AU-EU Migration Flows (PDF)

MIGRANT MIGRATION MIGRATION FLOWS (AU-UE) https://youtu.be/_bJY65IeekA  WHO IS A MIGRANT? It does not exist universal agreement upon definition of a migrant According to IOM a migrant is: “A person who moves away from his-h...

MIGRANT MIGRATION MIGRATION FLOWS (AU-UE) https://youtu.be/_bJY65IeekA  WHO IS A MIGRANT? It does not exist universal agreement upon definition of a migrant According to IOM a migrant is: “A person who moves away from his-her place of usual residence, whether within a country or across an international border, temporarily or permanently, and for a variety of reasons” According to the European Commission a migrant is: “Movement of a person either across an international border (international migration), or within a state (internal migration) for more than one year irrespective of the causes, voluntary or involuntary, and the means, regular or irregular, used to migrate According to UN, an international migrant is: “as any person who has changed his or her country of residence. It includes all migrants, regardless of their legal status, or the nature, or motive of their movement” WHICH IS AN EXAMPLE OF INTERNAL MIGRATION? According to IOM the total number of international migrants from 1970 to 2020 has increased from 84 million to 281 million 3.60% of the population  Migration is a complex and not always voluntary phenomenon Migration is often the result of socio-economic inequalities that force people to seek better living condition to survive Migration is a process linked to fragility It often arises from poverty, wars or natural disaster Therefore, when illegal, it’s strictly related to exploitation and discrimination and therefore with the criminality  CATEGORIES OF MIGRATORY FLOWS According to IOM and UNHCR Main types of migration 1) Voluntary migration 2) Forced migrazion 3) «mixed» type  The report ILO Global Estimates on Migrant Workers shows migrant workers account for 72.7 % of the 206.6 million working age migrant population (15 years and over) According to ILO, in 2022 there are 150 million of migrant workers and 5 million of international student  FORCED MIGRATION «The Global Trend Report» (UNHCR) All people forced to live their hometown due to: 1) War 2) Persecution 3) Environmental disaster 4) Dearth (famine) https://www.dw.com/en/forgotten-war-stories-of-survival-in-sudan/video-68218778 https://news.sky.com/video/sudan-two-women-describe-life- in-port-sudan-after-fleeing-war-in-khartoum-13070295  MIXED MIGRATION According to the European Commission Migration and Home Affairs office the mixed migration is “a complex migratory population movement including refugees asylum seekers, economic migrants and other types of migrants as opposed to migratory movements that consist entirely of one category of migrants” According to IOM, mixed migration can be defined as: “a movement in which a number of people are travelling together, generally in an irregular manner, using the same routes and means of transport, but for different reasons” This kind of migration in often illegal and can be linked to human smuggling  EXPLORING MIGRATION CAUSES PUSH AND PULL FACTORS AS DRIVERS OF MIGRATION Push factors reasons that individuals might emigrate from their country Pull factors reasons that an individual might choose a particular country We know 3 main push and pull factors Socio-political factors Economic and Environmental demographic factors factors  SOCIO-POLITICAL FACTORS Socio political causes of migration can include: Persecution-oppression (racial, religious, ethnic, sexual and ect) War better health care, better educational system, better social services Most people that emigrate for socio-political reasons can be definied «refugees» or «humanitarian migrants» Over the last 5 years, migrants arriving in Europe have been escaping from conflicts and persecution In 2022 the EU granted protection to 384.245 asylum seekers Recording a +40% compared to the previous year Refugee: someone who has been forced to flee his/her country because of persecution, war or violence. A refugee has a well-founded fear of persecution for reasons of race, religion, nationality, political opinion or membership in a particular social group. Most likely, they cannot return home or are afraid to do so (UNHCR) IDP (Internally displaced person): someone who has been forced to flee his/her home but never cross the international border. Unlike the refugee, the IDP are not protected by international law and they are legally under the protection of their own government (UNHCR) Asylum-seeker: someone who is seeking international protection. When someone crosses an international border seeking safety, they often need to apply to be legally recognize as a refugee. Not all asylum-seekers will be found to be refugee, but all refugee were once asylum seekers (UNHCR).  