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What is a Computer? A computer is an electronic data processing device, which 1 accepts and stores data input, 2 processes the data input, and 3 generates the output in a required format. ‫اهمية فهم الكمبيوتر‬ Digital Literacy is a life skill. Co...

What is a Computer? A computer is an electronic data processing device, which 1 accepts and stores data input, 2 processes the data input, and 3 generates the output in a required format. ‫اهمية فهم الكمبيوتر‬ Digital Literacy is a life skill. Computers, Information, and Communication Technologies have changed the world more than any other invention over the past one hundred years. Today’s world is an information-rich world and it has become a necessity for everyone to know about computers. 6 Functionalities of a Computer Any digital computer carries out the following four functions Step 1 − Takes data as input. Step 2 − Stores the data/instructions in its memory and uses them as required. Step 3 − Processes the data and converts it into useful information. Step 4 − Generates the output. input ---> storing in memory ---> processing ---> output 8  Data Vs Information Data is a representation of a fact or idea such as Numbers, Words, Pictures, Sounds. Information is data that has been organized or presented in a meaningful manner. Data: unorganized, ex: num,word,pics,sounds. ‫هي املعلومات الي انت بتوخذها بس بتكون مش مفهومة الك‬ information: organized data. ‫ملا صرت افهم هاي املعلومات بعد ترتيبها‬ 9 Advantages & Disadvantages of Computers ‫افهم عشان تكتب في االمتحان‬ Advantages of computers: 1. High Speed ‫ و الدقة في‬،‫ توفير الوقت في الحصول على املعلومة‬:‫االيجابيات‬ 2. Accuracy ‫ و امكانية تخزينها الى حني‬،‫ مع املصداقية فيها‬،‫الحصول عليها‬ ‫ و يعمل من تلقاء نفسه‬،‫الحاجة‬ 3. Storage Capability 4. Reliability 5. Automation 6. Reduction in Paperwork and Cost Disadvantages of Computers 1. Can limit learning and create a dependency. ،‫ عدم االستقاللية‬،‫ تضييع الوقت على امور غير مفيدة‬:‫السلبيات‬ 2. The potential loss of privacy..‫عدم االمان و تشتيت الذهن و نقصان درجة الذكاء لقلة التفكير‬ 3. Time consumption and lots of distractions. 4. No I. Q. (Intelligence Quotient) 10  How Computers Work? It is important to remember that computers are not "smart" in the way that we think of the word. That is, they do not "think" as people do. However, they are extremely complex and very fast and run on cleverly designed programs, so they give the impression of being "smart." Switches in computers are used to express numbers. If a switch is a "1," it reads as "TRUE." If the switch is a "0," it reads as "FALSE." This uses only two digits, a 0 and a 1, which is referred to as binary counting. The switch that controls the on-off in the computer is called Transistor, the transistor is used to design the integrated circuit IC, which is designed for the microprocessors, now known as CPUs. 11 Computer Generations and Types 12  1- wearable -> watch + glass Modern Computer Types: 2- smartphone 3- tablets 4-hybrid tablet 5- ultrabook 6- laptop 7-desktop 1- Wearable devices 8- all in one ○ Google smartwatches and Apple Watch. 9- workstation -> between desktop and mainframe ○ Smart Classes 10-mainframe -> more than one device 11- supercomputer --> best glasses 13 Modern Computer Types: 2- Smartphones 3- Tablets 4- Hybrid tablets 5- Ultrabook 6- Laptop ( notebook ) 7- All-in-One ( AIO) 8- Desktops 14 Modern Computer Types: 9- Workstations : is a middle-range machine between a mainframe and a PC. Used for scientific & engineering applications. 15 Modern Computer Types: 10- Mainframe: This is a large, expensive, powerful computer that can handle hundreds or thousands of connected users simultaneously. 16 Modern Computer Types: 17 Modern Computer Applications: business, banking, education, marketing, healthcare, engineering design, communication, government. 1- Business A computer has become an integrated part of all business organizations. The computer is used in business organizations for: Budgeting Sales analysis Financial forecasting Managing employee database 2- Banking Today, banking is almost totally dependent on computers. Banks provide the following facilities − Online accounting facility, which includes checking current balance, making deposits and overdrafts, checking interest charges, shares, and trustee records. ATMs that are completely automated are making it even easier for customers to deal with banks. 18 Modern Computer Applications: 3- Education The computer helps in providing a lot of facilities in the education system. The computer provides a tool in the education system known as CBE (Computer Based Education). CBE involves control, delivery, and evaluation of learning. There are several methods in which educational institutions can use a computer to educate the students. 