Basic 9 Computing Notes PDF

Computing Notes for Basic Nine STRAND 1: INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING SUB-STRAND 1: COMPONENTS OF COMPUTERS AND COMPUTER SYSTEMS CONTENT STANDARD: B9.1.1.1. IDENTIFY PARTS A COMPUTER AND TECHNOLOGY TOOLS INDICATOR: B9.1.1.1.1. Discuss the trends in the next ge...

Computing Notes for Basic Nine STRAND 1: INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING SUB-STRAND 1: COMPONENTS OF COMPUTERS AND COMPUTER SYSTEMS CONTENT STANDARD: B9.1.1.1. IDENTIFY PARTS A COMPUTER AND TECHNOLOGY TOOLS INDICATOR: B9.1.1.1.1. Discuss the trends in the next generation of computers EXEMPLAR(S): 1. Identify features expected to be seen in the next generation of computers. 2. Describe Google quantum computer (sycamore) and compare its processing power with other supercomputers (focus on processor). GENERATION OF COMPUTERS The generation of computers refers to the evolution and advancement of computing technology over time. Computers have undergone several generations, each marked by significant technological improvements. 1. First Generation (1940s-1950s): This era introduced vacuum tube technology. Computers were huge, expensive, and unreliable. They used machine language and were primarily used for calculations. 2. Second Generation (1950s-1960s): Transistors replaced vacuum tubes, reducing size and cost while improving reliability and speed. Assembly languages were developed, making programming easier. 3. Third Generation (1960s-1970s): Integrated Circuits (ICs) replaced transistors, leading to smaller computers with Prepared by @blue_falcon 0275199306 / 0243816104 1  Computing Notes for Basic Nine increased processing power. High-level programming languages like COBOL and FORTRAN were developed. 4. Fourth Generation (1970s-1980s): Microprocessors emerged, allowing entire CPU's to fit on a single chip. Personal computers became available, leading to a revolution in home computing. GUIs (Graphical User Interfaces) were introduced. 5. Fifth Generation (1980s-Present): This era emphasizes artificial intelligence and parallel processing. Advancements in AI, machine learning, natural language processing, and robotics characterize this phase. Quantum computing and nanotechnology are also being explored. FEATURES EXPECTED TO BE SEEN IN THE NEXT GENERATION OF COMPUTERS The next generation of computers is anticipated to showcase advancements in several areas, including: 1. Quantum Computing: Quantum computers leverage quantum bits or qubits to process and store information differently from classical computers. They utilize quantum mechanics principles like superposition and entanglement, enabling them to solve certain complex problems much faster than classical computers. These systems have the potential to revolutionize fields like cryptography, drug discovery, optimization, and more due to their ability to handle large datasets and compute complex algorithms more efficiently. 2. AI Integration: Future computers are expected to have deeper integration of AI into their hardware. This might involve specialized AI chips or architectures that accelerate AI algorithms, enabling more powerful and efficient machine learning, natural language processing, computer vision, and other Prepared by @blue_falcon 0275199306 / 0243816104 2  Computing Notes for Basic Nine AI-driven tasks. This integration can result in smarter and more adaptable systems that can learn and make decisions in real-time. 3. High-Performance Computing (HPC): Advancements in processors, memory technologies (like DDR5 RAM), and storage solutions (such as faster SSDs) will continue to drive increased computational power. This will enable faster data processing, simulation, scientific research, and handling of large-scale data analytics tasks. 4. Advanced Connectivity: The emphasis on faster and more reliable connectivity, such as 5G and future iterations, is crucial for supporting the growing demands of data transfer, real-time communication, IoT devices, and streaming high-definition content. This advancement will be integral for interconnected devices and systems. 5. Augmented and Virtual Reality (AR/VR): Future computers will likely feature improved hardware components like more powerful GPUs, higher-resolution displays, better sensors, and faster processors to deliver more immersive AR and VR experiences. These technologies have applications in entertainment, education, healthcare, and various industries. 6. Energy Efficiency: As computing power increases, there's a concurrent focus on developing energy-efficient components and architectures. This involves advancements in low-power processors, better cooling systems, and innovative design approaches to reduce overall power consumption, making computing more environmentally friendly. 7. Neuromorphic Computing: Inspired by the human brain, neuromorphic computing aims to create systems that mimic neural networks' structure and operation. These systems could offer advantages in learning, adaptability, and efficiency, potentially revolutionizing AI and machine learning applications. 8. Edge Computing: This involves processing data closer to its source rather than relying solely on centralized cloud servers. Prepared by @blue_falcon 0275199306 / 0243816104 3  Computing Notes for Basic Nine Future computers will likely support edge computing by enabling more powerful and efficient local processing, reducing latency for applications like IoT, autonomous vehicles, and real-time analytics. These features collectively represent the anticipated advancements that could define the next era of computing technology, each contributing to enhanced performance, connectivity, efficiency, and capabilities across various domains. GOOGLE QUANTUM COMPUTER (SYCAMORE) Sycamore Chip Google Quantum Computer (Sycamore) Google's Sycamore is a notable quantum computer developed by Google Quantum AI Lab. It made headlines in 2019 when it was reported to have achieved quantum supremacy, demonstrating the ability to solve a specific problem significantly faster than the most powerful classical supercomputers. Google's Sycamore Quantum Computer: Qubit Count: Sycamore was reported to have 54-qubits, enabling it to perform calculations leveraging quantum phenomena like superposition and entanglement. Prepared by @blue_falcon 0275199306 / 0243816104 4  Computing Notes for Basic Nine Achievement: It was designed to perform a specific random quantum circuit sampling task, and claimed to surpass the capabilities of classical supercomputers in completing this task within a reasonable timeframe. Technology: Utilizes superconducting qubits and is controlled by microwave pulses to perform quantum operations. SUPERCOMPUTER IBM Summit Supercomputer Supercomputers are highly powerful and advanced machines designed to process massive amounts of data and perform complex calculations at incredible speeds. They are used for various scientific, engineering, and research purposes, including weather forecasting, climate modelling, molecular modelling, simulations for nuclear research, aerospace engineering, and more. Supercomputers often consist of thousands of processors working together in parallel to handle tasks that regular computers cannot manage due to their scale and complexity. Comparing Quantum Computer with Supercomputer (Processor) Processing Power: In terms of raw processing power or speed, supercomputers are generally still more powerful than quantum computers like Sycamore in performing a wide range of tasks. Prepared by @blue_falcon 0275199306 / 0243816104 5  Computing Notes for Basic Nine Specific Tasks: Quantum computers excel in certain specific tasks like factoring large numbers, optimizing complex systems, or simulating quantum physics, where they might outperform classical supercomputers in terms of computational speed. Quantum Supremacy: The claim of quantum supremacy by Sycamore was focused on a specific task, not a general comparison of computational power across various computing tasks. In essence, while Sycamore showcased impressive quantum supremacy in a particular task, supercomputers, with their massive computational power, remain the dominant force for solving a broad range of complex problems, especially those not specifically suited for quantum algorithms or operations. Differences between Google's Quantum Computer and Supercomputer with focus on the processor Google's Quantum Aspect Supercomputer Computer Leverages quantum Operates on classical physics, phenomena like using traditional bits (0s and Operating superposition and 1s) to process data using Principle entanglement to process CPUs, GPUs, or specialized data using qubits processors Employs classical processors Utilizes qubits made from like CPUs or GPUs, possibly Processor superconducting circuits, with custom-designed Type controlled by microwave architectures for parallel pulses processing and high-speed computations Excels at solving certain Offers immense processing specific problems power for a wide range of Processing exponentially faster than tasks, including simulations, Power classical computers due to weather forecasting, quantum effects scientific computations, etc. Prepared