curriculum and select the necessary teaching personnel for the new course. Initially, a four-year course leading to the degree of Bachelor of Science with an additional degree of Civil Engineer upon completion of an extra year of study was approved. 1911 The AIAAF was dissolved when the civil engineers (and other engineering profession) withdrew to form their own professional organization (The Philippine Society of Engineers), but not before it has struggled for the passage of an Engineers and Architects Law. 7  fi  1916 To keep pace with further development in transportation and communications, the Department of Commerce and Police was transformed into the Department of Commerce and Communications under Reorganization Act No. 2666 of 1916. It consists of the Bureau of Commerce and Industry, Bureau of Supply, Bureau of Public Works, Bureau of Posts, Bureau of Labor and Bureau of Coast and Geodetic Survey. February 23, 1921 The Engineers and Architects Law (Act No. 2985) passed. The law created separate Board of Examiners for civil engineering and architecture. They were schooled abroad as civil engineers and architects. Due to this law, Filipinos were allowed to practice as Architects and Engineers because of their experience as Maestro de Obras in the Spanish Period. Public Act No. 2985 was enacted empowering the Secretary of Commerce and Communication to appoint members of the boards of the architecture and engineering professions. The Act, which contained very general provisions on the regulation of engineering and architecture, was later amended by Acts No. 3159 and 3182. 1928 A group of civil engineers from the government sector formed the Philippine Society of Civil Engineers (PSCE) which was the first civil engineering organization in the Philippines with Engr. Marcial Kasilag as its first president. Engr. Kasilag thereupon received the honor of holding PRC Registration Number 1 for Civil Engineers. He then occupied a high-ranking position in the government and the early members of PSCE were government engineers. May 1, 1931 Philippine Legislature passed Act No. 4007, renaming the Department of Commerce and Communications as Department of Public Works and Communications. This Act, however, did not state the proper composition and functions of the DPWC. 8   COMMONWEALTH GOVERNMENT 1935 On August 2, 1935, Act Number 4211 was enacted permitting under-aged persons to take the board exam on condition that they will not practice their profession until they attained the required age of 21. During the inauguration of the Commonwealth Government on November 15, 1935, a reorganization of the DPWC was undertaken. Under the set up, it was composed of the Bureau of Public Works, Ports, Aeronautics, Coast and Geodetic Survey, Metropolitan Water District Division of Marine, Railway and Repair Shop, National Radio Broadcasting, Irrigation Council and Board of Examiners for Civil, Mechanical, Chemical and Mining Engineers. 1937 The Philippine Association of Civil Engineers (PACE) was formed from a group of civil engineers in the private sector with Engr. Enrique Sto. Tomas Cortes as its first president. The PACE being the most active than the PSCE led to the transfer of many PSCE members to PACE. 1938 Statutes for practice of architecture from engineering separated by law – National Assembly Bill No. 1850. 9   DURING JAPANESE OCCUPATION (WORLD WAR II) 1941 Outbreak of World War II, the Department of Public Works and Communications (DPWC) and other government offices were practically abolished due to dislocation of manpower, lack of funds, materials and equipment, installation of enemy administration and the setting up of resistance movement. 24 December 1941 to 01 August 1944 During the Japanese occupation, the exiled Commonwealth government of President Manuel Quezon issued Executive Order 396, which reorganized and grouped the cabinet. The Department of Public Works and Communication became the Department of National Defense, Public Works, Communications and Labor, with Basilio Valdes as Secretary. AFTER THE WAR After the Second World War, the new independent Philippine government continued the rehabilitation and construction of roads, bridges, buildings and other infrastructures, through the reparations and war damages paid by the Japanese government. Other financial grants and aids received from the US government were used in the construction and rehabilitation of roads, bridges, buildings and other infrastructures. 1945 The reorganization of the government after it was re established on Philippine soil was undertaken with Executive Order No. 27 on February 27. The Department of National Defense and Communications was again named Department of Public Works and Communications. 1947 10   The authority of the Department of Public Works and Communications was further expanded when the Motor Vehicles Office was placed under its direct supervision. 