Professional Education Reviewer PDF

PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION REVIEWER Name: Gresola, Rowell P. Grade & Section: 2nd Year - LFCA233M021 The Two (2) Types of Behaviorism: Classical Conditioning Behavioral Operant Conditioning The Three (3) Domains of Learning: Cognitive Affective...

PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION REVIEWER Name: Gresola, Rowell P. Grade & Section: 2nd Year - LFCA233M021 The Two (2) Types of Behaviorism: Classical Conditioning Behavioral Operant Conditioning The Three (3) Domains of Learning: Cognitive Affective Psychomotor The Three (3) Main Laws by Thorndike: Law of Readiness Law of Exercise Law of Effect The Four (4) Pillars of Education: Learning to learn Learning to be Learning to do Learning to live together The Four (4) Levels of Psychomotor Objectives by Bloom: Observing - Active mental attending of a physical event. Imitating - Attempted copying of physical behavior. Practicing - Trying a specific physical activity over and over. Adapting - Fine tuning. Making minor adjustments in the physical activity in order to perfect it. The Five (5) Philosophies of Education: Essentialism - William Bagley Progressivism: “Education is nor preparation for life” - John Dewey Perennialism: - Robert Hutchins Existentialism: “Existence precede essence” Main proponent - Jean Paul Sarte Behaviorism: John Watson The Six (6) Levels of Cognitive Learning by Bloom: Basic Knowledge - To recall and memorize - assessed by direct questions. Comprehension - To translate from one form to another. Application - To apply or use information in a new situation. Analysis - To examine a concept and break it down into parts. Synthesis - To put information together to solve a problem.  Evaluation - To critically assess and make judgments based on evidence and criteria. The Seven (7) Levels of Psychomotor Objectives by Simpson: Perception - Sensory cues guide motor activity. Set - Mental, physical, and emotional dispositions that make one respond in a certain way to a situation. Guided Response - First attempts at a physical skill. Trial and error coupled with practice lead to better performance. Mechanism - The intermediate stage in learning a physical skill. Responses are habitual with a medium level of assurance and proficiency. Complex Overt Response - Complex movements are possible with a minimum of wasted effort and a high level of assurance they will be successful. Adaptation - Movements can be modified for special situations. Origination - New movements can be created for special situations. The Eight (8) Multiple Intelligences by Gardner: Visual-Spatial Intelligence Linguistic-Verbal Intelligence Logical-Mathematical Intelligence Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence Musical Intelligence Interpersonal Intelligence Intrapersonal Intelligence Naturalistic Intelligence Prominent Figures & Contributions: Abraham Harold Maslow (1908-1970) – Hierarchy of Needs An American psychologist who developed a hierarchy of needs to explain human motivation. His theory suggested that people have several basic needs that must be met before people move up the hierarchy to pursue more social, emotional, and self-actualizing needs. Note: Love and belonging are also known as “social needs”.  David Reading Krathwohl (1921-2016) – Taxonomy of Effective Domain Krathwohl's affective domain taxonomy is perhaps the best-known of any of the affective taxonomies. "The taxonomy is ordered according to the principle of internalization. Internalization refers to the process whereby a person's affect toward an object passes from a general awareness level to a point where the affect is 'internalized' and consistently guides or controls the person's behavior. Note: Characterization by Value Set. Maria Tecla Artemisia Montessori (1870-1952) – Transfer of Learning The Maria Montessori Theory is an educational approach that emphasizes individualized instruction and self-paced learning. It is based on the belief that children are naturally curious and capable of learning independently. Maria Montessori developed the Montessori method; she believed that education should be tailored to each child's unique needs and interests. An approach that has been shown to promote children's academic success and social-emotional development. The Montessori Theory is now used in schools worldwide, and its popularity is growing as parents seek alternative educational options for their children. John Locke (1632-1704) – Tabula Rasa Tabula rasa, (Latin: "scraped tablet"-i.e.. "clean slate") in epistemology (theory of knowledge) and psychology, a supposed condition that empiricists have attributed to the human mind before ideas have been imprinted on it by the reaction of the senses to the external world of objects. Every person is born with tabula rasa or a blank mind. Environment determines if a person is good or bad. Good environment leads to better people, better people lead to a better society. Foundation of modern liberalism. Edward Chase Tolman (1886-1959) – Purposive Behaviorism A branch of psychology that was introduced by Edward Tolman. It combines the study of behavior while also considering the purpose or goal of behavior. Tolman's goal was to identify the complex cognitive mechanisms and purposes that guided behavior. Tolman's investigation used rats to represent the clinical behaviors of men. He had the rats go through mazes. A hungry rat was put at the entrance of a maze, wandering through it until he gets to the food. In the maze, there are true segment paths and blind alleys. Trials for every rat reoccurred every 24 hours. The more trials the rats completed, the fewer errors, which he