4- Marketing In marketing, uses of the computer are the following − Advertising − With computers, advertising professionals create art and graphics, write and revise copy, and print and disseminate ads to sell more products. Home Shopping − Home shopping has been made possible through the use of computerized catalogs that provide access to product information and permit direct entry of orders to be filled by the customers. 19  Modern Computer Applications: 5- Healthcare Computers have become an important part of hospitals, labs, and dispensaries. They are being used in hospitals to keep the record of patients and medicines. It is also used in scanning and diagnosing different diseases. ECG, EEG, ultrasounds and CT scans, etc. are also done by computerized machines. Diagnostic System − Computers are used to collect data and identify the cause of illness. Lab-diagnostic System − All tests can be done and the reports are prepared by computer. Patient Monitoring System − These are used to check the patient's signs of abnormality such as in Cardiac Arrest, ECG, etc. Pharma Information System − The computer is used to check drug labels, expiry dates, harmful side effects, etc. Surgery − Nowadays, computers are also used in performing surgery. 6- Engineering Design Computers are widely used for engineering purpose. Some of the fields are − Structural Engineering − Requires stress and strain analysis for the design of ships, buildings, budgets, airplanes, etc. Industrial Engineering − Computers deal with design, implementation, and improvement of integrated systems of people, materials, and equipment. Architectural Engineering − Computers help in planning towns, designing buildings, determining a range of buildings on a site using both 2D and 3D drawings. 20  Modern Computer Applications: 7- Communication Communication is a way to convey a message, an idea, a picture, or speech that is received and understood clearly and correctly by the person for whom it is meant. Some main areas in this category are − E-mail Chatting Usenet FTP Telnet Video-conferencing 8- Government Computers play an important role in government services. Some major fields in this category are Budgets Sales tax department Income tax department Computation of the male/female ratio Computerization of voters lists Computerization of PAN card Weather forecasting 21 Computer Network - Definition 2  Computer Network - Data Communication Hardware Definition : Data communication hardware is used to transmit digital information between computers or between computers and other computers or nodes. Hardware devices needed are : 1- Network Adapter Card (NIC) or Modem. interface NIC enables and controls the exchange of data between the nodes in a LAN. Modem: modulate demodulate. Digital to analog to digital. 2- Cables for a wired connection. 3- Telephone line, satellite, hub, or switch 3 Computer Network - Networks Classification Local Area Networks (LANs): located in single buildings or campuses. Wide Area Networks (WANs): WANs cover a large geographical area, and connect cities and countries 4  Computer Network -Transfer Media Wireless Communication: ○ Wireless signals are electromagnetic waves, which can travel through the vacuum of outer space and media such as air. ○ No physical medium is necessary for wireless signals Wired Communication: ○ Used cables to transfer data such as fiber optics 5  Internet ! - Definition Definition ○ The internet is a global network of computers that works much like the postal system. The internet enables computers to send one another small packets of digital data. Internet is a worldwide collection of interconnected networks. ○ The Internet had no central computer that control it ○ To avoid conflict between internet addresses an organization founded by the US National Foundation of science is responsible for regulating the internet like registering unique domain names called “The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN)”. 6  Internet ! - How it work The Internet connection can be established via one of the following: 1- Connection Information Service Gateway: Connect via an Internet Service Provider (ISP): ISP: is a company that provides individuals and organizations with access to the internet. Dial-up connection: using a modem and telephone line. (very slow about 56Kbps) 2- Network connection: Via LAN that connected to the internet such as ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line).  