Politics Master Stats On China PDF

POLITICS MASTER STATS CHINA: Power: “Power governs how any form of government works. It determine who gets to determine the rules of the game” - Liu (2014) Factors shaping national interests 1. Century of Shame: Period between 1840s-1949 when China was largely carved up by foreign...

POLITICS MASTER STATS CHINA: Power: “Power governs how any form of government works. It determine who gets to determine the rules of the game” - Liu (2014) Factors shaping national interests 1. Century of Shame: Period between 1840s-1949 when China was largely carved up by foreign powers and semi colonised. Event lingers in Han Chinese national psyche as a huge source of national humiliation. “THe hundred years of humiliation is burned into the soul of Chinese people” - Stan Grant 2. Victim of geography: China is a state is the fifth largest territorial landmass. It shares 14 land borders and spans politically volatile and unstable regions such as Central and East Asia. China’s East is hemmed by US pacific bases in South Korea, Japan, the Philippines, and Australia 3. Democratic dictatorship: The idea of Democratic centralism has underpinned the CCP’s rule. It implies that the structure of the CCP will be tightly controlled and that the CCP will keep a tight control over China 4. “Three Evil Forces”: The CCP takes a hardline zero tolerance approach to what it has deemed the “three Evils”. These include Terorism, Ethnic-Separatism and Religious extremism. The CCP views these forces as a high rise security threat to China’s internal sovereignty and regime security of the CCP. NATIONAL SECURITY: 1. Taiwan: a. “Taiwan has a messy history of invasion, occupation, colonisation, refuge and intermarriage” - Salvatore Babones. b. China has deployed missiles along the Taiwan Strait and periodically conducts military drills near the island. China “continues to develop and deploy military capabilities intended to coerce Taiwan or to attempt an invasion” - 2017 US Defense Department Report c. China “has refused to renounce the use of the force to resolve the dispute over the island’s status. d. e. By 2017, Bilateral trade between China and Taiwan in 2017 reached 181.76 billion. f. Over 93.000 Taiwanese businesses have invested into China as of 2017. g. Taiwan’s independence forces as being “the biggest hindrance for the peaceful development of the cross strait ties…and stability” - Xi Jin Ping h. China “will resolutely contain the separatist path of any form of Taiwan independence” - Xi Jin Ping i. In may 2024, China conducted two days worth of military exercise, with its military calling them “strong punishment” for the self ruled island’s “separatist acts” j. Senior officials of Taiwanese security affairs claimed that Taiwan detached 30 Chinese aircraft and a dozen warships around Taiwan and a dozen Coast Guard vessels k. “There is only one China in the world, and Taiwan is a part of China” Wang Yi, Chinese foreign minister 2. EAST CHINA SEA: a. EAST CHINA SEA: b. China has at least 12 Operational Drilling Rigs according to 2016 report by the Asia Maritime Transparency Initiative. c. As of 2012, Chinese Coast Guard vessels and fishing boats have begun to play the waters. d. Between August of 2016 and February of 207, more than 200 Chinese fishing Chips were seen entering the waters around the Senkaku Island accompanied by Chinese Coast Guard Vessels e. “Their Coast Guard vessels are larger than Japan’s and…better armed…with defensive weapons” - Carl Schuster f. “A portion of China’s fishing fleet is a paramilitary organisation” - Carl Schuster g. In 2016, there were 36 incidents where Chinese Coast Guard Vessels swarmed Japanese territorial waters. An incident on February 6th 2017, involved three ships wich entered the waters near Senkaku Islands. “China won’t be intimidated from defending its interests/claims” - Carl Schuster h. “Diaoyu and its affiliated islands have been Chinese territory since ancient times. These are historical facts that cannot be chained” - Chinese Foreign mInistry spokesman Lu Kang i. As of 2015, there were more than 350 instances of Beijing sending Chinese Coast Guard Vessels. 