by @blue_falcon 0275199306 / 0243816104 6  Computing Notes for Basic Nine Google's Quantum Aspect Supercomputer Computer Well-suited for specific Versatile in handling various quantum algorithms and computational tasks, from Tasks tasks such as factoring complex simulations to data Performance large numbers, quantum analysis, depending on the simulations, and software and hardware optimization problems configuration Supercomputers can perform Quantum computers might a wide array of tasks Speed & be faster for certain specific efficiently, albeit not as fast Efficiency tasks for which quantum as quantum computers in algorithms are designed certain specialized problems Quantum computers are Supercomputers have been in Maturity & still in early development existence for decades, Development stages with ongoing continually evolving with Stage research for scalability and advancements in hardware error correction and software This comparison highlights the fundamental differences between quantum computers like Google's and supercomputers, specifically focusing on their processor types and their respective computational strengths and limitations. Prepared by @blue_falcon 0275199306 / 0243816104 7  Computing Notes for Basic Nine INDICATOR: B9.1.1.1.2. Examine the concept of Perceptual Computing. EXEMPLAR(S): 1. Discuss the features of Perceptual Computing. PERCEPTUAL COMPUTING Perceptual computing refers to the development of systems that enable computers to interpret and respond to human gestures, expressions, and emotions, often through sensors, cameras, and other input devices. It involves the integration of various technologies, like computer vision, machine learning, and natural language processing, to understand and interact with users more intuitively based on their actions, expressions, or behaviours. The aim is to create more natural and human-like interactions between humans and machines, allowing devices to understand, interpret, and respond to human input beyond traditional input methods like keyboards and mice. Examples of Perceptual Computing Devices and Their Applications 1. Microsoft Kinect: Originally designed for gaming, Kinect uses cameras and depth sensors to track body movements, enabling users to interact with Xbox games through gestures and voice commands. Beyond gaming, it has been used in healthcare for physical therapy, gesture-based control systems, and even in robotics for motion tracking. 2. Gesture-Controlled Smartphones: Some smartphones incorporate gesture recognition technology to enable users to perform certain actions without touching the screen. For instance, users can wave their hand to answer calls, navigate through apps, or capture photos without physically touching the device. 3. Virtual Reality (VR) Headsets: VR devices often employ perceptual computing technologies, such as motion tracking and Prepared by @blue_falcon 0275199306 / 0243816104 8  Computing Notes for Basic Nine spatial mapping, to create immersive experiences. They track head movements, hand gestures, and sometimes eye movements to allow users to interact with and navigate through virtual environments. 4. Smart Assistants (e.g., Amazon Echo, Google Home): These devices utilize speech recognition and natural language processing to understand and respond to voice commands. They can perform various tasks like playing music, providing information, controlling smart home devices, and more, making interactions more natural and conversational. 5. Facial Recognition Systems: Used for security, access control, and authentication purposes, facial recognition systems identify and verify individuals based on their facial features. These systems are employed in smartphones, surveillance cameras, and even at airport security checkpoints. These examples demonstrate how perceptual computing devices leverage technologies like computer vision, voice recognition, gesture tracking, and machine learning to enhance user experiences and enable more intuitive interactions between humans and technology. Key Features of Perceptual Computing 1. Natural Interaction: Perceptual computing enables more natural and intuitive interactions between humans and machines by allowing devices to understand gestures, facial expressions, voice commands, and other non-verbal cues. 2. Gesture and Motion Recognition: It involves technologies that recognize and interpret gestures, body movements, and motions using sensors, cameras, and depth perception to interact with devices without physical touch. 3. Facial and Emotion Recognition: Perceptual computing systems can identify facial features, emotions, and expressions Prepared by @blue_falcon 0275199306 / 0243816104 9  Computing Notes for Basic Nine to infer the user's mood or intent, allowing for personalized responses or adjustments in the interaction. 4. Speech and Voice Recognition: This feature allows devices to understand and respond to spoken commands or queries, enabling hands-free interaction and control of various applications or devices. 5. Machine Learning and AI Integration: Perceptual computing often incorporates machine learning algorithms and artificial intelligence to continuously improve and adapt to users' behaviours, preferences, and patterns of interaction. 6. Contextual Understanding: Systems aim to comprehend the context of the interaction, combining various inputs (gestures, voice, facial expressions) to provide more contextually relevant responses or actions. 7. Immersive Experiences: Perceptual computing enhances immersion in virtual environments, games, and simulations by tracking movements, gestures, and spatial awareness, creating more engaging and realistic experiences. These features collectively aim to bridge the gap between humans and technology, enabling more natural, seamless, and personalized interactions, ultimately enhancing user experiences across various applications and devices. Some Perceptual Computing Devices Amazon Echo Device Google Home Device Microsoft Kinect Device Prepared by @blue_falcon 0275199306 / 0243816104 10  Computing Notes for Basic Nine INDICATOR: B9.1.1.1.3 Discuss the uses of Output devices such as Wearable Displays, E-Paper, E-Books, Kindle EXEMPLAR(S): Describe Wearable Displays (e.g. Google Glass), E-Paper, E-Books (e.g. Kindle) WEARABLE DISPLAYS Wearable displays are small, electronic displays that can be worn on the head or body. They are used to provide information to the user without the need for a separate device, such as a smartphone or tablet. Some examples of wearable displays include: ❖ Google Glass: It is a wearable smart device developed by Google that resembles a pair of glasses. It incorporates an optical head-mounted display (OHMD) that projects information onto the wearer's field of vision. Google Glass offers features like taking photos and videos, accessing information via voice commands, providing notifications, and displaying information such as directions, messages, and weather updates. Although the initial Explorer Edition faced various challenges and was discontinued, Google has continued to explore and develop similar technology for enterprise and specialized applications. ❖ Smart Glasses: Smart glasses refer to wearable devices that resemble traditional glasses but come equipped with technology that provides additional features beyond vision correction. These glasses can have various Prepared by @blue_falcon 0275199306 / 0243816104 11  Computing Notes for Basic Nine functionalities like displaying information, capturing media, accessing the internet, providing augmented reality experiences, or incorporating sensors for fitness tracking or navigation. They aim to enhance the user's experience by integrating technology into everyday eyewear. They incorporate a display and other electronic components, such as a camera and microphone. ❖ Smartwatches: Smartwatches are wearable devices designed to be worn on the wrist, offering various functionalities beyond timekeeping. They typically connect to a smartphone and can display notifications, track fitness metrics like steps, heart rate, and sleep patterns, as well as provide access to apps, calls, messages, emails, weather updates, music playback, and more. Smartwatches often feature touchscreens, voice assistants, and customizable watch faces, catering to users' needs for both convenience and health and fitness monitoring. They've become popular due to their versatility and ability to integrate with other devices, enhancing daily productivity and lifestyle management. ❖ AR/VR headsets: AR (Augmented Reality) and VR (Virtual Reality) headsets are wearable devices that offer immersive experiences in different ways: Augmented Reality (AR) Headsets: AR headsets overlay digital information or virtual objects onto the real world, allowing users to see and interact with both the physical environment and computer-generated elements. They provide contextual information, enable hands-free Prepared by @blue_falcon 0275199306 / 0243816104 12  Computing Notes for Basic Nine interaction, and are used in various industries like gaming, education, healthcare, and more. Virtual Reality (VR) Headsets: VR headsets create entirely immersive