1949 Laws separating statutes between architects and engineers passed June 17, 1950 The Architects (Philippine Institute of Architects) prepared and lobbied the passing of the first Architect’s law (RA 545) while the Civil Engineers (Philippine Association of Civil Engineers), the Civil Engineering law (RA 544, through the efforts of PACE President Alberto Guevarra) was also passed the same year. 1951 President Elpidio Quirino under Executive Order No. 392, the DPWC was again reconstituted to Department of Public Works, Transportation and Communications (DPWTC) to include the Bureaus of Public Works, Posts, Telecommunications, Motor Vehicles Office, Irrigation Council, Flood Control Commission, Radio Control Board, National Transportation Board and Government Quarters Committee. 1954 Bureau of Public Highways (BPH) was created and placed under The Department of Public Works, Transportation and Communications (DPWTC) June 16, 1956 Civil Engineering law was further amended by Republic Act No. 1582. On the same year, the Architecture law was further amended by Republic Act No. 1581. 1961 The Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines (ASEP) was founded. June 19, 1965 R.A No. 4566 was enacted– regulating constructions or “The Contractor’s License Law”. 11   DURING MARTIAL LAW (MARCOS ERA) The 70’s is commonly known as the Martial Law years. Declared in 1972, the first few years of its implementation brought about good things to our country. In the early 1970's, there were already 591 national and municipal ports plus 200 private ports scattered all over the country necessitating the need for long-range planning and rationalization of port development. But its later years proved to be the most trying times of our country. 1973 On June 1973, President Ferdinand E. Marcos issued Presidential Decree 223, creating the Professional Regulation Commission (PRC) regulating all professions and accrediting only one organization to represent each profession. December 11, 1973 The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) issued Registration Certificate No.53896 to the Philippine Institute of Civil Engineers, Inc. (PICE). This was the culmination and fulfilment of a vision to merge two separate organizations of civil engineers in the country, the Philippine Society of Civil Engineers (PSCE) and the Philippine Association of Civil Engineers (PACE). 1974 On February 1974, the first election of officers of PICE was held and Engr. Cesar Caliwara became its first president. In order to truly unite the civil engineers of the Philippines, provincial chapters were organized. Bureau of Public Highways (BPH) was expanded as The Department of Public Highways (DPH) The former Bureau of Public Highways was expanded and restructured into the Department of Public Highways (DPH) for a more effective administration of the country’s highway system through Administrative Order No. 2, dated July 1, 1974. 12   1975 The first International convention was held in the Philippines on May 20 to 24, 1975 with the theme “Civil Engineering in Disaster Prevention Control." (Philippine Institute of Civil Engineers). August 13, 1975 The Professional Regulation Commission (PRC) recognized the PICE as the only official organization of civil engineers in the Philippines with Accreditation No. 007. President Ferdinand Marcos, by a Presidential Decree, the System Internationale (SI) system of units was mandated in the Philippines. 1976 With the shift in the form of government, national agencies were renamed from Departments to Ministries. Department of Public Works, Transportation and Communications (DPWTC) became Ministry of Public Works, Transportation and Communications (MPWTC) & Department of Public Highways (DPH) as Ministry of Public Highways (MPH). February 19, 1977 Presidential Decree 1096, otherwise known as the National Building Code of the Philippines (the “NBCP”) signed by then President Ferdinand Marcos on and its Implementing Rules and Regulations (“IRR”); April 7, 1978 Presidential Decree No. 1350 was promulgate – allowing applicants for citizenship to take the board exam pending the approval of their petition. 13   July 23, 1979 Under Executive Order No. 546, MPWTC was again restructured into two (2) Ministries – the Ministry of Public Works (MPW) and the Ministry of Transportation and Communications (MOTC), integrating all bureaus and of ces concerned with public works functions and activities under the Ministry of Public Works. The same went true with all of ces involved in transportation and communications which were placed under the supervision and administration of the Ministry of Transportation and Communications. 1981 Under Executive Order No. 710 dated July 27, 1981, the Ministries of Public Works and Public Highways were merged for a more effective and sustained implementation of infrastructure projects. Under the restructured set-up, the agency was known as the Ministry of Public Works and Highways (MPWH) with 14 regional offices, 94 districts and 60 city engineering offices, ve (5) bureaus and six (6) service offices, in addition to corporations and councils attached to the Ministry for administrative supervision. In as early as 1981, the Philippine Board of Examiners for the Various Licensure Examinations for the Practice of Engineering and Architecture began to use the new system of units, SI. 14  fi fi fi  AFTER EDSA REVOLUTION January 30, 1987 By virtue of Executive Order No. 124, the Ministry of Public Works and Highways (MPWH) is now known as the Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH) with ve (5) bureaus, six (6) services, 16 regional offices, 24 project management offices, 16 regional equipment services and 118 district engineering offices. As the primary engineering and construction arm of the government, the DPWH is responsible for the planning, design, construction and maintenance of infrastructures such as roads and bridges, flood control systems, water resource development projects and other public works in accordance with national objectives. 