3. SOUTH CHINA SEA: a. SOUTH CHINA SEA: b. China has been asserting greater control in the south China Sea by seizing small land formations or reefs, to make the islands large enough to support small military institutions. c. The South China Sea contains 11 billion barrels of oil and 190 trillion cubic feet of natural gas in deposits under the sea. d. Waters also contain lucrative fisheries accounting for 10 percent of the global total. e. 5.3 trillion USD worth of goods moves through the South China Sea, 30 percent of global maritime trade. This also includes 1.2 trillion dollars worth of annual trade with the US f. “China enjoys indisputable sovereignty over the South China Sea and the island. China’s stand is based on historical facts and international law” - Jiang Yu, Chinese foreign ministry spokesperson.  g. China has constructed outpostss in Paracel Islands and seven outposts in Spratly Island. h. It has also militarised Woody island by deploying fighter jets, cruise missiles and a radar system. i. China finished developing military island - Fiery Cross Reef in January of 2018 4. XINJIANG a. 8.4 percent of the population of China are not Han Chinese and belong to one of the ethnic minorities of China. b. In August 2018, a UN human rights panel cited “credible reports” that more than one million people are being held in counter-extremism centres in Xinjiang. c. They also raised concerns that China had turned the region into a “massive internment camp shrouded in secrecy” d. In March 2018, China’s state council released a report claiming that “Since 2014, Xinjiang had destroyed 1588 violent and terrorist groups, arrested 12,995 terrorists…punished 30,645 people” e. “Ordinary people should not be labelled as terrorists or extremists and forced to be sent to the camps for re-education” - Patrick Poon, China researches for Amnesty International. f. “The police would take people out for their houses…with hands handcuffed behind them” - Aiman, interviewee of Amnesty International g. “Detainees were subjected to a ceaseless indoctrination campaign as well as physical and physiological torture” - Amnesty International Report 2017 h. The education camps “has only one purpose: to learn laws and regulations…to eradicate from the mind thoughts about religious extremism and violent terrorism” - Chinese Communist Youth league, Xinjiang Branch, March 2017 i. Chinese officials characterises these camps as “vocational education and employment training centres” for “criminals involved in minor offenses” j. “They say this is a political education camp..but in reality, it is like a prison, it is surrounded by metal bars everywhere” - Human Rights War interview 5. Social Credit System: a. China proposed an attempt to create a Social Credit System by 2020 which values citizens aiming to better citizen behaviour. b. 7 million people are on a “dishonest personnel” list. People earn points for actions such as donating blood and volunteer work  c. People on the blacklist are banned from staying in star-rated hotels, buying a house, taking a holiday and sending his children to a private school. d. “The social credit system can result in a small punishment and warrants that discipline people in a number of different ways e. Described as a “violation of civil rights” Economic Prosperity: 1. Belt and Road Initiative: a. “We need to expand economic and trade ties” - Xi Jin Ping b. BRI has cost more than 1 trillion dollars with 152 countries signing on to the initiative c. Most expensive project is the 92.5 billion China Pakistan Economic Corridor d. In 2021, Australia ended Victoria’s BRI agreements with CHina e. There have been projects in Malaysia (17.4 billions dollars) which ended 2021, and a 2.25 billion dollar scrapped system in Kazakhstan and 1.5 billion in Bolivia f. China has spent 359 billion dollars bailing out 22 countries including Argentina, Mongolia and Pakistan. g. “The BRI should be understood as the backbone of a new world order” - Rolland h. “China may still be able to build the BRI it envisioned” - Rolland i. “They are absolutely still advancing it” Collinson j. “It has been riddled with complications” - Collinson k. “It is a means for Beijing to extend its sphere of influence” - Collinson l. It is a “tool for expanding China’s trade and investment links” - Collinson m. By 2022, 60 percent of China’s overseas lending portfolio supported countries in debt. n. “I need China - more than anybody else at this time of our national life” - Rodrigo Duterte. INTERNATIONAL STANDING: 1. Confucius institutes: a. China aimed to established 1000 institutes by 2020 however has not reached this coal. b. By 2021, China established 550 Confucius Institutes around the world. c. In Australia, 13 universities have CIs d. Described as “the infiltration of the Chinese Communist Party into the NSW public school system” e. “These classes….are paid for by exposing children to a foreign government’s  propaganda machine” f. “With China, everything