Internet - Internet Protocol (IP) Definition Protocol: a set of rules and signals used when computers of the networks communicate. Example: TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol) TCP/IP Protocol: ○ TCP/IP is a communication protocol that permits data transmission over the internet. ○ The software for this protocol comes with the system as windows. ○ Each message sent is divided into packets. The packet is a piece of a message transmitted over the network. Each packet contains the source address, a destination address, and the data.  Internet - Internet Browsers Definition Application software that presents you with a Graphical User Interface (GUI) for searching, viewing, and managing information over any network. Examples: ○ Firefox. ○ Google Chrome. ○ Microsoft Edge. ○ Apple Safari. ○ Opera. ○ Brave. ○ Vivaldi. ○ DuckDuckgo.  Internet - Domain Name Each computer on the internet is identified by its unique numeric address which consists of 4 numbers separated by dot with no spaces. Called : IP Address Example: 185.37.12.6 The IP of the computer is not easy to remember then alphanumeric addresses are used as → www.aaup.edu To translate Internet addresses to their numeric values there is a server called DNS (Domain Name Server) is used.  Domain Name Types: Domain Types: com: commercial edu: educational gov: governmental org: organization net: network Info: information National Domains: Ps, jo, fr, us, UK URL: (Uniform Resource Locator) Consists of the access method (HTTP, FTP) followed by a colon, double slashes, domain name, domain type, and any path to the page domain. Email Address Web Search Engines All of us use search engines, most of us daily. Even so, most people don't know how to search. Google Search ○ Basic Search ○ Search at specific time ○ Advanced search ○ Google Scholar E-Learning Definition : A learning system based on formalized teaching but with the help of electronic resources is known as E-learning. While teaching can be based in or out of the classrooms, the use of computers and the Internet forms the major component of E-learning. E-learning can also be termed as a network- enabled transfer of skills and knowledge, and the delivery of education is made to a large number of recipients at the same or different times. E-learning or Electronic learning it is a learning method that is facilitated and supported via information and communication technology (ICT). E-learning types ○ Distance learning ○ Blended learning ○ Flipped classroom Learning ○ Mobile Learning MOOCs Definition : MOOCs (Massive Open Online Course) are online courses with video content. They enable large numbers of participants to learn from top universities around the world. This is what you need to know about MOOCs. Examples of MOOCs : ○ Coursera ○ edX ○ Udacity ○ FutureLearn  E-Learning Platforms Examples of E-Learning Platforms : ○ Moodle ○ BlackBoards ○ Canvas ○ Google classroom Advantage of E-Learning Advantages of e-learning : ○ Save time and money ○ Leads to better retention ○ E-Learning is consistent ○ E-Learning is scalable ○ E-learning offers personalizations Introduction : Computer Hardware All types of computers follow the same basic logical structure and perform the following five basic operations for converting input data into information useful to their users 2 Introduction : Hardware vs Software 4 Introduction : Computer Hardware Computer Hardware can be divided to : A: Input Devices B: Output Devices C: Processing Devices D: Storage 5 A- Input Devices - Computer Input Input is when data from the outside world which is made digital and entered into a computer. Examples : - Images into a camera - sound into a microphone - text into a keyboard - movement and clicks into a mouse or trackpad All of this is real-world information input into a computer 6  Computer Input: Input Devices 1- Keyboards 2- Pointing Devices 3- Touch Screens 4- Digital Cameras 5- Pin Input 6- Graphic Tablets 7- Scanner and reading devices 8- Smart Cards 9- Microphone 10- Motion Sensors 7  Computer Input: Input Devices 1- Keyboards : The keyboard is the oldest type of input still commonly used. There are two basic types of keyboards: standard and extended 9  Computer Input: Input Devices 1- Keyboards These are the most common types. You begin by holding down one of the special shortcut keys: 10  Computer Input: Input Devices 1- Keyboards Keyboard Shortcuts 11  Computer Input: Input Devices 1- Keyboards Keyboard Shortcuts · 12  Computer Input: Input Devices 2- Pointing Devices : it is an input device that allows a user to control a small symbol on the screen called the points. In a graphical