Autoclave - Medical Laboratory Instrument PDF

Medical Laboratory Instrument Dr. Raed Mohmed Autoclave  Definition The autoclave is a steam sterilizer, it uses moist heat in the form of saturated steam under pressure to reach a temperature above the boiling point, up to 135-137°C, to destroy microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, f...

Medical Laboratory Instrument Dr. Raed Mohmed Autoclave  Definition The autoclave is a steam sterilizer, it uses moist heat in the form of saturated steam under pressure to reach a temperature above the boiling point, up to 135-137°C, to destroy microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi and spores. -135 ٠ُ‫ رظَ إ‬، ٕ‫ب‬٤ِ‫م ٗوطخ اُـ‬ٞ‫ دسجخ حشاسح ك‬٠ُ‫ٍ إ‬ٞ‫ط‬ُِٞ ‫ شٌَ ثخبس ٓشجغ رحذ ػـؾ‬٠ِ‫غزخذّ اُحشاسح اُشؽجخ ػ‬٣ ، ١‫ ٓؼوْ ثخبس‬: ‫خضإ اُؼـؾ‬.ْ٤‫اُجشاث‬ٝ ‫بد‬٣‫اُلطش‬ٝ ‫عبد‬ٝ‫ش‬٤‫اُل‬ٝ ‫ب‬٣‫ش‬٤‫وخ ٓثَ اُجٌز‬٤‫خ اُذه‬٤‫ اٌُبئ٘بد اُح‬٠ِ‫ ُِوؼبء ػ‬، ‫خ‬٣ٞ‫ دسجخ ٓئ‬131 Steam sterilization is non-toxic, inexpensive, rapidly microbicidal, sporicidal, and rapidly heats and penetrates tissue ‫ب ثغشػخ‬ٜ‫خزشه‬٣ٝ ‫غخٖ األٗغجخ‬٣ٝ ، ‫اؽ‬ٞ‫ذ ُألث‬٤‫ٓج‬ٝ ، ‫غ‬٣‫ْ عش‬٤‫ذ ُِجشاث‬٤‫ٓج‬ٝ ، ‫ش ٌِٓق‬٤‫ؿ‬ٝ ، ّ‫ش عب‬٤‫ْ ثبُجخبس ؿ‬٤‫اُزؼو‬ With variable size, shape and functionality, the autoclave can sterilize liquids, solids, cavities, surgical materials and laboratory instruments of different shapes and sizes, it is suitable for different scientific and industrial applications. ‫خ‬٤‫اد اُجشاح‬ُٞٔ‫ا‬ٝ ‫ق‬٣ٝ‫اُزجب‬ٝ ‫اد اُظِجخ‬ُٞٔ‫ا‬ٝ َ‫ائ‬ٞ‫ْ اُغ‬٤‫ًالف رؼو‬ٞ‫ر‬ٝ‫ٌٖٔ ُأل‬٣ ، ‫شح‬٤‫ظبئق أُزـ‬ُٞ‫ا‬ٝ ٌَ‫اُش‬ٝ ْ‫ٓغ اُحج‬.‫خ‬٤‫اُظ٘بػ‬ٝ ‫خ‬٤ِٔ‫وبد اُؼ‬٤‫ ٓ٘بعجخ ُٔخزِق اُزطج‬٢ٛٝ ، ‫األحجبّ أُخزِلخ‬ٝ ٍ‫خ راد األشٌب‬٣‫اد أُخزجش‬ٝ‫األد‬ٝ  Principle of the autoclave ◉ The basic principle of autoclave sterilization is to expose each object to direct contact with steam at the required temperature and pressure for the specified time. Thus, there are four steam sterilization parameters: steam, pressure, temperature, and time. ‫غ ًَ جغْ ُِزالٓظ أُجبشش ٓغ اُجخبس ػ٘ذ دسجخ اُحشاسح‬٣‫ رؼش‬٢‫ًالف ك‬ٞ‫ر‬ٝ‫ْ األ‬٤‫ ُزؼو‬٢‫زٔثَ أُجذأ األعبع‬٣ ‫دسجخ‬ٝ ، ‫اُؼـؾ‬ٝ ، ‫ اُجخبس‬:‫ْ ثبُجخبس‬٤‫اٍ ُِزؼو‬ٝ‫٘بى أسثغ د‬ٛ ، ٢ُ‫ثبُزب‬ٝ.