Geography: The World of Regions PDF

Geography Relationship between places The World of Regions Physical Geography Human Geography The Contemporary Worl...

Geography Relationship between places The World of Regions Physical Geography Human Geography The Contemporary World Regional Geography Regionalism Regionalism Regionalism is a key concept in human geography denoting mobilization of cultural, economic, and political sub-national divisions. Pursuit for common identity, aims, and goals. Large territories (counties, provinces, countries (which share a set of attributes) Shared values and structures of existing within a geographical location Dynamic Created by people  Economic Regionalism Economic Regionalism EU, the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), and the ASEAN (Association of Southeast Institutional arrangements designed to facilitate the free flow of goods Asian Nations) Free Trade Area (AFTA) and services and to coordinate foreign economic policies between Geographic proximity but also on increasing economic interdependence, relatively homogenous countries in the same geographic region. political structures (e.g., democracy), and shared cultural and political traditions. Classification Manage the opportunities and constraints created by the dramatic Level of institutional integration “tight” regionalism “loose” regionalism increase in international economic ties since the end of World War II. Treatment of non-members Open forms vs Closed forms European Community (1957) and the European Union (EU; 1993)—and Supporters of economic regionalism have tried to promote the development of open and tight regionalism and to minimize closed and loose regionalism. the European Free Trade Association (EFTA; 1960). Economic Regionalism North American Free Trade Agreement European Free Trade Association (EFTA) (NAFTA) The Global Divides European Union (EU) Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Association of South East Asian Nation (ASEAN) Global Divides The Brandt Line: 1980s Global disparities between developed and developing countries The tension was caused by the issue of slavery Socio-economic and political division North and South Divide Global North North America, Western Europe, Australia, Japan Gap in terms of development and wealth. Economy is based on major businesses, commerce and finance DEFINITION Manufacturing factories that dealt with textiles, lumber, clothing, Cold war VS post cold war machinery Biggest business was in railroad construction Global South North and South Divide Africa, Latin America and developing Asia including the Middle East Income distribution Economy was based on cotton production which depended on slave When liberalization or market occurs, most south lost competition labor Transport/ migration of people from South to North Economic Competitiveness Weak and vulnerable because it depended entirely on cotton Well functioning public and private institutions Lacks appropriate technology, no political stability, disarticulated Stable Economic Framework Infrastructure economies, earnings are highly dependent on export Standard of Living Lack of trade and aid Single crop farming Debt North and South Divide Differences between the North and South Political Social Economic  North and South Divide 4 Worlds Model 1st World As nations become economically developed, they become part of the refers to the so-called developed, capitalist, industrial countries. North regardless of geographical location A bloc of countries who aligns with the US after WW II The North mostly covers the West and the 1st World, mostly Second World Common political and economic interests North America, Western Europe, Japan and Australia 4 Worlds Model 4 Worlds Model 3rd World 2nd World refers to countries that suffer from low economic development, high levels of poverty, low utilization of natural resources and dependence on industrialized Refers to the former communist-socialist, industrial states nations Eastern bloc – sphere of influence of the union of soviet socialist republic Developing and technologically less advanced nations of Asia, Africa, Oceania and Latin America Russia, Eastern Europe (Poland), Turk States (Kazakhstan), China Large foreign debt 4 Worlds Model 4 Worlds Model 4th World Was concocted at a later time as an extension of the developing Third World Describes places and populations characterized by extremely low income per capita Consists of those excluded from the mainstream society Aboriginal tribes in South America or The term became synonymous with Australia are entirely self-sufficient but do not stateless, poor, and marginal nations participate in the global economy. Reasons for inequality Development Gap Countries tend to develop faster than the others Colonialism Debt Many Asian countries are quick to develop while many African countries are slow Trade Map of the World Asian Regionalism A product of economic interaction Outward oriented strategies, Asian economies become richer and closer Helps sustain the region’s growth Asian Regionalism: Financial Crisis Asian Development Model Exposure of structural weakness, global financial system weakness Initially focused on labor intensive exports Opportunity for policy and institutional reforms East Asian development relied on the region’s abundant asset Shared interests and values. Asia has become more integrated Low wage labor was used as a leverage for savings and investments Shift of the center of gravity of global economy, increased influence In many Asian countries, chain of poverty was broken  Global Demography Demography is the statistical study of populations (human beings) The Global Demography and