digital environments, shutting out the physical world and transporting users to computer- generated simulations or experiences. They often have motion tracking and controllers, enabling users to interact with and navigate through the virtual world, commonly used in gaming, training simulations, design, and entertainment. Both AR and VR headsets aim to enhance experiences by creating immersive, interactive, and sometimes realistic digital environments, each with its unique applications and use cases. Wearable displays have the potential to revolutionize the way we interact with technology. They can provide information and entertainment without the need to carry around a separate device, and they can be used to control other devices with hands-free gestures or voice commands. E-PAPER E-paper is a display technology that is designed to mimic the appearance of real paper. It is made up of millions of tiny capsules that are filled with black and white particles. When an electric field is applied to a capsule, the particles are attracted to the top or bottom of the capsule, depending on the polarity of the field. This causes the capsule to appear black or white. Prepared by @blue_falcon 0275199306 / 0243816104 13  Computing Notes for Basic Nine E-paper has several advantages over traditional LCD displays. It is much more energy efficient, which means that it can last for weeks on a single charge. E-paper is also much easier to read in bright sunlight, and it does not produce any glare. E-paper is most commonly used in e-readers, such as the Kindle. It is also used in some smartphones and tablets. E-BOOKS (e.g. Kindle) E-books are digital versions of books that are stored on a device such as an e-reader, tablet, or smartphone. They can be downloaded from the internet or purchased from online bookstores. E-books have several advantages over traditional paper books. They are much more portable, so you can carry around a large library of books in your pocket or purse. E-books are also more environmentally friendly, as they do not require the cutting down of trees. And, e-books can be customized to the reader's preferences, such as font size and line spacing. The most popular e-reader is the Kindle, which is manufactured by Amazon. Other popular e-readers include the Kobo, Nook, and Sony Reader. E-books and e-paper are both rapidly growing technologies with the potential to change the way we read and interact with information. Prepared by @blue_falcon 0275199306 / 0243816104 14  Computing Notes for Basic Nine INDICATOR: B9.1.1.1.4 Describe Storage Systems: Network and Cloud Storage Systems, Smart Cards, Holographic Storage, Storage Systems for Large Computer Systems (home servers or media servers) EXEMPLAR(S): 1. Discuss Network and Cloud Storage Systems, Smart Cards, Holographic Storage, Storage Systems for Large Computer Systems (home servers or media servers). 2. Explore common cloud storage examples such as Google Drive, One Drive, etc. 3. Discuss the pros and cons of using cloud storage. STORAGE SYSTEMS IN COMPUTING Storage systems in computing refer to the various methods and technologies used to store and manage data. Here are some of the common types: 1. Hard Disk Drives (HDDs): HDDs use spinning disks coated with magnetic material to store data. They provide relatively large storage capacities at affordable prices and are commonly used in computers and servers. 2. Solid State Drives (SSDs): SSDs store data in flash memory chips and have no moving parts. They are faster, more durable, and consume less power than HDDs, making them popular for both personal and enterprise use. 3. External Drives: These include portable HDDs or SSDs that can be connected to computers via USB or other interfaces for additional storage or backup purposes. 4. Cloud Storage: Cloud storage involves storing data on remote servers accessed over the internet. Services like Google Drive, Dropbox, and Amazon S3 offer scalable storage solutions accessible from anywhere with an internet connection. 5. Network-Attached Storage (NAS): NAS systems are dedicated devices connected to a network, providing centralized storage Prepared by @blue_falcon 0275199306 / 0243816104 15  Computing Notes for Basic Nine accessible by multiple users and devices. They are often used for backup, file sharing, and data storage. 6. Storage Area Networks (SANs): SANs are high-speed networks that connect storage devices (like disks or tape drives) to servers, allowing multiple servers to access shared storage resources. 7. Tape Storage: Though less common for personal use, tape storage involves data storage on magnetic tapes and is often used for long-term archiving due to its cost-effectiveness and durability. These storage systems vary in terms of capacity, speed, accessibility, cost, and use cases, catering to different needs across personal, business, and enterprise computing environments. NETWORK AND CLOUD STORAGE SYSTEMS, SMART CARDS, HOLOGRAPHIC STORAGE, STORAGE SYSTEMS FOR LARGE COMPUTER SYSTEMS A Network Storage System refers to a centralized repository of data accessible over a computer network. It's designed to store, manage, and provide access to data for multiple users or devices within a network. Network storage can be in the form of Network Attached Storage (NAS) or Storage Area Network (SAN). NAS (Network Attached Storage): It's a file-level data storage device connected to a network, allowing multiple users and heterogeneous client devices to access data. NAS systems are easy to set up, manage, and are ideal for small to medium-sized businesses or home networks. SAN (Storage Area Network): It's a high-speed network that connects storage devices with servers. SAN operates at the block level Prepared by @blue_falcon 0275199306 / 0243816104 16  Computing Notes for Basic Nine and provides a more efficient, scalable, and high-performance solution suitable for large enterprises or organizations dealing with heavy data transactions, such as databases or high-end applications. Both NAS and SAN systems offer advantages in terms of data sharing, storage management, and access control, catering to diverse requirements based on the scale and specific needs of an organization or network. Cloud storage systems refer to remote data storage solutions where digital data is stored, managed, and maintained on remote servers accessed over the internet. These systems provide users with the ability to store files, documents, media, and other digital assets on a network of servers hosted by a third-party provider. Key aspects of cloud storage systems include: Remote Access: Users can access their stored data from anywhere with an internet connection using various devices like computers, smartphones, or tablets. Scalability: Cloud storage systems offer scalable storage options, allowing users to increase or decrease their storage capacity as needed without the hassle of physical hardware upgrades. Redundancy and Reliability: Data stored in the cloud is often replicated across multiple servers and locations, ensuring redundancy and reliability, minimizing the risk of data loss. Cost Efficiency: Users typically pay for the amount of storage space they use, allowing for cost-effective solutions as opposed to investing in and maintaining physical storage infrastructure. Popular examples of cloud storage services include Google Drive, Dropbox, Microsoft OneDrive, and Amazon Web Services (AWS) S3. These services offer various features, security measures, and Prepared by @blue_falcon 0275199306 / 0243816104 17  Computing Notes for Basic Nine integration options, catering to both individual users and businesses seeking flexible and convenient storage solution A smart card is a small, portable, credit card-sized plastic card embedded with an integrated circuit chip. This chip can process data and perform various functions. Smart cards are used for a wide range of applications due to their ability to securely store and manage information. Here are some common uses and features of smart cards: Security Access: Smart cards are often used for secure access control, such as gaining entry to buildings, systems, or networks. They can store authentication information like passwords or cryptographic keys. Payment and Transactions: Many credit and debit cards now include smart card technology for secure transactions. These cards can store financial data and perform encrypted transactions, adding an extra layer of security. Identification and Authentication: Smart cards are used for identification purposes, like in electronic passports, national ID cards, employee identification, and healthcare cards. They can securely store personal information. Data Storage: Smart cards have storage capacity for various types of data, including personal information, digital certificates, biometric data, and more. The embedded chip in a smart card can either have contact points on the surface of the card (requiring physical contact with a card Prepared by @blue_falcon 0275199306 / 0243816104 18  Computing Notes for Basic Nine reader) or be contactless, using radio frequency (RFID) technology, where the card communicates wirelessly with a card reader. Smart cards