‫هذ أُحذد‬ُٞ‫ ا‬٢‫ٖ ك‬٤‫ث‬ِٞ‫اُؼـؾ أُط‬ٝ.‫هذ‬ُٞ‫ا‬ٝ ، ‫اُحشاسح‬   Properties of Autoclave  The ideal steam for sterilization is dry saturated steam and entrained water.  The pressure serves as a means to achieve the high temperatures necessary to rapidly kill microorganisms.  Specific temperatures must be achieved to ensure microbicidal activity. The two common steam sterilization temperatures are 121°C (250°F) and 132°C (270°F).  These temperatures must be maintained for a minimum of time to kill microorganisms. Sterilization times vary depending on the type of item (eg, metal vs. rubber, plastic), whether the item is wrapped or unwrapped, and the type of sterilizer..‫خ‬٤‫ك‬ٞ‫ اُج‬ٙ‫ب‬٤ُٔ‫ا‬ٝ ‫ اُجخبس اُجبف أُشجغ‬ٞٛ ْ٤‫ ُِزؼو‬٢ُ‫ اُجخبس أُثب‬.‫وخ ثغشػخ‬٤‫خ اُذه‬٤‫خ اُالصٓخ ُوزَ اٌُبئ٘بد اُح‬٤ُ‫ن دسجبد اُحشاسح اُؼب‬٤‫ِخ ُزحو‬٤‫ع‬ًٞ ‫ؼَٔ اُؼـؾ‬٣ ‫ٔب‬ٛ ‫ْ ثبُجخبس‬٤‫ دسجزب حشاسح شبئؼزبٕ ُِزؼو‬.ْ٤‫ذ اُجشاث‬٤‫ن دسجبد حشاسح ٓحذدح ُؼٔبٕ ٗشبؽ ٓج‬٤‫جت رحو‬٣.)‫ذ‬٣‫ب‬ٜٗ‫ش‬ٜ‫ دسجخ ك‬210( ‫خ‬٣ٞ‫ دسجخ ٓئ‬132 ٝ )‫ذ‬٣‫ب‬ٜٗ‫ش‬ٜ‫ دسجخ ك‬250( ‫خ‬٣ٞ‫ دسجخ ٓئ‬121 ‫هبد‬ٝ‫ رخزِق أ‬.‫وخ‬٤‫خ اُذه‬٤‫هذ ُوزَ اٌُبئ٘بد اُح‬ُٞ‫ حذ ٖٓ ا‬٠ٗ‫ ألد‬ٙ‫ز‬ٛ ‫ دسجبد اُحشاسح‬٠ِ‫جت اُحلبظ ػ‬٣ ٕ‫ٓب إرا ًب‬ٝ ، )‫ي‬٤‫اُجالعز‬ٝ ، ‫ أُؼذٕ ٓوبثَ أُطبؽ‬، ٍ‫َ أُثب‬٤‫ عج‬٠ِ‫ع اُؼ٘ظش (ػ‬ٞٗ ٠ِ‫ْ اػزٔبدًا ػ‬٤‫اُزؼو‬.ْ‫ع أُؼو‬ٞٗٝ ، ‫ش ٓـِق‬٤‫ ؿ‬ٝ‫كًب أ‬ٞ‫اُؼ٘ظش ِٓل‬  Autoclaves operate mainly by gravity or by vacuum-induced or pre-vacuum (pre- Vac) sterilization methods. Although some types of autoclaves combine both methods to sterilize : ❶ Gravity autoclaving, also known as gravity displacement autoclaving, involves pumping steam into the autoclave chamber. This displaces ambient air and forces it out of the exhaust valves so