i apolitical” g. 2. Africa: a. China has been engaged in all 54 African countries b. China has been Zambia’s biggest single creditor for over ten years, with overall debt reaching almost 40 percent of Zambia’s GDP c. THe Current debt now stands at 70 percent of its FDP d. 63 percent of citizens surveyed from 36 countries had positive feelings towards China’s assistance e. “China uses bribes, opaque agreements and the strategic use of debt to hold states in Africa captive to Beijing’s wishes and demands” - Bolton f. In 2016, the trade between China and Africa reached 128 billion dollars. g. In 2018, China offered a further 60 billion dollars to Africa for development financing h. In About 40 years, China has lifted 800 million people out of poverty i. China participates in eight UN peacekeeping missions, of which five are in Africa. j. Paul Kagame, president of Rwanda, China did “not come at anyone’s expense”...”Africa is not a zero sum game” REGIONAL RELATIONSHIPS: 1. NORTH KOREA a. China accounts for more than 90 percent of North Korea’s total imports and exports. b. Bilateral trade peaked at 6.86 billion dollars. c. “China’s greatest fear is regime collapse” Jennifer Lind 2. CHINA-RUSSIA MILITARY DRILLS: a. In july of 2023, drills had begun in the Sea of Japan with Russia and China what lasted five days. b. This was because Russia wanted to “prove that they can still work with China to cause maor disruption” 3. CAMBODIA: a. Cambodian PM, Hun Sen - China is Cambodia’s “Most trustworthy friend” b. Xi, Hun Sen is an “ironclad friend” c. China has provided nearly 5 billion in loans and investment accounting for 70 percent of the total industrial investment in the country d. “Without CHinese aid, we go nowhere” - Pray Siphan e. In 2018, after Cambodia endorsed China’s claims that competing maritime claims should be solved bilaterally, China gave Cambodia around 600 million  dollars. f. They also held eight day joint exercises in November 2019 g. China granted 237 million dollars in direct aid, 90 million dollars in canc elled debt, and 15 million in military support CULTURAL POWER: 1. CHINESE CINEMA: a. Wolf Warrior 2: i. The Highest grossing film in CHinese history reaching 870.44 million USD. ii. The film embodies a strong sense of nationalism and patriotism, portraying China as a powerful and responsible global actor. iii. Serves as a cultural export that introduces elements of Chinese culture, values and perspective to international audience. 2. Confucius Insitutes Political Power: 1. HONG KONG a. China introduced the controversial national security law (NSL), whcih was created in response to the pritests b. This law made illegal a wider range of dissenting acts and is aimed to maintain stability. c. This has caused 260 people to be arrested in July 2023 alone d. China passed a law in September of 2017, mandating up to 15 days in police detention for those who mock the “March of the Volunteers” national anthem. e. This law prohibits disrespecting the national anthem. Diplomatic power: 1. Solomon Islands a. “Over the past few years, China has continually used financial and political pressure to suppress Taiwan’s international space” - President Tsai b. Chinese government donated 137 million dollars in grants and debt repayments c. China gave Solomon Islands donated 500 million dollars in aid. d. SOFT POWER: “Soft power is the ability to persuade without coercion or material incentives. It’s not really a term that applies to China which really has power an economic development model” - Richard McGregor CHINA: - China is spending a total of 10 billion dollars a year on soft power. 1. PANDA DIPLOMACY: a. China gifts pandas to other countries as a symbol of friendship and goodwill. b. Currently there are 63 pandas in 19 different countries. c. “Sharing the care of such a precious animal strengthens the bonds that China has with its “inner circle” of countries” d. In 2023, China took back the pandas of US and UK DIFFERENT INTERPRETATIONS OF CHINA’S NATIONAL INTERESTS: NATIONAL SECURITY: National Security: China justifies the crackdown in Xinjiang as a metter of national security and halting separatist threats and preserving social cohesion. The US and the UN condemn China’s actions, claiming it was genocide. iN February 2021, Canada’s parliament in February 2021 voted to recongise China’s treatment of Uyghurs as genocide Economic prosperity: China has undergone an economic miracle, with 850 million people being lifted out of poverty in the 40 years from 1979 to 2019. China had lifted 100 million rural Chinese