It encompass the size, structure and distribution of these population and spatial the Global Cities or temporal changes in them in response to birth, migration, aging, and death. Demographic Transition – singular historical period where mortality and fertility The Contemporary World rates decline in a region or country. Pace and timing may vary across the region or country. Stages - The classical demographic model Global Demography Industrialization and technological advancements Pre-Transition The Baby Boom in the Developing World Debate on the effect of population growth to economy Early Transition Ratio of working age to non-working age individuals demographic change has created a ‘bulge’ generation, which today appears in many countries as a large working-age population. This Late Transition cohort will eventually become a large elderly population, in both developed and developing countries. Post Transition Age structures across the globe Migration Internal Migration and International Migration Gap in the life expectancy between Japan and the West Globally, 191 million people live in countries other than the one in Rapid changes in birth and death rates having a large impact today which they were born. on the age structure of the population across the globe with much According to the UN Population Division, the United States will receive by far older populations in the high income countries the highest number of immigrants (1.1 million a year), and China, Mexico, India, the Philippines and Indonesia will be the main sources of emigrants Migration The Global Cities Given the trend, what do you think will the developed countries lack that Are we living in the Global Cities? developing countries are rich with that is needed to drive the economy? Does size matter? Do GCs only play a crucial role on the economic growth? Power City, World City, Alpha City The Global City The Global City That large, technologically advanced urban areas defined "the world's biggest, most interconnected cities help set global agendas, weather the modern world. Ms. Sassen identified Tokyo, London and transnational dangers, and serve as the hubs of global integration. New York as the three cities that propelled the world economy They are the engines of growth for their countries and the gateways to the resources of their regions.” Serve as primary nodes in the globalized economic system “World Cities” – coined by Patrick Geddes in 1915, places where world’s business Direct and tangible effect on global socio-economic affairs. Saskia Sassen was done Dutch American Sociologist Characteristics of Global Cities Global Cities Index Global Cities Outlook The ranking is based on 27 metrics a projection of a city's potential Open Cultural Hubs across five dimensions: based on rate of change in 13 indicators across four dimensions: business activity, Knowledge generators Connectivity human capital, personal well-being, information exchange, economics, They drive the global economy Led by global thinking leaders cultural experience, and innovation, and political engagement. governance. Global Cities Index Global Cities Outlook Globalization and World Cities Research Network (GaWC) think tank that studies the relationships between world cities in the context of globalization (Peter J. Taylor in 1998). Bi-annual categorization of world cities into "Alpha", "Beta" and "Gamma" tiers, based upon their international connectedness. Alpha ++ cities are cities most integrated with the global economy: https://www.kearney.com/global- cities/2020#:~:text=The%20GCI%20assesses%20how%20globally,status%20as%20major%20global%20players. Globalization and World Cities Research Globalization and World Cities Research Network (GaWC) Network (GaWC) Alpha ++ (cities are cities most integrated with the global economy) Beta (cities that link moderate economic regions to the world economy) London and New York Beta + Alpha + (cities are highly integrated cities, filling advanced service needs) 23 countries Beijing, Dubai, Hongkong, Paris, Shanghai, Singapore, Tokyo Alpha Beta (cities are highly integrated cities, filling advanced service needs) 15 countries 24 countries Alpha – Beta - 26 countries (Manila City included) 44 countries  Globalization and World Cities Research Globalization and World Cities Research Network (GaWC) Network (GaWC) Gamma level cities are cities that link smaller economic regions into the world economy Sufficiency level cities are cities that have a sufficient degree of services so Gamma + as not to be overly dependent on world cities. 30 countries Gamma High Sufficiency 24 countries 27 countries Gamma - Sufficiency 29 countries 191 countries (Cebu City included) The Global Cities – other indexes Global Giants, Asian Anchors, Emerging Gateways, Factory China, Knowledge Some Challenges that Global Cities face Global Cities Initiative Capitals, American Middleweights, and International Middleweights Global City Lab Global Top 500 Cities was released in New York on 27 December 2019. Employment Food Security Global Power City Index Tokyo-based Institute for Urban Strategies at The Mori Memorial Foundation, They Environment Social Inclusiveness are ranked in six categories: economy, research and development, cultural interaction, livability, environment, and accessibility Health Elder Population Schroders Global Cities Index The British asset management company Schroders ranked the competitiveness of global cities. The Wealth Report The report includes a "Global Cities Survey", evaluating which cities are considered Issues of OFW the most important to the world's HNWIs (high-net-worth individuals, having over $25 million of investable assets each