that the remaining steam can sterilize the contents. Gravity autoclaves are suitable for sterilizing non-porous items: most metals, especially stainless steel surgical instruments and laboratory utensils, Pyrex® or borosilicate type I glassware, biohazardous waste, unwrapped items. َ‫ؾ أُغجن (هج‬٣‫ اُزلش‬ٝ‫اء أ‬ُٜٞ‫ْ ثلشاؽ ا‬٤‫ن ؽشم اُزؼو‬٣‫ ػٖ ؽش‬ٝ‫خ أ‬٤‫ن اُجبرث‬٣‫ ػٖ ؽش‬٢‫ًالف ثشٌَ أعبع‬ٞ‫ر‬ٝ‫◉ رؼَٔ األ‬ :ْ٤‫ٖ ُِزؼو‬٤‫وز‬٣‫ٖ اُطش‬٤‫ْ رجٔغ ث‬٤‫ضح اُزؼو‬ٜ‫اع أج‬ٞٗ‫ اُشؿْ ٖٓ إٔ ثؼغ أ‬٠ِ‫ ػ‬.)‫كشاؽ‬.‫ًالف‬ٞ‫ر‬ٝ‫ ؿشكخ األ‬٢‫زؼٖٔ ػخ اُجخبس ك‬٣ ، ‫خ‬٤‫ْ ثبإلصاحخ ثبُجبرث‬٤‫ؼب ثبعْ اُزؼو‬ ً ٣‫ف أ‬ٝ‫ أُؼش‬، ‫خ‬٤‫ْ ثبُجبرث‬٤‫❶ اُزؼو‬ ْ٤‫ رؼو‬٢‫ٌٖٔ ُِجخبس أُزجو‬٣ ‫ث‬٤‫ج ٖٓ طٔبٓبد اُؼبدّ ثح‬ٝ‫ اُخش‬٠ِ‫ ػ‬ٙ‫إججبس‬ٝ ‫ؾ‬٤‫اء أُح‬ُٜٞ‫ إصاحخ ا‬٠ُ‫ رُي إ‬١‫ؤد‬٣.‫بد‬٣ٞ‫أُحز‬ ‫خ‬٤‫اد اُجشاح‬ٝ‫ خبطخ األد‬، ٕ‫ ٓؼظْ أُؼبد‬:‫خ‬٤ٓ‫ش أُغب‬٤‫ْ اُؼ٘بطش ؿ‬٤‫خ ٓ٘بعجخ ُزؼو‬٤‫ًالف ثبُجبرث‬ٞ‫ر‬ٝ‫ضح األ‬ٜ‫أج‬ ‫ع‬ُٞ٘‫ٌبد ٖٓ ا‬٤ِ‫سع‬ٞ‫ اُج‬ٝ‫® أ‬Pyrex ‫خ‬٤‫ اُضجبج‬٢ٗ‫ا‬ٝ‫ األ‬ٝ‫ أ‬، ‫ أُخزجشاد‬٢ٗ‫ا‬ٝ‫أ‬ٝ ‫ّ ُِظذأ‬ٝ‫الر أُوب‬ٞ‫ػخ ٖٓ اُل‬ٞ٘‫أُظ‬.‫ش أُـِلخ‬٤‫بء ؿ‬٤‫األش‬ٝ ، ‫ًب‬٤‫ج‬ُٞٞ٤‫بد اُخطشح ث‬٣‫اُ٘لب‬ٝ ، ٍٝ‫األ‬  ❷ Vacuum autoclaving, also known as pre-vacuum sterilization. The vacuum function in these autoclaves allows for deeper sterilization of contents when air cannot be easily removed from the sterilization medium, as it completely evacuates ambient air inside, allowing high temperature steam to penetrate and sterilize areas that would normally be occupied by ambient air.Vacuum autoclaves are suitable for sterilizing items with hard-to- reach or porous areas (wrapped surgical kits). ‫ْ أػٔن‬٤‫ًالف ثزؼو‬ٞ‫ر‬ٝ‫ األ‬ٙ‫ز‬ٛ ٢‫ؾ ك‬٣‫لخ اُزلش‬٤‫ظ‬ٝ ‫ رغٔح‬.‫ْ ثبُلشاؽ أُغجن‬٤‫ؼب ثبعْ اُزؼو‬ ً ٣‫ف أ‬ٝ‫ أُؼش‬، ‫ْ ثبُلشاؽ‬٤‫اُزؼو‬ ، َ‫ؾ ثبٌُبَٓ ثبُذاخ‬٤‫اء أُح‬ُٜٞ‫ّ ثئخالء ا‬ٞ‫ث رو‬٤‫ ح‬، ْ٤‫عؾ اُزؼو‬ٝ ٖٓ ‫ُخ‬ٜٞ‫اء ثغ‬ُٜٞ‫ٌٖٔ إصاُخ ا‬٣ ‫بد ػ٘ذٓب ال‬٣ٞ‫ُِٔحز‬ ‫ضح‬ٜ‫ أج‬.‫ؾ‬٤‫اء أُح‬ُٜٞ‫ب ا‬ِٜ‫شـ‬٣ ‫ ػبدح ٓب‬٢‫ْ أُ٘بؽن اُز‬٤‫رؼو‬ٝ ‫خ ثبخزشام‬٤ُ‫ دسجخ اُحشاسح اُؼب‬١‫غٔح ُِجخبس ر‬٣ ‫ٓٔب‬.)