out of absolute poverty Regional relationships: CCPclaims that China is not interested in pursuing regional hegemony over the Asia-Pacific regions nd that its ascendancy is beneficial China’s neighbours are unconvinced and anxious that China cannot rise peacefully. International standing: The CCP claims that China is a responsible global citizen Other people don’t! AOS 1 Aims of a state: 1. To maintain its sovreigny 2. Protect its population and territory from external and internal threats 3. Maintain law and order 4. Increase the wealth of the state and provide for the economic and social wellbeing Role of a state: 1. Maintain its sovereignty 2. Maintain the security of its territory 3. Meet the needs of its citizens 4. Provide for a system of law and law enforcement 5. Manage the economy of the state 6. Manage its natural resources 7. Represent its population and territorial entity AIMS OF UN: 1. To maintain international peace and security 2. To develop friendly relations among nations 3. To achieve international cooperation in solving international problems 4. To be a centre for harmonising the actions of nations to achieve these goals Roles of the UN: 1. To investigate any situation threatening peace 2. To recommend procedures for a peaceful resolution 3. To formulate plans for a system to regulate armaments 4. To determine the existence of a threat to peace 5. To call on member states to apply economic sanctions 6. To take military action against an aggression Powers of the UN: 1. Article 24 outlines te function and powers: a. Outlines that UN members hold the primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security. 2. Article 42L a. Outlines that UNSC can use force, i.e “take all necessary measures” b. Article 42 also outlines enforcing economic sanctions 3. Article 43 is about how states support the UNSC with armed forces and assistance. “UN has no means for enforcing its decisions” - Paul Wilkinson “UN has a very poor record in its attempts to maintain peace and security” - Paul Wilkinson VETOED RESOLUTIONS: S/2024/312 - admission of new member state of Palestine, vetoed by US S/2023.792, S/2023/970, and S/2024/173 and S/2023/773, are all resolutions that were vetoed that related to the situation in palestine S/2022/720 - in september of 2022 on the war in Ukraine was vetoed by Russia Humanitarian access to Syria was also vetoed in July 2020, twice by China and Russia - S/2020/654 and S/2020/667 IMF: Aims: 1. To promote international monetary cooperation 2. To facilitate the expansion and balanced growth of international trade 3. To promote exchange rate stability Roles of the IMF: 1. Lending 2. Technical Assistance 3. Surveillance IMF and Greek Debt Crisis: 1. As of 2014, the IMF gave Greece 16 billion dollars 2. As of February 2014, the IMF prepared a third bailout package which was value at 20 billion dollars. CYprus also approached the IMF in 2019 for a three year lending arrangement for 1 billion dollars. In early 2015, Ghana turned to IMF for a 900 million dollar loan to stabilise the economy IMF has also supported Iceland by implemented a supported program of 2.1 billion dollar program. Australia ignores IMF advice: In 2015, IMF reiterated calls for Australia to increase its sovereign wealth fund to be able to withstand fluctuations in the commodity prices. Australia ignored this advice ICC: Aims: 1. The prosecute the most serious crimes of concern to the international community 2. To put an end to impunity for the perpetrators and thus contribute to the prevention of such crimes Roles of the ICC: 1. To ensure the worst perpetrators are held accountable for their crimes 2. To serve as a court of last resort that can investigate, prosecute and punish the perpetrators of the most serious crimes 3. To assist national judiciaries in investigating and prosecuting the worst perpetrators 4. To exercise its jurisdiction over persons for the most serious crimes of international concern. Al-Mahdi: In September 2016, Al Mahdi was found guilty of the war crime of intentionally destroying historical monuments and buildings dedicated to religion. 