user interface (GUI), a pointer is a small symbol on the screen whose location and shape change as a user moves a pointing device. Examples : Mouse Touchpad Pointing Stick Traceball 13  Computer Input: Input Devices 3- Touch Screens: It is a touch-sensitive display device. Touch screens are convenient because they do not require a separate device for input. Examples : Touch input Smartphones Desktop Monitors and Screens on Laptops and Tablets 14  Computer Input: Input Devices 4- Digital Cameras :It produces digital images that can be stored in a computer, displayed on a screen, and printed. The big advantage of the digital camera is making photos both inexpensive and fast because there is no film processing 15  Computer Input: Input Devices 5- Pin Input 6- Graphics Tables 16  Computer Input: Input Devices 7- Scanners and reading devices Some input devices capture data directly from a source document -which is the original form of the data-, and this saves the user‘s time. Examples : Optical scanners Optical readers barcode readers QR code readers ( Quick Response , 2D codes ) magnetic stripe card readers ( Credit cards, ID cards, Bank cards.. etc ) MICR (magnetic ink character recognition) readers ( used in Banking - process cheques and other docs) 17  Computer Input: Input Devices 8- Smart Cards A small electronic device about the size of a credit card that contains electronic memory. They are called smart cards as they can accept tiny memory chips embedded in them which act as microprocessors where it is located under a gold contact pad on one side of the card. Used for: Storing digital cash Patient‘s medical records 19 Computer Input: Input Devices 20  B: Computer Output The output is data that has been processed into a useful form. The form of output varies, depending on the hardware and software being used and the requirements of the user. Types of output: text graphics audio video Output devices Are: 1- Monitors (Screens) and Graphics Adapter 2- Printer 3- Projectors 4- Interactive whiteboards 21  Computer Output: Output Devices 1- Monitors (Screens) and Graphics Adapter: monitors nowadays use pixels which is is one dot on your screen 22  Computer Output: Output Devices 1- Monitors (Screens) and Graphics Adapter: Graphics Adapter: is the electronic device that links the monitor to the processor and motherboard. A Graphics adapter can be inserted into an expansion slot on the motherboard. Nowadays, most of the motherboards have graphics adapter built-in. 25  Computer Output: Output Devices 2- Printers Types of Printers : Dot-matrix printer Ink-jet printer ( line printer) Laser printer All-in-one printer A 3D printer Dot-matrix printer Ink-jet printer ( line printer) 26  Computer Output: Output Devices 3- Data Projectors : It‘s a device that takes the text and images displaying on a computer or mobile device screen and projects the images on a larger screen 28  Computer Output: Output Devices 4- Interactive whiteboards: t‘s a touch-sensitive device, resembling a dry-erase board, which displays the image on a connected computer screen, usually via a projector. 29 C- Processing Devices Examples : 1- Motherboard 2- The processor (CPU) 3- Memory 4- Expansion slots and Cards 31 Processing Devices 1- Motherboards Definition: The motherboard is the main circuit board of the computer. Many electronic components, such as the processor and memory, attach to the motherboard; others are built into it. The following Figure shows photos of current desktop and laptop motherboards. 32 Processing Devices 2- The processor ( CPU) 33 Processing Devices 2- The processor ( CPU) Registers temporarily hold data and instructions. Registers are part of the processor, not part of memory or a permanent storage device 34 Processing Devices 2- The processor ( CPU) 36 Processing Devices 3- Memory The memory consists of electronic components that stores three basic categories of items ○ instructions waiting to be executed by the processor ○ data needed by those instructions, and ○ the results of processing the data. Each location in memory has an address. Memory size commonly is measured in MB, gigabytes (GB) or terabytes (TB) Computers and mobile devices contain two main types of memory: ○ Volatile Memory ○ Nonvolatile Memory 37 Processing Devices 3- Memory Memory types are : 1- RAM : (Random Access Memory) - It used to store programs and other data waiting for processing - Data will be lost when turning off the computer. - RAM a volatile memory. - Two types of RAM ( 1- DRAM , 2-SRAM ) 2- ROM (Read Only Memory): - It holds the instructions that boot (startup) and prepare a computer for use. - Refers to memory chips storing permanent data and instructions. - ROM is a non-volatile memory 3- Cache (is a type of random access memory (RAM) ) - Computer microprocessor (CPU) can access more quickly than it can access regular RAM. - The CPU processes data looks first in the cache memory, and if finds the data there, it does not have to do the more time-consuming reading of data from larger memory (RAM). - Cache Memory speeds the processes of the computer because it stores frequently used instructions and data. 38 Processing Devices 3- Memory Access time is the amount of time it takes the processor to read from memory, which is measured in nanoseconds. 