‫كخ‬ٞ‫خ ِٓل‬٤‫ػبد جشاح‬ٞٔ‫خ (ٓج‬٤ٓ‫ أُ٘بؽن أُغب‬ٝ‫ب أ‬ٜ٤ُ‫ٍ إ‬ٞ‫ط‬ُٞ‫ظؼت ا‬٣ ٢‫ْ اُؼ٘بطش اُز‬٤‫ْ ٓ٘بعجخ ُزؼو‬٤‫اُزؼو‬  How does the autoclave destroy bacteria? The oldest and most recognized agent for the inactivation of microorganisms is heat. Moist heat destroys microorganisms through the irreversible coagulation and denaturation of enzymes and structural proteins. ‫ب؟‬٣‫ش‬٤‫ًالف اُجٌز‬ٞ‫ر‬ٝ‫ذٓش األ‬٣ ‫ق‬٤ً ٍ‫وخ ٖٓ خال‬٤‫خ اُذه‬٤‫ رذٓش اُحشاسح اُشؽجخ اٌُبئ٘بد اُح‬.‫ اُحشاسح‬ٞٛ ‫وخ‬٤‫خ اُذه‬٤‫َ اٌُبئ٘بد اُح‬٤‫ف ُزؼط‬ٝ‫أهذّ ػبَٓ ٓؼش‬ ‫خ‬٤ٌِ٤ُٜ‫٘بد ا‬٤‫ر‬ٝ‫اُجش‬ٝ ‫ٔبد‬٣‫رٔغخ األٗض‬ٝ ٚ٤‫ ال سجؼخ ك‬١‫اُزخثش اُز‬  Compatible/incompatible materials for the autoclave Autoclave compatible Autoclave Incompatible Polypropylene, Glassware (Pyrex® or type Chlorine, Hypochlorite, Bleach, Acids, bases I borosilicate), Stainless steel, pipette tips, and organic solvents, Chlorides, Sulphates, Sea Waste, Media solutions (Fill up to 2/3 of the water, polystyrene, Polyethylene, Polyurethane. container and loosen the caps), tissue ‫جبد‬٣‫ٓز‬ٝ ‫اػذ‬ٞ‫ ه‬، ‫ أحٔبع‬، ‫غ‬٤‫ ٓج‬، ‫ذ‬٣‫س‬ًِٞٞ‫ج‬٤ٛ ، ‫س‬ًِٞ culture flasks, Litter and pet food. ، ٖ٣‫غزش‬٤ُٞ‫ ث‬، ‫ اُجحش‬ٙ‫ب‬٤ٓ ، ‫زبد‬٣‫ ًجش‬، ‫ذاد‬٣‫س‬ًِٞ ، ‫خ‬٣ٞ‫ػؼ‬ ‫ع‬ُٞ٘‫ ا‬ٝ‫® أ‬Pyrex( ‫خ‬٤‫ اُضجبج‬٢ٗ‫ا‬ٝ‫ األ‬، ٖ٤ِ‫ث‬ٝ‫ ثش‬٢ُٞ‫اُج‬.ٖ٤‫ث‬٣‫س‬ٞ٣ ٢ُٞ‫ ث‬، ٖ٤ِ٤‫ث‬٣‫ إ‬٢ُٞ‫ث‬ ‫ أؽشاف‬، ‫ّ ُِظذأ‬ٝ‫الر أُوب‬ٞ‫ اُل‬، )‫ٌبد‬٤ِ‫سع‬ٞ‫ٍ ٖٓ اُج‬ٝ‫األ‬ ٢‫ ثِث‬٠‫عبئؾ (آأل حز‬ُٞ‫َ ا‬٤ُ‫ ٓحب‬، ‫بد‬٣‫ اُ٘لب‬، ‫أُبطخ‬ ، ‫ش صساػخ األٗغجخ‬٣‫اس‬ٞ‫ ه‬، )‫خ‬٤‫كي األؿط‬ٝ ‫خ‬٣ٝ‫اُحب‬.‫لخ‬٤ُ‫اٗبد األ‬ٞ٤‫ؽؼبّ اُح‬ٝ ‫اُؤبٓخ‬   classes of autoclaves 1. Pressure Cooker Type/Laboratory Bench Autoclaves (N-type): This autoclave is commonly used around the world. It contains an air and steam discharge tap, a safety valve, and a pressure gauge. It also contains an electric immersion heater located at the bottom of the chamber. ‫ًالف ثشٌَ شبئغ‬ٞ‫ر‬ٝ‫زا األ‬ٛ ّ‫غزخذ‬٣ :)N ‫ع‬ٞٗ( ‫خ‬٣‫ًالف راد أُ٘ؼذح أُخزجش‬ٞ‫ر‬ٝ‫ضح األ‬ٜ‫ أج‬/ ‫ع ؽ٘جشح اُؼـؾ‬ٞٗ.1 ٠ِ‫ ػ‬١ٞ‫ ًٔب رحز‬.