offer enhanced security compared to traditional magnetic stripe cards because the data stored on them is more difficult to copy or tamper with. As a result, they are widely used in various industries to provide secure and convenient access, payment, and storage of sensitive information. Holographic storage is an advanced data storage technology that uses three-dimensional holograms to store information. Unlike traditional optical storage methods that record data on the surface of a disc, holographic storage stores data throughout the entire volume of the medium. Key aspects of holographic storage include: Three-dimensional Storage: Holographic storage records data using the interference patterns of laser light in three dimensions within the storage medium, allowing for multiple layers of information to be stored in the same volume. High Data Density: Due to its nature of storing data in three dimensions, holographic storage offers significantly higher data density compared to traditional storage methods. This enables the potential for storing large amounts of data in a smaller physical space. Fast Data Access: Retrieval of data from holographic storage can be faster compared to conventional storage methods because multiple bits of information can be read or written simultaneously. Prepared by @blue_falcon 0275199306 / 0243816104 19  Computing Notes for Basic Nine Data Stability: Holographic storage has the potential for increased durability and stability of data since it is stored throughout the medium rather than just on the surface. Although holographic storage technology shows promise for high- capacity and fast data access, its widespread adoption has been limited due to various challenges in commercialization, such as high production costs, complexity in creating reliable read/write mechanisms, and competition from other evolving storage technologies like solid-state drives (SSDs) and cloud-based storage solutions. Nonetheless, ongoing research and advancements continue to explore the potential of holographic storage for future data storage needs. Storage Systems for Large Computer Systems What are large computer systems? Large computer systems typically refer to computing environments that involve significant computational power, extensive data storage, complex networking, and high-performance requirements. These systems can vary in scale, purpose, and usage, catering to various fields and industries. Some examples of large computer systems include: Enterprise Servers: These encompass large-scale servers designed to manage and process data for businesses or organizations. They handle tasks such as database management, web hosting, application deployment, and enterprise-level services. Supercomputers: These are among the most powerful computing systems, utilized for scientific research, simulations, weather forecasting, complex modelling, and other computationally intensive tasks. Supercomputers are Prepared by @blue_falcon 0275199306 / 0243816104 20  Computing Notes for Basic Nine designed to perform massive calculations at incredibly high speeds. Data Centres: These centralized facilities house a large number of servers, networking equipment, and storage systems to manage and process vast amounts of data. Data centres are crucial for cloud computing, online services, and internet-based applications. High-Performance Computing Clusters (HPC): HPC clusters consist of interconnected computers or nodes that work together to solve complex problems requiring substantial computational resources. They are utilized in scientific research, engineering simulations, and academic institutions. Mainframe Computers: These robust and powerful computers are known for their reliability, scalability, and ability to handle massive workloads. Mainframes are often used by large organizations for critical applications like financial transactions, billing systems, and administrative purposes. Large-Scale Distributed Systems: These encompass interconnected computing systems spread across different geographical locations, working collaboratively to perform tasks that require distributed resources. Examples include content delivery networks (CDNs), global cloud infrastructures, and interconnected IoT networks. Large computer systems typically involve high processing power, extensive memory, sophisticated networking infrastructure, and specialized software to handle the demands of complex computations, massive data processing, and critical operations. They play a crucial role in various industries, scientific research, and technological advancements, supporting tasks that require substantial computational resources and data handling capabilities. Prepared by @blue_falcon 0275199306 / 0243816104 21  Computing Notes for Basic Nine For large computer systems, such as home servers and media servers that require substantial storage capacity and reliability, several storage systems are commonly used Network Attached Storage (NAS): NAS devices are dedicated file- level data storage servers connected to a network. They are suitable for home or small office setups and offer centralized storage accessible to multiple devices. NAS systems often come with RAID configurations for data redundancy and various software functionalities like remote access, media streaming, and automated backups. Direct Attached Storage (DAS): DAS involves directly attaching storage devices to a server or computer. It's useful for high- performance applications and can be expanded by adding more drives or enclosures. DAS is suitable for scenarios where local access speed is crucial, such as media editing or high-speed data transfer. Storage Area Network (SAN): SAN is a high-speed network dedicated to providing block-level storage to multiple servers. SANs are commonly used in large-scale environments where high performance, scalability, and shared access to storage resources among multiple servers are essential. They often use Fibre Channel or iSCSI protocols for connectivity. Cloud-Based Storage: Cloud storage services like Google Drive, Dropbox, or Amazon S3 are viable options for large-scale data storage. They offer scalability, accessibility from anywhere with an internet connection, and often have features for data backup, synchronization, and sharing. When setting up storage for large computer systems like home servers or media servers, it's essential to consider factors such as scalability, performance needs, data redundancy, ease of Prepared by @blue_falcon 0275199306 / 0243816104 22  Computing Notes for Basic Nine management, and security to determine the most suitable storage solution. RAID configurations, backup strategies, and data access protocols should also be considered based on the specific requirements and expected usage patterns of the system. COMMON EXAMPLES OF CLOUD STORAGE Google Drive: This is a cloud storage service offered by Google that integrates with its other products, such as Gmail, Google Photos, Google Docs, and Google Workspace. You can store any type of file on Google Drive and access them from any device. You can also share and collaborate on files with others. Google Drive offers 15 GB of free storage, and you can upgrade to more storage plans starting from $1.99 per month for 100 GB. OneDrive: This is a cloud storage service offered by Microsoft that integrates with its other products, such as Windows, Office, Outlook, and Microsoft 365. You can store any type of file on OneDrive and access them from any device. You can also share and collaborate on files with others. OneDrive offers 5 GB of free storage, and you can upgrade to more storage plans starting from $1.99 per month for 100 GB. Dropbox: This is a cloud storage service that lets you store any type of file and sync them across your devices. You can also share and collaborate on files with others. Dropbox offers 2 GB of free storage, and you can upgrade to more storage plans starting from $9.99 per month for 2 TB. Prepared by @blue_falcon 0275199306 / 0243816104 23  Computing Notes for Basic Nine iCloud (Apple): iCloud is Apple's native cloud storage solution, offering 5 GB of free storage and is tightly integrated into the Apple ecosystem. It allows users to store photos, videos, files, and backups of iOS devices. iCloud Drive enables file storage and synchronization across Apple devices, including Macs, iPhones, and iPads. It also offers collaboration features and app-specific storage solutions. pCloud: This is a cloud storage service that offers high security and speed for your files. You can store any type of file and access them from any device. You can also share and collaborate on files with others. pCloud offers 10 GB of free storage, and you can upgrade to more storage plans starting from $3.99 per month for 500 GB. You can also opt for a lifetime plan that gives you one-time payment for permanent storage. Sync: This is a cloud storage service that focuses on privacy and encryption for your files. You can store any type of file and access them from any device. You can also share and collaborate on files with others. Sync offers 5 GB of free storage, and you can upgrade to more storage plans starting from $5 per month