40 C- Processing Devices 4- Expansion slots and Cards : Buses Ports 41 C- Processing Devices 4- Expansion slots and Cards : Buses ○ Definition : It is a collection of wires through which data is transferred from one part of the computer to another. A bus allows the various devices both inside and attached to the system unit to communicate with one another. ○ Parts of Buses : The address bus: Transfers information about where data should go. The data bus: Transfers instructions coming from or going to the processor. (Transfers actual data). ○ Type of Buses System bus, also called the front-side bus (FSB), is part of the motherboard and connects the processor to the main memory. A backside bus (BSB) connects the processor to the cache. An expansion bus allows the processor to communicate with peripheral devices. 42 C- Processing Devices 4- Expansion slots and Cards : Buses 43 C- Processing Devices 4- Expansion slots and Cards : Ports ○ Definition : It is the interface between the computer and the outer world. ○ Type of ports Serial Used in old mouses and modems Parallel Used for printers and scanners Universal Serial Bus Port ( USB port) It can connect all kinds of external USB devices such as an external hard disk, printer, scanner, mouse, keyboard, etc. VGA port Connects monitors to computer’s video card Ethernet port Connects to a network and high-speed internet Game port Connect a joystick to a PC Digital Video Interface port ( DVI port) Connects Flat panel LCD monitor to the computer's high-end video graphic cards. 44 C- Processing Devices 4- Expansion slots and Cards : Ports 45 D- Storage The binary system uses two unique digits (0 and 1); ○ Bits and bytes; Computers must translate S.W. into binary form and then must translate it from a binary form into a language you can understand. Computers operate with electronic switches that are either "on" or "off", corresponding to 1 or 0. Every Eight bits grouped as a unit are called a byte. ○ 8 bit = 1 byte A byte represents a single character in the computer or mobile device. 46 D- Storage Binary System : A Binary Number is made up of only 0s and 1s. There is no 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or 9 in Binary. A "bit" is a single binary digit 47 D- Storage Computer Encoding Systems 48 D- Storage Storage Medium Definition ○ A storage medium, also called secondary storage, is the physical material on which a computer keeps data, information, programs, and applications. Examples of storage media ○ internal hard disks / external hard disks ○ Solid-state drives (SSDs) ○ memory cards ○ USB flash drives and Flash memory ○ Optical laser discs CD: Compact Disk. A CD-ROM (CD-read-only memory) A CD-R (CD-recordable) A CD-RW (CD-rewritable) DVD: Digital Versatile Disk or Digital Video Disk. DVD quality far surpasses that of CDs, DVDs to have greater storage capacities and higher resolutions than CDs 49 D- Storage Storage Medium Examples of storage media ○ network- attached storage devices ○ magnetic stripe cards ○ smart cards ○ RFID tags ○ Microfilm. ○ Cloud storage. Cloud storage is an Internet service that provides storage to computer or mobile device users. Cloud storage is available for home and business users, with various degrees of storage services available. Cloud storage fee arrangements vary, depending on the user‘s storage requirements. Examples iCloud OneDrive Dropbox Google Drive 50 D- Storage Storage Medium Types of mass storage devices and media: ○ Magnetic Disks ○ Magnetic tape ○ Optical laser Disk 51 D- Storage Storage Medium 52 D- Storage Storage Medium Storage operations ○ Writing is the process of transferring data, instructions, and information from memory to a storage medium. ○ Reading is the process of transferring these items from a storage medium into memory. 