‫بط ػـؾ‬٤‫ٓو‬ٝ ٕ‫طٔبّ أٓب‬ٝ ‫اُجخبس‬ٝ ‫اء‬ُٜٞ‫ق ا‬٣‫س ُزظش‬ٞ‫ ط٘ج‬٠ِ‫ ػ‬١ٞ‫حز‬٣.ُْ‫غ أٗحبء اُؼب‬٤ٔ‫ ج‬٢‫ك‬.‫ أعلَ اُحجشح‬٢‫دح ك‬ٞ‫ج‬ٞٓ ‫خ ؿبؽغخ‬٤‫شثبئ‬ًٜ ‫ٓذكأح‬ 2. Gravity Displacement Autoclave: These are commonly used in laboratories. This autoclave generates steam inside the chamber through a heating unit, which can move within the chamber for optimal sterilisation. It is also relatively cheaper compared to other autoclaves. ٍ‫ًالف اُجخبس داخَ اُـشكخ ٖٓ خال‬ٞ‫ر‬ٝ‫زا األ‬ٛ ‫ُذ‬ٞ٣.‫ أُخزجشاد‬٢‫ رغزخذّ ػبدح ك‬ٙ‫ز‬ٛ :‫خ اإلصاحخ‬٤‫ًالف اُجبرث‬ٞ‫ر‬ٝ‫ األ‬.2 ‫ًالف‬ٞ‫ر‬ٝ‫ضح األ‬ٜ‫ًب ٓوبسٗخ ثأج‬٤‫ب أسخض ٗغج‬ٜٗ‫ ًٔب أ‬.َ‫ْ األٓث‬٤‫ٌٖٔ إٔ رزحشى داخَ اُـشكخ ُِزؼو‬٣ ٢‫اُز‬ٝ ، ٖ٤‫حذح اُزغخ‬ٝ.ٟ‫األخش‬ 3. Positive Pressure Displacement Autoclave (B-type): This type of autoclave generates steam in a separate steam generator unit, which then transfers the steam into the autoclave. It is known to be faster since steam can be generated in just seconds. ‫ُذ اُجخبس‬ٞٓ ‫حذح‬ٝ ٢‫ًالف اُجخبس ك‬ٞ‫ر‬ٝ‫ع ٖٓ األ‬ُٞ٘‫زا ا‬ٛ ‫ُذ‬ٞ٣ :)‫ع ة‬ُٞ٘‫ (ا‬٢‫جبث‬٣‫ًالف إلصاحخ اُؼـؾ اإل‬ٞ‫ر‬ٝ‫األ‬.3 ٍٕ ‫ا‬ٞ‫ ث‬٢‫ذ اُجخبس ك‬٤ُٞ‫ٌٖٔ ر‬٣ ‫ث‬٤‫ أعشع ح‬ٚٗ‫ف أ‬ٝ‫ ٖٓ أُؼش‬.‫ًالف‬ٞ‫ر‬ٝ‫ األ‬٠ُ‫ ر٘وَ اُجخبس ثؼذ رُي إ‬٢‫اُز‬ٝ ، ‫أُ٘لظِخ‬.‫كوؾ‬ 4. Negative Pressure Displacement Autoclave (S-type): Negative pressure displacement autoclaves have both a steam generator and a vacuum generator. The vacuum generator sucks out all the air within the autoclave, while the steam generator, like the positive pressure displacement autoclave, generates heat and passes it into the autoclave. This autoclave is the most recommended, but also the most expensive..‫ُذ كشاؽ‬ٞٓٝ ‫ُذ ثخبس‬ٞٓ ‫ب‬ُٜ ‫ ثبإلصاحخ‬٢‫ًالف راد اُؼـؾ اُغِج‬ٞ‫ر‬ٝ‫ األ‬:)S ‫ع‬ٞٗ( ٢‫ًالف إصاحخ اُؼـؾ اُغِج‬ٞ‫ر‬ٝ‫ األ‬.4 ‫ اُؼـؾ‬ٝ‫ًالف ر‬ٞ‫ر‬ٝ‫ ٓثَ األ‬، ‫ُذ اُجخبس‬ٞٓ ‫٘ٔب‬٤‫ ث‬، ‫ًالف‬ٞ‫ر‬ٝ‫اء داخَ األ‬ُٜٞ‫ ثبٓزظبص ًَ ا‬٢‫ُذ اُلشاؿ‬ُٞٔ‫ّ ا‬ٞ‫و‬٣.