for 200 GB Amazon Drive: Amazon Drive offers 5 GB of free storage and integrates with Amazon’s other services like Prime Photos. It allows users to store photos, videos, documents, and other files. Amazon Drive provides options for file sharing, syncing, and accessing files from various devices. Pros and Cons of Cloud Storage Cloud storage offers several advantages and disadvantages compared to traditional storage methods like external hard drives. Prepared by @blue_falcon 0275199306 / 0243816104 24  Computing Notes for Basic Nine Pros (Advantages): Accessibility: Cloud storage allows you to access your files from any device with an internet connection, regardless of location. Scalability: Cloud storage can easily scale to meet your growing storage needs. Backup and Disaster Recovery: Cloud storage providers automatically back up your data, protecting it from accidental deletion, hardware failure, and natural disasters. Cost-effectiveness: Cloud storage can be more cost-effective than purchasing and maintaining your own storage hardware. Collaboration: Cloud storage enables real-time collaboration on documents and files with others. Security: Cloud storage providers offer advanced security features, such as encryption and access controls, to protect your data. Cons (Disadvantages): Internet dependence: You need an internet connection to access your files in the cloud. Privacy concerns: Your data is stored on someone else's servers, raising privacy concerns for some users. Vendor lock-in: Switching cloud storage providers can be complex and time-consuming. Data caps and fees: Some cloud storage services have data caps and charge additional fees for exceeding those limits. Limited control: You have less control over your data compared to storing it on your own devices. Prepared by @blue_falcon 0275199306 / 0243816104 25  Computing Notes for Basic Nine CONTENT STANDARD: B9.1.1.2 DEMONSTRATE THE USE OF THE DESKTOP INDICATOR: B91.1.2.1 Explore Personalization of the Computer EXEMPLAR(S): 1. Change desktop icons. 2. Change mouse pointers THE WINDOWS DESKTOP The Windows Desktop is the main screen you see after logging into your computer, where you run programs, access files, and personalize your computer. It's similar to a physical desktop where you organize your things, hence the name. It consists of: Prepared by @blue_falcon 0275199306 / 0243816104 26  Computing Notes for Basic Nine Work area: The main space where you arrange icons, folders, and open windows. Taskbar: The bar at the bottom of the screen with the Start button, open windows, and system tray icons. Wallpaper: The background image behind everything else. Additional components: Some versions of Windows also include widgets, quick access panels, and search bars. Desktop Icons Desktop icons are graphical or symbolic representations of files, folders, applications, and software that are used to navigate and access them on your computer screen. They are part of the graphical user interface (GUI) of your operating system, such as Windows or macOS. When you click or double-click an icon, the associated file or program opens or an action is performed. Some common desktop icons on Windows are: -This PC: This icon shows you the drives and folders on your computer. You can use it to browse and manage your files and data. - Recycle Bin: This icon shows you the location where you can restore deleted files and folders. You can also empty the Recycle Bin to permanently delete them. -Edge: This icon shows you the web browser that comes with Windows. You can use it to access websites and online services. -Documents: This icon shows you the folder where you can store your personal documents, such as documents, pictures, music, etc. Changing Desktop Icons ❖ Right-click on an empty space on your desktop. ❖ Select Personalize. ❖ In the left pane, choose Themes. ❖ Under Related settings, click Desktop icon settings. Prepared by @blue_falcon 0275199306 / 0243816104 27  Computing Notes for Basic Nine The Desktop Icon Setting Dialog box ❖ Check or uncheck the boxes next to the icons you want to show or hide. ❖ You can also click Change icon to change the icon for a specific item. ❖ Click Apply and then OK to save your change. Prepared by @blue_falcon 0275199306 / 0243816104 28  Computing Notes for Basic Nine Changing the Mouse Pointer To change mouse pointers, you can follow these steps: 1. Open Settings in Windows 10 by clicking the Start menu button in the bottom left corner of your screen and clicking the gear icon. 2. Select “Devices,” “Mouse,” and then “Additional mouse options.” Alternatively, you can type “mouse” into the search box to find the right options. 3. A window named “Mouse Properties” will open. To change the look of your mouse cursor, go to “Pointers,” click "Browse" and scroll through the different cursor styles that are available in Windows 10. Select the one you like best, then click "OK" to confirm. 4. To change the size and colour of your mouse cursor, go to “Ease of access mouse settings” in Settings and select “Mouse pointer” in the side menu. Use the "Change pointer size" slider to change the size of the mouse cursor. Choose one of the "Change the pointer colour" options to change the colour of your mouse cursor. Prepared by @blue_falcon 0275199306 / 0243816104 29  Computing Notes for Basic Nine INDICATOR: B9.1.1.2.2 Identify and use file management techniques (drivers and hardware) EXEMPLAR(S): 1. Identify and explore the use of device drivers e. g. sound drivers and video graphic drivers. 2. Explain plug-and-play devices. 3. Demonstrate how to install, update or delete drivers. DEVICE DRIVERS What are device drivers? Device drivers are software programs that facilitate communication between an operating system and hardware devices attached to a computer. In the world of computers, a device driver acts like a translator between your operating system and the hardware attached to your machine. It’s a specialized piece of software that unlocks the functionalities of your hardware, allowing your computer to understand and communicate with things like printers, keyboards, graphics cards, and even internal components like hard drives. Here are some key points about device drivers: They’re specific: Each type of hardware (e.g., printer, graphics card) needs its own unique driver. Trying to use the wrong driver can lead to malfunctions or even damage your hardware. They’re often updated: Device manufacturers regularly release new drivers that fix bugs, improve performance, or add new features. It’s important to keep your drivers up-to-date for optimal performance and security. You don’t usually interact with them directly: Drivers work behind the scenes, so you usually don’t need to mess with them unless you’re having problems. However, in some cases, you might need to install or update drivers manually. Prepared by @blue_falcon 0275199306 / 0243816104 30  Computing Notes for Basic Nine Examples of devices drivers and the role they play in computers are as follows; 1. Sound Drivers: Sound drivers manage audio devices like speakers, microphones, sound cards, etc. They enable the operating system to produce, record, and manipulate sound, ensuring that audio hardware works correctly and interfaces with software applications. 2. Graphics Drivers: Graphic drivers are crucial for video cards or GPUs. They translate commands from the operating system into commands that the graphics hardware understands. They optimize display resolutions, refresh rates, and enable functionalities like 3D rendering and video playback. 3. Network Drivers: These drivers manage network interfaces such as Ethernet, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, etc. They facilitate the communication between the computer and the network, ensuring proper data transmission, connection stability, and compatibility with different network protocols. 4. Printer Drivers: Printer drivers allow the operating system to communicate with printers, enabling users to send print jobs from their computers. They interpret print job commands and format data to be printed in a way that the specific printer model can understand. 5. Storage Drivers: These drivers manage storage devices like hard drives, solid-state drives (SSDs), and optical drives. They allow the OS to read and write data to these devices, ensuring proper storage access and efficient data transfer. 