Demographic and economic factors Aging or excessive population growth can influence the choice to leave one’s country Opposite Push factors include: poor labour standards, high unemployment and the overall health of a country’s economy Pull factors include: higher wages, better employment opportunities, a higher standard of living and better educational opportunities  Environmental factors According to IOM, “environmental migrants are persons or groups of persons who, predominantly for reasons of sudden or progressive change in the environment that adversely affects their lives or living conditions, are obliged to leave their habitual homes, or choose to do so, either temporarily or permanently, and who move either within their country or abroad” Sea level Drought rise (Horn of (Cote Floods Africa) d’Ivorio; Cyclones Increasing Storms Earthquakes Ghana, temperatures (Somalia; (Morocco) Nigeria) Malawi)  MIGRATION FLOWS TO EU & MIGRATION ROUTES Central Mediterranean Migrants and asylum seekers arrive by sea in Italy (155.754) and Malta (380) mainly from sub-Saharan Africa and North Africa, transiting via Tunisia and Libya The number of irregular migrants along this route has increased significantly since 2020 due to different push and pull factors The desperate “needy state” of migrants has facilitated the development of well- established and resilient smuggling and human trafficking networks https://youtu.be/TPDLVMWHDms  LAMPEDUSA CASE https://abcnews.go.com/International/video/italian-island-struggles-migrants-103205202 Lampedusa is much closer to Africa (138 km) than to Sicily (215 km) Lampedusa is one of the gateway to Europe 12.000 pp. arrived in a single week on Sept. 2023 (the total population is around 5.000 pp.) https://youtu.be/koQtLAygVmQ?si=qDou8bhSL33l7Gbv  Eastern Mediterranean Route Migrants arrive in Greece, Cyprus and Bulgaria (mostly by way of Turkey) They mostly come from Syria and since 2016 the number of arrivals has significantly decreased, also thanks to cooperation between the EU and Turkey In March 2016, EU and Turkish leaders agreed to tackle irregular migration + to support Syrian refugees through the facility for refugees in Turkey 6 billion in funding:  65 projects implemented to cover basic needs (education-health-protection)  700.000 children supported to attend school  free access to healthcare for 4 million refugees  more than 2.6 million refugees have received support for their basic daily needs The agreement helped to reduce the number of dead at sea and tackle migrant smugglers  Western Mediterranean route Migrants arrive in Spain to the enclaves of Ceuta and Melilla (North Africa), mainly from Algeria, Morocco and sub-Saharan Africa Due to the fact that the Western route became the most frequently used route into Europe, the EU launched a number of new initiatives including A closer cooperation between Morocco, Spain and the EU MOREOVER: The European Border and Coast Guard Agency (Frontex) supports Spain in controlling its external borders on the mainland through joint maritime operations such as Operation Indalo https://youtu.be/xpCjxFlcqg4  West Africa Route Migrants arrive in the Canary Islands and transits through Morocco, Western Sahara, Mauritania, Senegal and Gambia The distance ranges from less than 100 kilometres from the nearest point on the African coast to more than 1600 kilometres from Gambia The EU cooperates with Morocco to fight against irregular migration since 2004 In 2013 EU and Morocco signed a Mobility Partnership Agreement for the implementation of Morocco’s National Strategy on Migration and Asylum (SNIA) https://marocainsdumonde.gov.ma/en/national-immigration-and-asylum-strategy/ https://marocainsdumonde.gov.ma/en/national-immigration-and-asylum-strategy/  National Immigration and Asylum Strategy Active since 2013 to restore the dramatic situation given by migration (regular/irregular) It focuses on: respect of human rights; fight against discrimination, human trafficking It provides: access to health system, access to educational and training courses, housing and employment In total, it combines 27 specific objectives and 81 actions within the framework of 11 programs Education and culture, youth and leisure, health, housing, social and humanitarian assistance, vocational training, employment, managing flows and fight against trafficking, international cooperation, governance and communication  EU launches new cooperation programmes with Morocco worth €624 million green transition migration and reforms  Reinforcing social protection - The “KARAMA” programme, worth €130 million  Supporting the green transition - the programme “Terre Verte”, worth €115 million  Addressing irregular migration- €152 million  Supporting the Reform of the Public Administration - A €50 million programme  Enhancing Financial Inclusion - €51 million programme