٠ِ‫ؼب أؿ‬ ً ٣‫ أ‬ٌُٚ٘ٝ ، ٚ‫ ث‬٠‫ط‬ٞٓ ‫ األًثش‬ٞٛ ‫ًالف‬ٞ‫ر‬ٝ‫زا األ‬ٛ.‫ًالف‬ٞ‫ر‬ٝ‫ األ‬٠ُ‫ب إ‬ٛ‫ٔشس‬٣ٝ ‫ُذ اُحشاسح‬ٞ٣ ، ٢‫جبث‬٣‫اإل‬ When choosing an autoclave, it is possible to choose between three different types. Class B autoclaves Class B autoclaves are the most advanced steam sterilizers. In this type of autoclave, steam is generated, rapidly in seconds, in a separate steam generator which is then sent into the autoclave. Post-sterilization vacuum drying ensures complete drying of all loads after the sterilization process is complete. ‫ يتى تىنيذ‬، ‫ في هزا انُىع يٍ األوتىكالف‬.‫أجهزح انتؼقيى ثبنجخبس يٍ انفئخ ة هي أكثش أجهزح انتؼقيى ثبنجخبس تقذ ًيب‬ ‫ يضًٍ انتجفيف ثبنفشاؽ ثؼذ‬.‫ في يىنذ ثخبس يُفصم يتى إسسبنه ثؼذ رنك إنى األوتىكالف‬، ٌ‫ثىا‬ ٍ ‫ ثسشػخ في‬، ‫انجخبس‬.‫انتؼقيى انتجفيف انكبيم نجًيغ األحًبل ثؼذ اكتًبل ػًهيخ انتؼقيى‬ Class B autoclaves are certified autoclaves (NF EN13060) used in hospitals, dental offices, laboratories, tattoo studios etc. They also meet all sanitary and epidemiological requirements. ‫) تستخذو في انًستشفيبد ويكبتت طت‬NF EN13060( ‫أجهزح انتؼقيى يٍ انفئخ ة هي أجهزح أوتىكالف يؼتًذح‬.‫ كًب أَهب تهجي جًيغ انًتطهجبد انصحيخ وانىثبئيخ‬، ‫األسُبٌ وانًختجشاد واستىديىهبد انىشى ويب إنى رنك‬ Class N autoclaves The class N autoclave is the lowest class device. Only instruments with a solid structure can be sterilized in such a device. It is not possible to sterilize hollow or porous cartridges or to sterilize items in wrappers. It has an air and steam vent valve, it does not guarantee 100% air removal nor does it have an effective drying option. ‫ ال‬.‫بص‬ٜ‫زا اُج‬ٛ َ‫ ٓث‬٢‫ب ك‬ٜٔ٤‫ٌٖٔ رؼو‬٣ ‫ٌَ اُظِت‬٤ُٜ‫اد راد ا‬ٝ‫ كوؾ األد‬.‫بص األهَ كئخ‬ٜ‫ اُج‬ٞٛ N ‫ًالف ٖٓ اُلئخ‬ٞ‫ر‬ٝ‫األ‬.‫ أؿِلخ‬٢‫ْ اُؼ٘بطش ك‬٤‫ رؼو‬ٝ‫خ أ‬٤ٓ‫ أُغب‬ٝ‫كخ أ‬ٞ‫ش أُج‬٤‫ْ اُخشاؽ‬٤‫ٌٖٔ رؼو‬٣ ‫ق‬٤‫بس رجل‬٤‫ خ‬٠ِ‫ ػ‬١ٞ‫حز‬٣ ‫ال‬ٝ ٪100 ‫اء ث٘غجخ‬ُٜٞ‫ؼٖٔ إصاُخ ا‬٣ ‫ال‬ٝ ، ‫اُجخبس‬ٝ ‫اء‬ُٜٞ‫ظ ا‬٤‫ طٔبّ ر٘ل‬٠ِ‫ ػ‬١ٞ‫حز‬٣.