6. Other Essential Drivers: The list of device drivers doesn’t end there! You’ll find drivers for keyboards, mice, touchpads, webcams, scanners, external hard drives, and even internal components like your motherboard and chipset. Each driver plays a crucial role in ensuring smooth operation and optimal performance for its corresponding hardware. Prepared by @blue_falcon 0275199306 / 0243816104 31  Computing Notes for Basic Nine Keeping Your Drivers Up-to-Date: Remember, device drivers are constantly evolving. New versions fix bugs, improve performance, and sometimes even add new features. It’s essential to keep your drivers up-to-date for optimal functionality and security. Most operating systems offer built-in tools for driver updates, but you can also download drivers directly from the manufacturer's website. By understanding the vital role of device drivers, you can appreciate the complex symphony of software and hardware that powers your computer. These unsung heroes work tirelessly behind the scenes, ensuring seamless communication and unlocking the full potential of your technological marvels. So, the next time you fire up your computer and enjoy a flawless online gaming session, print a stunning photo, or blast your favourite tunes, remember the silent heroes – the device drivers – that make it all possible! PLUG AND PLAY (PNP) DEVICES Plug-and-play (PnP) refers to the capability of a computer system to detect and configure hardware devices automatically when they are connected (plugged in) without requiring manual intervention or additional configuration by the user. With plug-and-play functionality, when a compatible device is connected to the computer—such as USB devices, external hard drives, printers, keyboards, and more—the operating system detects it. The system then identifies the device and loads the necessary device drivers or configuration settings automatically. This enables the device to be immediately usable without the user needing to install drivers or make complex configurations. Prepared by @blue_falcon 0275199306 / 0243816104 32  Computing Notes for Basic Nine The Magic Behind Plug & Play: Standardized Hardware: These devices follow universal specifications for things like connectors and communication protocols. Think of it like a universal language for hardware. Pre-Loaded Configuration: Plug-and-play devices come with their built-in mini-manuals called “device descriptors.” These files tell your computer everything it needs to know about the device, like its capabilities and resource requirements. Automatic Driver Installation: Your operating system is the tech- savvy friend who reads the device descriptor and automatically installs the appropriate driver software. No hunting for driver CDs or cryptic websites! Resource Allocation: Your computer, now knowing the device’s needs, assigns it the necessary resources like memory and processing power, ensuring everything runs smoothly. Benefits of Plug-and-Play: Super-Fast Setup: Ditch the manuals and installation headaches. Just plug, and you’re good to go! Compatibility across Devices: No more worrying about driver compatibility issues. Plug-and-play devices work across most modern operating systems. Reduced Errors: Automatic driver installation minimizes the risk of installing the wrong drivers, which can lead to malfunctions. More Play, Less Work: Spend less time troubleshooting and more time enjoying your devices! Examples of Plug-and-Play Devices: USB flash drives, Webcams, External hard drives, Keyboards and mice, Printers (some models), Headphones and speakers Prepared by @blue_falcon 0275199306 / 0243816104 33  Computing Notes for Basic Nine Installing, Updating, or Deleting drivers on a Windows computer. Installing Drivers: Automatic Installation (Plug and Play): For plug-and-play devices, simply connect the device to your computer. Windows will automatically attempt to find and install the appropriate drivers. Manual Installation: Visit the manufacturer’s website of the hardware component you want to install drivers for. Locate the “Support” or “Downloads” section and find the drivers for your specific model and operating system version. Download the driver package and follow the installation instructions provided. Usually, it involves running an executable file (.exe) or installing drivers through Device Manager (explained below). Windows Update: Windows Update can also be used to update or install drivers. Go to Settings > Update & Security > Windows Update and click Check for updates. Windows will automatically download and install any available driver updates Updating Device Drivers 1. Device Manager Method: Right-click on the Start menu and select “Device Manager.” Expand the category of the device you want to update. Right-click on the specific device and choose “Update driver.” Select “Search automatically for updated driver software.” Follow the prompts to complete the update. Prepared by @blue_falcon 0275199306 / 0243816104 34  Computing Notes for Basic Nine 2. Manual Update: Follow the same steps as installing drivers manually (mentioned above) but download the updated driver version from the manufacturer’s website. Deleting Drivers: 1. Device Manager Method: Open “Device Manager.” Expand the category of the device whose driver you want to delete. Right-click on the device and select “Uninstall device.” Check the box that says “Delete the driver software for this device” if you want to remove the driver completely. Click “Uninstall” and restart your computer. 2. Using Programs and Features: Press Win + R, type “appwiz.cpl,” in the search bar on the Taskbar and press Enter to open “Programs and Features.” Find the software related to the driver you want to remove. Right-click and choose “Uninstall” to remove the driver- related software Prepared by @blue_falcon 0275199306 / 0243816104 35  Computing Notes for Basic Nine CONTENT STANDARD: B9.1.2.1. DEMONSTRATE THE USE OF TECHNOLOGY IN THE COMMUNITY NOTE: Guide the learners to identify a problem in your community that can be solved with the aid of technology. It can be in the school, the community in which the school is situated or the surrounding communities. Use the Exemplars as your guide. B9.1.2.1.1. Evaluate problems in the community that can be solved with technology Exemplar(s): 1. Discuss problems in the community that can be solved using technology. Work in pairs. B9.1.2.1.2. Propose solutions to the problems identified. Exemplar(s): 1. Present technological solutions to the problems identified in B9.1.2.1.1. B9.1.2.1.3. Design the solution selected. Exemplar(s): 1. Design the solution selected. 2. Present the solution designed. NB: Tasks in B9.1.2.1 is to be done as a project work Prepared by @blue_falcon 0275199306 / 0243816104 36  Computing Notes for Basic Nine STRAND 1: INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING SUB-STRAND 3: HEALTH AND SAFETY IN THE USE OF ICT TOOLS CONTENT STANDARD: B9.1.3.1. DEMONSTRATE HOW TO APPLY HEALTH AND SAFETY MEASURES IN THE USE ICT TOOLS INDICATOR: B9.1.3.1.1 Evaluate health issues at workstations EXEMPLAR(S): 1. Discuss the use of ergonomic tools such as ergonomic keyboard and paper stand. 2. Demonstrate the appropriateness of the lighting system while working with the computer. Ergonomic Tools in Computing Ergonomic tools in computing are devices or software that are designed to reduce strain, fatigue, and injuries by improving the comfort and efficiency of the user. Ergonomic tools can help prevent or reduce the risk of computer- related pain and injuries, such as carpal tunnel syndrome, neck and back pain, eye strain, and headaches. They can also improve the user’s productivity, performance, and well-being. Some examples of ergonomic tools are: 1. Ergonomic keyboards and mice: They are designed to promote a more natural hand and wrist position, reducing the risk of repetitive strain injuries. 2. Standing desks and ergonomic chairs: These help in maintaining proper posture, reducing back and neck strain, and offering flexibility in work positions. 3. Monitor stands and laptop risers: These aid in positioning screens at eye level to prevent neck and eye strain. Prepared by @blue_falcon 0275199306 / 0243816104 37  Computing Notes for Basic Nine 4. Wrist rests and mouse pads with wrist support: They provide cushioning and support to reduce strain on wrists during prolonged computer use. 5. Footrests and ergonomic mats: They aid in maintaining proper foot posture and reducing fatigue when standing for long periods. 6. Document holders and book stands: These tools position materials at eye level, minimizing strain on the neck and improving overall comfort. 7. Adjustable chairs allow the user to maintain a neutral posture and avoid awkward angles or positions. 8. Software tools that can remind the user to take breaks, stretch, or change posture, and provide feedback on their ergonomics. ERGONOMIC KEYBOARD Wireless Ergonomic Keyboard Split Ergonomic Keyboard Traditional flat keyboards force your wrists into an unnatural bend, which can lead to carpal tunnel syndrome and other repetitive strain injuries. Ergonomic keyboards come in various designs, with split layouts, contoured keys, and negative tilt, all aimed at keeping your wrists in a neutral position. Prepared by @blue_falcon 0275199306 / 0243816104 38  Computing Notes for Basic Nine Some ergonomic keyboards even go further, featuring vertical layouts that place your hands in a handshake position, minimizing wrist strain altogether. Ergonomic keyboards are designed to promote a more natural and comfortable hand and wrist position while typing. They typically feature a split or curved design, allowing users to position their hands in a more relaxed and neutral posture, which can reduce strain and discomfort associated with extended typing sessions. These keyboards often come in different shapes and styles: 1. Split keyboards: They have a separation between the two keyboard halves, allowing users to position each hand at a more natural angle, reducing wrist extension and minimizing strain on the wrists and shoulders. 