1991 And for the rst time, a "Civil Engineering Week" for the period November 3 to 9, 1991 was declared by Malacañang through Proclamation No. 799 issued on September 20, 1991 by President Corazon C. Aquino. The C.E. week was celebrated nationwide through coordinated activities of all PICE chapters and the PICE National Board culminating in the most successful and well-attended '91 PICE Annual Convention (1,400 plus registered participants). 1993 The Board of Civil Engineering (at PRC) held its first fully computerized (board) examinations on May 29, 1993 and released the results on November 9, 1993. February 28, 1995. The Syllabi for the Subjects in the Civil Engineering licensure examinations were promuglated 15  fi fi  2003 The United Architects of the Philippines (UAP) and the Philippine Institute of Civil Engineers (PICE) signed a joint resolution supporting the passage of Architecture and Civil Engineering bills delineating their respective scope of practice and to strengthen their collaborative efforts in common goals. The two professional groups through their leaders stressed the need for the immediate passage of their respective bills, which would benefit their hundreds of thousand members nationwide. 2005 In 2004, the Architecture Act was passed and signed into law. But in 2005, a petition for declaratory relief led on May 3 2005 by the PICE and Engr. Leo Cleto Gamolo to declare null and void Sections 302.3 and 302.4 of the Revised Implementing Rules and Regulations (“Revised IRR”) of Presidential Decree No. 1096 (the “National Building Code”). The said provisions require that architectural documents submitted in applications for building permits must be prepared, signed and sealed by architects. PICE claim that the said sections of the Revised IRR, by effectively prohibiting Civil Engineers from also preparing, signing and sealing architectural documents, are contrary to the National Building Code and the Republic Act No. 544 (the “Civil Engineering Law”), which purportedly gave Civil Engineers the said right. 2006 Since November 2006 CE Board Exam, the Professional Regulation Commission releases only Top 10 Board Exam Performers and stopped releasing the 11th to 20th places. Executive Order No. 566 issued by President Gloria Macapagal- Arroyo dated September 8, 2006 directing the Commission on Higher Education to regulate the establishment and operation of review centers and similar entities. 16  fi  January 29, 2008 After several court hearings at the Manila Regional Trial Court, the PICE's motion was denied and the RTC ruled in favor of the architects. [National Capital Judicial Region, Regional Trial Court, Branch 22 Manila – Philippine Institute of Civil Engineers, Inc. and Leo Cleto Gamolo, Petitioners versus The Honorable Hermogenes Ebdane Jr., in his capacity as Secretary of Public Works and Highways as Respondent, and United Architects of the Philippines as Intervenor- Respondent for Civil Case Number 05- 112502 for: Declaratory Relief, Injunction with prayer for Writ of Preliminary Prohibition and/or Mandatory Injunction and Temporary Restraining Order] January 5, 2012 The issue (National Building Code Issue) was brought by the PICE to the Court of Appeals. The Court of Appeals of the Philippines, in its decision granted the appeal of PICE and reversed the Decision of the Regional Trial Court thus giving the Civil Engineers the right to prepare, sign and seal Plans and Designs of Buildings such as Vicinity Map/Location Plan, Site Development Plan, Perspective, Floor Plans, Elevations, Sections, Reflected Ceiling Plans and the like. [Court of Appeals-Ninth Division Case Number: CA-G.R. CV No. 93917 – Philippine Institute of Civil Engineers, Inc. and Leo Cleto Gamolo as Petitioners- Appellants, versus The Honorable Hermogenes Ebdane Jr., in his capacity as Secretary of Public Works and Highways as Respondent-Appellee, and United Architects of the Philippines as Intervenor- Appellee] 17   THE ROLE OF CIVIL ENGINEERS Civil Engineering is the second oldest branch after Key Points: military engineering. In the past, the term “Military engineering” Military Engineering is used for construction work of military purpose but as need Civil Engineering Civil Engineering of shelter construction for common people arrives, they coined a Services new term called as “Civil Engineering” that means construction for civilians. De nition of Terms: Civil Engineering is field of engineering