53 D- Storage Storage Medium Storage capacity ○ Capacity is the number of bytes (characters) a storage medium can hold. 54 Introduction : Computer Software Definition 2 Types of Computer Software 1- System Software 2- Application Software 3 1- System Software Definition : Consists of the programs that control or maintain the operations of the computer and its devices. Categorised to ○ “Operating Systems (OS)” An Operating Systems (OS) is a set of programs that coordinates all the activities among computer or mobile device hardware. ○ Other programs, often called tools or utilities, enable you to perform maintenance-type tasks usually related to managing devices, media, and programs used by computers and mobile devices. 4 1- System Software - OS functions OS functions : Starting Computers and Mobile Devices : If a computer or mobile device is off, you press a power button to turn it on. A user interface (UI) controls how you enter data and instructions and how information is displayed on the screen. With a graphical user interface (GUI), you interact with menus and visual images. Establish Internet connections. A user account enables a user to sign in to, or access resources on, a network or computer ○ A username, or user ID, identifies a specific user ○ A password is a private combination of characters associated with the username Provide users with a variety of tools related to managing a computer, its devices, or its programs. Like: ○ Search ○ Image Viewer ○ Disk Management ○ File management ( file manager, file compression ) ○ Backup and restore/ PC manatinance 6 1- System Software - OS types Mobile OS ○ Android → designed by google ○ iOS → Designed by Apply ○ Windows phone → designed by Microsoft 7 2- Application Softwares Definition: ○ An application, or app, sometimes called application software, consists of programs designed to make users more productive and/or assist them with personal tasks. Examples: ○ Mobile apps ○ Microsoft office package 8 Obtaining Software Retail software : is mass-produced, copyrighted software that meets the needs of a wide variety of users, not just a single user or company like Operating systems Custom Software : performs functions specific to a business or industry Web app: is an application stored on a web server that you access through a browser Mobile apps:A mobile app: is an application you download from a mobile device‘s app stor Shareware: is copyrighted software that is distributed at no cost for a trial period Freeware: is copyrighted software provided at no cost by an individual or a company that retains all rights to the software. Open-source software: is software provided for use, modification, and redistribution. no restriction on copyrights Public-domain software: has been donated for public use and has no copyright restrictions. Anyone can copy or distribute public-domain software to others at no cost. 10 File System 11 Type of Files 12  Viruses and Malware Virus Definition : ○ A computer virus is a potentially damaging program that affects a computer or device negatively by altering the way it works. This occurs without the user‘s knowledge or permission Viruses do not generate by chance. ○ The programmer of a virus, known as a virus author. Viruses can infect all types of computers and devices Viruses have two phases involved in their execution: ○ infection and ○ delivery Type of Viruses ○ Erase files and programs once they infect the computer. ○ sleep until a given time/date. ○ Replicate themselves creating more and more copies of themselves taking the whole memory and halting the system. ○ Run the hard disk at its highest speed for hours to get overheated and physically damaged. ○ Viruses that are capable of transmitting themselves over networks ○ Viruses that send a copy of themselves to each address in your address book. (email) 13  Viruses and Malware Type of Malwares : - ○ A worm resides in active memory and replicates itself over a network to infect computers ○ A trojan horse is a destructive program disguised as a real program, such as a screen saver. When a user runs a seemingly innocent program, a trojan horse hiding inside can capture information, such as usernames and passwords. ○ A rootkit is a program that easily can hide and allow someone to take full control of your computer from a remote location. Source of Viruses and Malware ○ Interchangeable magnetic disks ○ The internet ○ Local computer networks 14  Antivirus Programs Why to use antivirus : ○ To protect a computer from virus attacks, users should install an antivirus program and keep it updated by purchasing revisions or upgrades to the software What is antivirus program ○ Protects a computer against viruses by identifying and removing any computer viruses found in memory, on storage media, or incoming files. Popular most popular antiviruses ○ 15