2. Curved or contoured keyboards: These keyboards have a curved layout that mimics the natural shape of the hands, enabling a more relaxed typing position and reducing stress on the fingers and wrists. 3. Adjustable keyboards: Some ergonomic keyboards allow users to adjust the tilt and height, catering to individual preferences and promoting a more comfortable typing experience. The benefits of ergonomic keyboards include: ▪ Reduced risk of repetitive strain injuries (RSI): By promoting a more natural hand position, ergonomic keyboards can lower the risk of conditions like carpal tunnel syndrome and tendonitis. ▪ Improved comfort: Users often find ergonomic keyboards more comfortable for extended periods of typing, leading to increased productivity and reduced fatigue. Prepared by @blue_falcon 0275199306 / 0243816104 39  Computing Notes for Basic Nine ▪ Better posture: These keyboards encourage a more neutral wrist and arm position, potentially reducing strain on the shoulders and upper back. PAPER STAND A paper stand, also known as a document holder or book stand, is a device used to hold papers, documents, books, or tablets in an elevated and angled position. It is designed to be placed on a desk or workstation, allowing users to comfortably view and read materials without straining their neck, shoulders, or eyes. The primary purpose of a paper stand is to position documents at eye level or at a comfortable viewing angle, which can offer several benefits: 1. Reduced neck strain: By placing papers or documents at eye level, a paper stand helps users maintain a more natural neck position while reading or referencing materials. This reduces the need to constantly look down, decreasing strain on the neck muscles. 2. Improved posture: Using a paper stand promotes better posture by preventing users from hunching over or leaning forward to view documents on a flat surface. This can contribute to reduced back and shoulder discomfort. Prepared by @blue_falcon 0275199306 / 0243816104 40  Computing Notes for Basic Nine 3. Enhanced productivity: With documents positioned at a more ergonomic viewing angle, users can work more efficiently and comfortably, leading to increased productivity and reduced fatigue. Paper stands come in various designs, including adjustable stands that allow users to customize the angle and height to suit their preferences. Some stands also have additional features like clips to hold pages in place or the ability to accommodate larger documents or books. The use of a paper stand can significantly improve comfort, reduce strain, and promote healthier work habits for individuals who frequently refer to written materials or work with documents for extended periods. The Appropriateness of the Lighting System while Working with the Computer. Lighting: Your Eyeshadow for Computer Work Good lighting is like eyeshadow for your computer workspace – it enhances the clarity, reduces strain, and even boosts your mood! But just like with makeup, finding the right lighting for computer work requires some nuance. Here’s how to create a lighting scheme that’s as beautiful as it is functional: Layering the Light: Natural Light: This is the holy grail! Position your desk near a window to bathe in the warm glow of daylight. It regulates your circadian rhythm, boosts alertness, and improves eye comfort. Remember to adjust blinds or curtains to avoid glare directly on your screen. Prepared by @blue_falcon 0275199306 / 0243816104 41  Computing Notes for Basic Nine Ambient Lighting: Overhead lighting provides general illumination. Opt for LED bulbs with a colour temperature around 2700K-3000K, emitting a soft, warm light that’s easy on the eyes. Avoid harsh fluorescent lights that can cause glare and flicker. Task Lighting: This shines directly on your work area, reducing eye strain. A desk lamp with an adjustable arm and diffused head is ideal. Position it slightly behind your monitor and angle it to avoid reflections. NOTE: 1. Avoiding glare and reflections: Proper lighting helps reduce glare and reflections on the computer screen. Glare can cause eye strain and discomfort, leading to headaches and decreased productivity. Positioning light sources to minimize glare on the screen is important. 2. Sufficient brightness: The lighting should be bright enough to comfortably see the screen and surrounding workspace without causing strain. Insufficient lighting can force users to strain their eyes to read text or see details on the screen. 3. Balancing ambient and screen brightness: The contrast between the brightness of the screen and the ambient lighting is important. A well-balanced lighting system ensures that the screen is easily Prepared by @blue_falcon 0275199306 / 0243816104 42  Computing Notes for Basic Nine visible without causing discomfort due to excessively bright or dim surrounding lights. 4. Adjustability: Having adjustable lighting options allows users to customize the lighting according to their preferences and the time of day. Dimmable lights or using task lighting can be beneficial to control lighting intensity based on individual needs. 5. Avoiding direct overhead lighting: Harsh overhead lighting can cause glare and shadows on the screen. Opt for indirect or diffuse lighting sources to evenly illuminate the workspace without causing strain on the eyes. Prepared by @blue_falcon 0275199306 / 0243816104 43  Computing Notes for Basic Nine INDICATOR: B9.1.3.1.2 Evaluate Safety Risk Reduction at issues at workstations EXEMPLAR(S): 1. Discuss the heat generated by machines (e.g. computers, printers etc.) and how to reduce excess heat. Heat Generated by Machines Machines and Heat Machines have a fiery passion for producing heat, a byproduct of their tireless labour. From the whirring CPUs of computers to the churning gears of printers, they all generate warmth, sometimes to uncomfortable and even damaging levels. Excessive heat can lead to reduced performance, overheating, and potentially damage sensitive components. This heat is generated as a result of the following; ▪ Friction and Resistance: The internal workings of machines, like spinning fans and grinding gears, create friction, and overcoming resistance also generates heat. Think of rubbing your hands together – that’s the basic principle at play. ▪ Energy Conversion: As electricity flows through circuits and powers components, some of that energy inevitably gets converted into heat. It’s like turning electrical fireflies into tiny thermal embers. ▪ Workload and Design: Machines working at full tilt naturally generate more heat. Additionally, some machines are inherently less efficient, producing more heat for the same amount of work Ways to Reduce Excess Heat from these Machines 1. Proper ventilation: Ensure that the machines have adequate airflow to dissipate heat. Keep vents and fans unobstructed to Prepared by @blue_falcon 0275199306 / 0243816104 44  Computing Notes for Basic Nine allow heat to escape efficiently. Consider using cooling pads or stands for laptops to improve airflow underneath. 2. Regular cleaning: Dust accumulation can hinder proper airflow and lead to overheating. Regularly clean the vents, fans, and internal components of devices to prevent dust buildup, which can impede heat dissipation. 3. Optimal placement: Position machines in well-ventilated areas away from direct sunlight and heat sources. Avoid enclosing them in tight spaces or placing them on surfaces that retain heat, such as carpets or fabrics. 4. Cooling accessories: Utilize external cooling solutions like cooling pads or laptop stands with built-in fans. These accessories help to improve airflow around the machine and dissipate heat more effectively. 5. Adjust power settings: Lowering the performance settings on computers or adjusting power management settings can reduce energy consumption, thereby generating less heat during operation. 6. Maintain proper usage: Avoid running too many resource- intensive applications simultaneously, as this can increase heat generation. Shut down or put machines to sleep when not in use to reduce continuous heat production. 7. Upgrade or replace components: In some cases, upgrading components like the CPU cooler or adding additional fans can help manage heat more efficiently. If a device consistently overheats despite mitigation efforts, consider consulting a professional or replacing the malfunctioning parts. Prepared by @blue_falcon 0275199306 / 0243816104 45  Computing Notes for Basic Nine STRAND 2: PRODUCTIVITY SOFTWARE SUB-STRAND 1: INTRODUCTION TO WORD PROCESSING CONTENT STANDARD: B9.2.1.1 DEMONSTRATE HOW TO USE MICROSOFT WORD (MULTIMEDIA) INDICATOR: B9.2.1.1.1. Demonstrate how to add pictures, insert a screenshot and screen clipping and print screen EXEMPLAR(S): 1. Explore the use of the clip art, screenshot and screen clipping in the Insert Ribbon. 