characterized by the rat avoiding the blind alleys. Edward Chase Tolman (1886-1959) – Purposive Behaviorism A branch of psychology that was introduced by Edward Tolman. It combines the study of behavior while also considering the purpose or goal of behavior. Tolman's goal was to identify the complex cognitive mechanisms and purposes that guided behavior. Tolman's investigation used rats to represent the clinical behaviors of men. He had the rats go through mazes. A hungry rat was put at the entrance of a maze, wandering through it until he gets to the food. In the maze, there are true segment paths and blind alleys. Trials for every rat reoccurred every 24 hours. The more trials the rats completed, the fewer errors, which he characterized by the rat avoiding the blind alleys. Learning is a cognitive process. Note: Tolman’s Purposive Behaviorism and Bandura’s Social Learning Theory are under Neo-Behaviorism. Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (1849-1936) – Classical Conditioning A Russian physiologist best known in psychology for his discovery of classical conditioning. During his studies on the digestive systems of dogs, Pavlov noted that the animals salivated naturally upon the presentation of food. Through repeated pairings of a bell with the presentation of food, a dog learned to associate the bell with salivation, even without the presence of food. It was through this observation that Pavlov discovered that by associating the presentation of food with the bell, a conditioned response occurred. Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi (1746-1827) – Father of Modern Education & Pedagogy He believed in the ability of every individual human being to learn and in the right of every individual to education. He believed that it was the duty of society to put this right into practice. Pestalozzi was particularly concerned about the condition of the poor. Some of them did not go to school. If they did, the school education was often useless for their needs. He wanted to provide them with an education which would make them independent and able to improve their own lives. Erik Homburger Erikson (1902-1994) – Psychosocial Development Theory A German-American developmental psychologist and psychoanalyst known for his theory on psychological development of human beings. He coined the phrase identity crisis.  John Dewey (1859-1952) – Learning by Doing An American philosopher that first popularized learning by doing. This approach upended the traditional notion that learning happens through lectures and rote memorization. Dewey became famous by arguing that we learn best when we deeply engage with the material. Charles Horton Cooley (1864-1929) – Looking-glass Self Theory Describes the process wherein individuals base their sense of self on how they believe others view them. Using social interaction as a type of "mirror," people use the judgments they receive from others to measure their own worth, values, and behavior. Burrhus Frederic Skinner (1904-1990) – Operant Conditioning Behaviors are manipulated when they are followed by either positive or negative reinforcement. Positive reinforcement increases desired behaviors by following them with rewards. For example, if rat food is dispensed every time a rat pushes a pedal, it will repeatedly push that same pedal to get more edible treats. The action of pushing the pedal, the desired behavior, has been reinforced with food. Albert Bandura (1925-2021) – Social Learning Theory It is also called observational learning. A theory that emphasizes learning through observation of others. We learn not only how to perform a behavior but also what will happen to us in a specific situation if we do perform it. Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt (1832-1920) – Father of Modern Psychology A prolific writer and scholar who attempted to put psychology on a firm scientific foundation. Wundt is also credited with founding the first psychology laboratory, along with the first school of psychological thought, whose 1873 book Principles of Physiological Psychology is particularly noteworthy. John Hurley Flavell (1928-Present) – Metacognition Metacognition is defined in simplest terms as "thinking about your own thinking." The root "meta" means "beyond," so the term refers to "beyond thinking." Specifically, this means that it encompasses the processes of planning, tracking, and assessing your own understanding or performance. The phrase was termed by American developmental psychologist John H. Flavell in 1979, and the theory developed throughout the 1980s among researchers working with young children in early cognitive stages. Howard Earl Gardner (1943-Present) – Theory of Multiple Intelligences A developmental psychologist best known for this theory of multiple intelligences. He believed that the conventional concept of intelligence was too narrow and restrictive and that measures of IQ often miss out on other "intelligences" that an individual may possess. Jean William Fritz Piaget (1896-1980) – Theory of Cognitive Development Jean Piaget is best known for his research on children's cognitive development. Piaget studied the intellectual development of his own three children and created a theory that described the stages that children pass through in the development of intelligence and formal thought processes. Edward Lee Thorndike (1874-1949) – Connectionism Theory It is based on the principle of active learning and is the result of the work of the American psychologist Edward Thorndike. This work led to Thorndike's Laws. According to these Laws, learning is achieved when an individual is able to form associations between a particular stimulus and a response.