2.7 million euros worth of reparations were given in individual and collective reparations for the community in Timbuktu HE was surrendered to the ICC by the authorities of Niger and transferred to the Detention centre. Katanga: In 2014, Katanga was found guilty of one count of crime against humanity and war crimes. Victims of crimes committed were awarded a symbolic compensation of 250 dollars per victim as well as support in the form of housing and income generating activities. Bashir: In June of 2015, Sudanese president al-Bashir was in South Africa a signatory of the ICC attending the African Union. The ICC issued a court order for South Africa to surrender Al-Bshir to the ICC. South Africa did not agree to this, and the ICC was described as an “toothless entity” Putin: In September of 2024, Putin arrived in Mongolia, the iCC issued an arrest warrant. Mongolian government failed to execute an international warrant against Vladimir Putin as he landed in the country for an official visit. Described as “a heavy blow to the ICC and the international criminal justice system” AIMS OF NON STATE ACTORS: Aims of Amnesty: 1. To ensure that every person to enjoy all the rights enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human rights 2. Prevent and end abuses to human rights, and to demand justice 3. To abolish death penalty 4. To protect sexual and reproductive rights 5. Combat discrimination 6. Defend refugees and migrants rights Roles of Amnesty: 1. Fight human rights abuses in the world 2. Change oppressive laws 3. Free people wrongfully jailed 4. Analyse to influence and pressure governments, companies and decision makers 5. Press for action from the people and institutions that can make change happen. torture equipment and illegal weapons were being advertised and sold at an arms fiar in London. Amnesty used marketing to galvanise public action and close the loophole and targeted the fair organisers and UK government They reached over 3 million people and generated 630 views. Amnesty International managed to close the loophole in 2015 They also started the Write for Rights campaign. In 2016 alone, people wrote 4.6 million letters, emails, tweets and more. This allowed the release of prisoners in Uzbekistan, USA and peru. ISIS: Aims: 1. A commitment to purity the world by killing vast numbers of people deemed enemies of the caliphate 2. To establish a Sunni Islamic state - caliphate 3. To ensure that the state of Israel is destroyed 4. To ensure that authoritarian governments in the Middle East that are puppets of the West are removed. Roles: 1. Directly or indirectly engaged in rearing, planning, assisting or fostering the doing of terrorist acts, directly or indirectly engaged in preparing, panning, assisting in or fostering the doing of terrorist attacks, 2. To incite resistance to occupying forces 3. To establish the IS ideology that could be adopted in other countries, to establish the IS ideology that could be adopted in other countries 4. To establishes global and political instability 5. To overthrow western support governments in the middle east Power of ISIS: In 2014, ISIS controlled the city of Mosul In 2015, ISIS controlled large parts of Syria and Iraq, however lost 12 percent of territory in 2016. At its peak in 2014, ISIS held about a third of Syria and 40 percent of Iraq. By December 2017, it had lost 95 percent of its territory. Major defeats of ISIS in 2018, ISIS has struggled to revive the caliphate in Syria and Iraq. TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATIONS: AIMS of Shell: 1. To deliver sustainable growth 2. To provide competitive return to shareholders 3. To help meet global energy demand in a responsible way. Roles of Shell: 1. Operational activities to facilitate profit and growth 2. Corporations seek to escape the protectionist policies of an importing country. 3. Reducing competition by acquiring competitors businesses. 4. Reducing costs through the use of cheaper labour in developing countries. 5. Shifting some or all of its production facilities abroad. 6. Exerting a dominant role in the world economy Shell: 1. Largest company in the world in terms of revenues, and one of the six oil and gas supermajors 2. Has operations in over 90 countries and produces between 2-3 million barrels of oil per day, 44,000 service stations worldwide. Nigeria: - In 2015, the oil giant agreed to a 55 million euro pay out to compensate the 15,600 people in Bodo after multiple oil spills. - Despite this, Shell plans to increase oil and gas production by 38 percent between now and 2030. - In 2017, Shell was accused of bribery over a 1.3 billion dollar payment. - AMnesty International also exposed serious evidence of serious negligence by oil gaints Shell and En, - Amnesty discovered that there are at least 89 spills about which there are reasonable doubts surrounding the cause by oil companies. - Amnesty also discovered that Shell was not responding fast enough with the longest time to come on the site of leak being 252 days. -