2. Demonstrate the use of the print screen key in capturing and inserting pictures. The Insert Tab showing the Pages, Tables & Illustrations Group Clip Art Clip Art is a collection of images, illustrations, and other graphical elements that users can insert directly into their documents or presentations. Clip Art was removed from Office suite in December 2014 and replaced with Icons in the newer versions of Office, such as Microsoft 365, Office 2021, and Office 2019. Icons, which are a new kind of illustration for your documents can be inserted, pivoted, rotated, colored, and resized without losing quality. You need an active internet connection to be able to access Icons. Prepared by @blue_falcon 0275199306 / 0243816104 46  Computing Notes for Basic Nine To insert Icons in a document; Open the Word document, and select Insert → Icons from the top Ribbon. Select the icons you want, and then choose Insert in the lower right. Select the icon, and then you can rotate, color, and resize them by using the options on the Graphic Format tab. Remember that you will need an active internet connection to be able to access the Icons pack. If you are using the 2007, 2010, and 2013 Versions of Office, you can still access the old Clip Art images through the "Online Pictures" button under the "Insert" tab. SCREENSHOTS A screenshot is an image that shows the contents of a computer display. You can take a screenshot to capture what you see on your screen and share it with others or use it as a reference later on. Screenshots can be useful for many purposes, such as demonstrating how to do something, showing an error message, or saving information that cannot be easily printed. How to take a screenshot using the Screenshot tool in Microsoft Word: 1. Open Microsoft Word on your computer. 2. Go to the page or document where you want to insert the screenshot. 3. Click on the "Insert" tab in the Ribbon. 4. Within the "Insert" tab, look for the "Screenshot" option. It's in the "Illustrations" group. 5. Click on the "Screenshot" option. A drop-down menu will appear, showing available screenshots. Prepared by @blue_falcon 0275199306 / 0243816104 47  Computing Notes for Basic Nine 6. If you want to capture a specific window, select it from the list. If you want to capture a portion of the screen, choose "Screen Clipping" at the bottom of the drop-down menu. 7. If you selected "Screen Clipping," your screen will temporarily fade, allowing you to select the area you want to capture. Click and drag to capture the desired portion. 8. The captured screenshot will be inserted directly into your Word document. Screen Clipping Screen Clipping in Microsoft Word allows you to capture and insert a specific portion of your screen directly into your document. Here's how you can use the Screen Clipping feature: 1. Open Microsoft Word and go to the page or document where you want to insert the screenshot. 2. Click on the "Insert" tab in the top menu. 3. Within the "Insert" tab, locate the "Screenshot" option. It's typically in the "Illustrations" group. 4. Choose "Screen Clipping" at the bottom of the drop-down menu. 5. Your screen will temporarily fade, and you'll see a transparent crosshair cursor. 6. Click and drag to select the specific area of the screen you want to capture. 7. Release the mouse button, and the selected portion will be inserted directly into your Word document. You can edit, resize, or align the screen clipping using the Picture Format tab or the Layout Options. Screen Clipping is handy when you only need a specific part of your screen, allowing you to capture and include it in your document seamlessly. Prepared by @blue_falcon 0275199306 / 0243816104 48  Computing Notes for Basic Nine Print Screen Key The Print Screen key on the keyboard, often labeled as "PrtSc" or "Print Scr," captures the entire screen or, depending on your keyboard, the active window. Here's how it generally works: 1. Full Screen Capture Press the "Print Screen" key. The captured screenshot is copied to the clipboard. 2. Active Window Capture (Alt + Print Screen) Hold down the "Alt" key and press the "Print Screen" key. The screenshot of the currently active window is copied to the clipboard. 3. Using Snip & Sketch or Snipping Tool Press "Windows key + Shift + S" to open Snip & Sketch or use the Snipping Tool. Select the area you want to capture. The screenshot is copied to the clipboard. 4. Using the Snipping Tool. If you prefer using the Snipping Tool, you can also open it separately, capture the desired area, and save or copy the screenshot. After capturing, you can paste the screenshot into word processor, by opening a new document and pressing "Ctrl + V." You can also save the screenshot as an image file using an image editing program. Note: In Windows 11, the Print Screen key directly opens the Snipping Tool. Prepared by @blue_falcon 0275199306 / 0243816104 49  Computing Notes for Basic Nine INDICATOR: B9.2.1.1.2. Demonstrate the use of SmartArt EXEMPLAR(S): 1. Illustrate the use of SmartArt in the Illustrations group of the Insert Ribbon. SmartArt SmartArt is a feature in Microsoft Word within the Illustrations group of the Insert Ribbon that allows users to create professional-looking diagrams, flowcharts, and graphics without the need for advanced graphic design skills. It is a tool that simplifies the process of visually representing information, making it easier for users to communicate complex ideas or concepts. SmartArt graphics range from graphical lists and process diagrams to more complex graphics, such as Venn diagrams and organization charts. The SmartArt Graphic Dialog Box Some key points about SmartArt in Microsoft Word Prepared by @blue_falcon 0275199306 / 0243816104 50  Computing Notes for Basic Nine 1. Visual Representation: SmartArt enables users to visually represent information using various pre-built templates and layouts. These templates cover a range of graphic types such as lists, processes, cycles, hierarchies, relationships, matrices, and pyramids. 2. Ease of Use: SmartArt is designed to be user-friendly, allowing individuals to create visually appealing graphics with just a few clicks. Users can easily add, remove, and rearrange shapes within the SmartArt graphic. 3. Integration with Text: SmartArt graphics are integrated with text, making it easy to add and edit content. Each shape in the SmartArt graphic typically contains a text box where you can enter information. As you edit the text, the graphic adjusts dynamically. 4. Dynamic Formatting: Users can format and customize SmartArt graphics using the various formatting options available. This includes changing colours, styles, adding effects, and adjusting the overall appearance to suit the document's design. 5. Accessibility: SmartArt is a versatile tool that can be used for different types of documents, from business presentations to educational materials. It helps to convey information in a visually engaging manner, making it more accessible and understandable for the audience. 6. Integration with Microsoft Office Suite: SmartArt is not limited to Microsoft Word; it is part of the broader Microsoft Office Suite. This means that you can create SmartArt graphics in Word and easily transfer them to other Office applications like PowerPoint and Excel. Prepared by @blue_falcon 0275199306 / 0243816104 51  Computing Notes for Basic Nine Here's how to use SmartArt in Microsoft Word 1. Open Microsoft Word Launch Microsoft Word and open a new or existing document. 2. Go to the Insert Ribbon At the top of the Word window, find the Ribbon. Click on the "Insert" tab to access the Insert Ribbon. 3. Find the Illustrations Group Within the Insert Ribbon, locate the "Illustrations" group. This group contains various tools for adding visual elements to your document. 4. Click on SmartArt In the Illustrations group, you will see an option called "SmartArt." Click on it to open the SmartArt Graphic dialog box. 5. Choose a SmartArt Graphic The SmartArt Graphic dialog box will appear, displaying a variety of diagram types and layouts. You can choose from categories like List, Process, Cycle, Hierarchy, Relationship, Matrix, Pyramid and Picture. Click on the category on the left and then choose a specific SmartArt graphic on the right. 6. Click OK After selecting the desired SmartArt graphic, click the "OK" button. This will insert the chosen SmartArt graphic into your Word document. 7. Edit the SmartArt With the SmartArt graphic in place, you can now enter your text into the provided text boxes. To add or remove shapes, use the options in the SmartArt Tools Design tab that appears when you have the SmartArt selected. You can also change the colours, styles, and other formatting options from this tab. 8. Format and Customize Utilize the SmartArt Tools Design and Format tabs that appear when you have the SmartArt graphic selected to format and customize your SmartArt graphic further. You can change colours, styles, add effects, and more. Prepared by @blue_falcon 0275199306 / 0243816104 52  Computing Notes for Basic Nine 9. Resize and Move Resize and move the SmartArt graphic as needed by clicking and dragging the corners or edges. You can also use the alignment options on the Format tab to position it precisely. 10. Save Your Document Once you're satisfied with your SmartArt graphic, don't forget to save your document. Prepared by @blue_falcon 0275199306 / 0243816104 53