sciences that Civil Engineering is responsible for deals with design, construction and maintenance of planning, design, structures, buildings, dams, bridges, tunnels, highways and construction and/or other by the use of physical laws, mathematical equations and maintenance of structures. theories of mechanics. Civil Engineers utilize the available resources (expertise, materials, manpower) to complete the Feasibility Studies project in the given time span keeping in view the time, is an assessment of the practicality of a expenditure, environmental issues and physical hazards of proposed project or the project. system. Value Engineering Services provided by Civil Engineers can be is used to solve grouped into seven broad categories: problems and identify and eliminate unwanted costs, while improving I. Consultations, research, investigations and reports – function and quality. these services deal with collecting, interpreting and reporting information, together with formulating conclusions and making recommendations. Here are the typical services on this category: A. Preliminary and feasibility investigations and reports B. Planning studies C. Appraisals, valuations and rate studies D. Assistance in financial matters E. Materials engineering and equipment tests F. Direct personal services G. Research and development 18  fi  H. Special Services Key Points: 1. Value engineering Specialization of Civil Engineering 2. Load testing Civil Engineering 3. Environmental evaluations Board Examination 4. Traf c engineering Hazard Alerts: 5. Forensic engineering for structural and other failures The following services 6. Operational assistance shall not be construed 7. Material process design as excluding any other work requiring civil 8. Pilot studies engineering knowledge 9. Computer modelling and application. As per 10. Safety engineering R.A 8981, all subjects for licensure 11. Topographic, sounding and boundary survey engineering examinations shall be 12. Toxic and hazardous waste evaluation taught by persons who 13. Permit and application services are holders of valid certi cates of 14. Sales and marketing services registration and PRC ID 15. Expert witness and comply with the 16. Representation of municipal or private entities in projects other requirements of the CHED. The proposed for privatization specialization of civil engineering will be II. Design services for construction projects further discussed on the next module. III. Construction services IV. Special services for construction projects You can take the board V. Engineering support services exam even if you are below 21 years of age, VI. Academic services however you can only VII. Services as employees have your license once you’ve reached the required age. The types of infrastructure under the domain of civil engineering, pursuant to RA 544, as amended, include: 1. Streets, bridges, highways and railroads 2. Airports and hangars 3. Port works, canals, rive and shore improvements, light houses and dry docks 4. Buildings 5. Fixed structures for irrigation, ood protection, drainage, water supply and sewerage work 6. Tunnels 19  fi fi fl  Civil engineers usually practice in a certain Key Points: Specialization of Civil specialty. The following are the specialization of Engineering civil engineering: Civil Engineering Board Examination ⁃ Structural Engineering focuses on the structural design and analysis of all types of construction projects. Hazard Alerts: ⁃ Construction Engineering and Management focuses on The specialization of designing, planning, construction, and management of civil engineering will be further discussed on infrastructures. the next module. ⁃ Geotechnical Engineering focuses on the earth used for a building project and the ground beneath a building project. ⁃ Transportation Engineering focuses on the design, construction, and maintenance of roads, airports, subway systems, and railroads. ⁃ Water Resource Engineering focuses on water usage for irrigation, human consumption, and sanitation. ⁃ Environmental Engineering focuses on the protection of people and the planet through design that emphasizes sustainability. ⁃ Energy Engineering focuses on energy ef ciency, energy services, facility management, plant engineering, environmental compliance, sustainable energy and renewable energy technologies. Before a civil engineer can practice his/her profession, he/she must pass the board examination administered by the Professional Regulation Commission. Here are the quali cations for Civil Engineering Board Exam in the Philippines: Be at least twenty-one years of age prior to the date of board examination. Be a citizen of the Philippines. Be of good reputation and moral character Be a graduate of civil engineering from a school, institute, college or university recognized by the Government or the State wherein it is established. After passing the exam, he/ she can then register to be a Licensed Civil Engineer. As registered/licensed professionals, it is our duty and obligation to renew our PRC license once every three (3) years in order for us to continue to practice our own profession 20  fi fi