ٍ‫كؼب‬ Class S autoclaves The class S autoclave is an intermediate class between N and B. Class S allows the sterilization of single-wrapped, multi-layered and more massive instruments, which cannot be sterilized in class N autoclaves. Autoclaves of this class have a vacuum pump, which allows the air to be completely removed from the chamber before starting the sterilization process (less efficient than class B autoclaves). ‫ٓزؼذدح‬ٝ ، ‫اد أُلشدح‬ٝ‫ْ األد‬٤‫ ثزؼو‬S ‫ رغٔح اُلئخ‬.B ٝ N ٖ٤‫طخ ث‬٤‫ع‬ٝ ‫ ػجبسح ػٖ كئخ‬S ‫ًالف ٖٓ اُلئخ‬ٞ‫ر‬ٝ‫األ‬.N ‫ْ ٖٓ اُلئخ‬٤‫ضح اُزؼو‬ٜ‫ أج‬٢‫ب ك‬ٜٔ٤‫ٌٖٔ رؼو‬٣ ‫ ال‬٢‫اُز‬ٝ ، ‫األًثش ػخبٓخ‬ٝ ‫اُطجوبد‬ ‫خ‬٤ِٔ‫اء رٔب ًٓب ٖٓ اُـشكخ هجَ ثذء ػ‬ُٜٞ‫ رغٔح ثئصاُخ ا‬٢‫اُز‬ٝ ، ‫ ٓؼخخ كشاؽ‬٠ِ‫ اُلئخ ػ‬ٙ‫ز‬ٛ ٖٓ ‫ًالف‬ٞ‫ر‬ٝ‫ األ‬١ٞ‫رحز‬.)‫ْ ٖٓ اُلئخ ة‬٤‫ضح اُزؼو‬ٜ‫ْ (أهَ ًلبءح ٖٓ أج‬٤‫اُزؼو‬   Factors Affecting Sterilization Effectiveness 1. Cleaning ‫انتُظيف‬1. 2. Salt ‫يهح‬2. 3. Restricted Flow ‫انتذفق انًقيذ‬3. 4. Protein ٍ‫انجشوتي‬4. 5. Microbial load ‫انحًم انجشثىيي‬5. 6. Cluttered autoclave ‫تشىش األوتىكالف‬6. 7. Difference in cleanliness ‫اختالف في انُظبفخ‬7. 8. Position ٌ‫انًكب‬8. 9. Choose the appropriate cycle type ‫اختش َىع انذوسح انًُبست‬9. Type of the autoclave: 1. Simple laboratory autoclave 2. Transportable benchtop autoclave 3. Large simple autoclave 4. Downward displacement laboratory autoclave 5. Multipurpose laboratory autoclave 6. High security autoclave 7. Porous load sterilizers 8. Low-temperature steam ‫األوتوكالف المختبر بسيط‬.1 ‫األوتوكالف المنضدي المتنقل‬.2 ‫األوتوكالف كبيرة بسيطة‬.3 ‫األوتوكالف مختبر النزوح النزولي‬.4 ‫األوتوكالف المختبر متعدد األغراض‬.5 ‫عالية األمان األوتوكالف‬.6 ‫معقمات الحمل المسامية‬.7 ‫بخار بدرجة حرارة منخفضة‬.8 Advantages 1. Autoclave is more efficient than dry heat. 2. It kills all types of bacteria, fungi including spores. 3. A large number of materials can be sterilized in one batch by using a big autoclave..‫ًالف أًثش ًلبءح ٖٓ اُحشاسح اُجبكخ‬ٞ‫ر‬ٝ‫ األ‬. 1.ْ٤‫ رُي اُجشاث‬٢‫ب د ثٔب ك‬٣‫اُلطش‬ٝ ‫ب‬٣‫ش‬٤‫اع اُجٌز‬ٞٗ‫غ أ‬٤ٔ‫وزَ ج‬٣. 2.‫ش‬٤‫ًالف اٌُج‬ٞ‫ر‬ٝ‫احذح ثبعزخذاّ األ‬ٝ ‫اد دكؼخ‬ُٞٔ‫ش ٖٓ ا‬٤‫ْ ػذد ًج‬٤‫ٌٖٔ رؼو‬٣. 3 Disadvantages: 1. Not suitable for heat-labile substances. 2. Normal cycle fails to destroy pyrogens. 3. It is not suitable for the sterilization of powders and oils..‫اد اُوبثِخ ُِحشاسح‬ُِٞٔ ‫ش ٓ٘بعت‬٤‫ ؿ‬. 1.‫٘بد‬٤‫ج‬ٝ‫ش‬٤‫ش اُج‬٤ٓ‫ رذ‬٢‫خ رلشَ ك‬٣‫سح اُؼبد‬ٝ‫ اُذ‬. 2.‫د‬ٞ٣‫اُض‬ٝ ‫ن‬٤‫ْ أُغبح‬٤‫ ال رظِح ُزؼو‬. 3 Applications of Autoclave: 1. Autoclaves are widely used in microbiology, veterinary science, mycology etc. 2. It is used to sterilize wide range of material including but not limited to laboratory glasswares, laboratory equipments and instruments, surgical material including needles, seizures, heat-stable hand gloves, containers, and closures etc. 3. Autoclave is most commonly involved in the sterilization of biological media. 4. Various pharmacopeias have recommended autoclave for sterilization of number of Injectable. 5. A growing application of autoclave is the pre-disposal treatment and sterilization of waste materials which are released from pathogenic area like Hospitals waste..‫ رُي‬٠ُ‫ٓب إ‬ٝ ‫بد‬٣‫ػِْ اُلطش‬ٝ ‫خ‬٣‫طش‬٤‫ّ اُج‬ِٞ‫اُؼ‬ٝ ‫وخ‬٤‫بء اُذه‬٤‫ ػِْ األح‬٢‫اعغ ك‬ٝ ‫ ٗطبم‬٠ِ‫ًالف ػ‬ٞ‫ر‬ٝ‫ رغزخذّ األ‬. 1 ‫خ‬٤‫ اُضجبج‬٢ٗ‫ا‬ٝ‫َ أُثبٍ ال اُحظش األ‬٤‫ عج‬٠ِ‫ رُي ػ‬٢‫اد ثٔب ك‬ُٞٔ‫ا عؼخ ٖٓ ا‬ٝ ‫ػخ‬ٞٔ‫ْ ٓج‬٤‫ ُزؼو‬ٚٓ‫زْ اعزخذا‬٣. 2 ‫ذ‬٤ُ‫هلبصاد ا‬ٝ ، ‫ؽبد‬ٞ‫أُؼج‬ٝ ، ‫ رُي اإلثش‬٢‫خ ثٔب ك‬٤‫اد اُجشاح‬ُٞٔ‫ا‬ٝ ، ‫اد أُخزجشاد‬ٝ‫أد‬ٝ ‫ٓؼذاد‬ٝ ، ‫ُِٔخزجشاد‬.‫ إُخ‬، ‫اإلؿالم‬ٝ ، ‫بد‬٣ٝ‫اُحب‬ٝ ، ‫ٓخ ُِحشاسح‬ٝ‫أُوب‬.‫خ‬٤‫ج‬ُٞٞ٤‫عبئؾ اُج‬ٞ ُ‫ْ ا‬٤‫ رؼو‬٢‫ ػً ب ك‬ٞ٤‫ األًثش ش‬ٞٛ ‫ًالف‬ٞ‫ر‬ٝ‫ األ‬. 3.ٖ‫ْ ػذد اُحو‬٤‫ًالف ُزؼو‬ٞ‫ر‬ٝ‫خ أُخزِلخ األ‬٣ٝ‫ش األد‬٤‫طذ دعبر‬ٝ‫ أ‬. 4 ‫ب ٖٓ أُ٘بؽن أُغججخ‬ٜ‫زْ إؽاله‬٣ ٢‫بد اُز‬٣‫اُزخِض ٖٓ اُ٘لب‬ٝ ‫ أُؼبُجخ أُغجوخ‬ٞٛ ‫ًالف‬ٞ‫ر‬ٝ‫ذ ُأل‬٣‫ن أُزضا‬٤‫ اُزطج‬. 5.‫بد‬٤‫بد أُغزشل‬٣‫ُألٓشاع ٓثَ ٗلب‬