Atomic Structure and Stoichiometry PDF

Guide: - - Particulate Nature of Matter ============================ - What is the kinetic particle theory? ------------------------------------ - - - - - - - - - What are the structure and properties of different states of matter? -------------------------...

Guide: - - Particulate Nature of Matter ============================ - What is the kinetic particle theory? ------------------------------------ - - - - - - - - - What are the structure and properties of different states of matter? -------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - - - - ### Solid - - - - - - - - ### Liquid - - - - - - ### Gas - - - - - - - What are the phase changes of matter? ------------------------------------- ### Evaporation (liquid to gas) - - - - ### Condensation (gas to liquid) - - ### Melting (solid to liquid) - - ### Freezing (liquid to solid) - - ### Sublimation (solid to gas) - - - ### Deposition (gas to solid) - - - - [Diffusion] ----------------------- - - - - - Atomic Structure, Periodic Table ================================ - What are the parts of an atomic structure or chemical composition? ------------------------------------------------------------------ - - - - - - ### Proton - - - ### Neutron - - ### Electron - - - - Key ideas or vocabulary: ------------------------ - ### Isotope: an alternative form of an element, in which they have the same number of protons, but a different number of neutrons. - - - ### Ion: an atom or molecule with a net electric charge as a result of having lost or gained one or more electrons. - - - - ### Energy levels: orbit and arrangement of electrons; electron shells. - ### Valence electrons: electrons in outermost orbit that help create chemical bonds between particles; impacts number of times an atom can ionically bond, properties, level of stability and electrical charge, and its objective. - - ### Valence: typical number or value of chemical bonds an element can have. - ### Electrical charge: Determines whether a particle is an ion or not; measurement of loss or gain of electrons. - ### Ionization energy: Minimum energy used or exerted to pull a valence electron away from an atom; measurement of how tightly held an electron is. - ### Metal: Susceptible to ionization energy, do not hold their valence electrons tightly (e.g. lithium, beryllium, magnesium). - ### Nonmetal: Less susceptible to ionization energy, hold their valence electrons tightly (e.g. fluorine, oxygen, chlorine). - ### Configuration: Distribution of electrons in atomic orbitals or model; foundation of molecular bonding, properties, and structures. - ### Noble gasses: Have reached their maximum valence electrons or stability; atoms that have satisfied the octet rule without forming covalent or ionic bonds; they don't need nobody slay queen. - ### Non-noble gasses: Want to be like the noble gasses and achieve the octet rule, more reactive; inert gasses; aerogens. - ### Octet rule: States that most atoms are stable with a configuration of eight or two valence electrons, have not exceeded a configuration - - - How do you read the periodic table? ----------------------------------- - - - - - - - - - - - - How do you write electronic configurations and draw atomic structures based on the periodic table? -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 1. Ionic Bonds =========== - What are ionic bonds? --------------------- - - - - - - - How and why do ionic bonds form? -------------------------------- - Covalent Bonds ============== - What are covalent bonds? ------------------------ - - - - - How and why do covalent bonds form? ----------------------------------- - - - - How can you predict how many covalent bonds an atom will form? -------------------------------------------------------------- - - Other Questions =============== - The first energy level can hold a maximum of two electrons. How does this explain the valence of hydrogen (1)? -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - Why don't noble gasses tend to form chemical bonds? --------------------------------------------------- - - Paper \#2 Assessment: Formula, Stoichiometry, Mole Structure ============================================================ - How can you predict the chemical formula or equation of an ionic compound? -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1. 2. - 3. - - +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Example: Potassium (K) and Iodine (I) | +=======================================================================+ | Potassium (metal): 1 valence electron, 4 shells | | | | Iodine (nonmetal): 7 valence electrons, 5 shells | | | | Potassium can transfer its single valence electron to Iodine, | | therefore both have a complete octet. | | | | Potassium gives to Iodine: 1 (Potassium valence electrons) + 7 | | (Iodine valence electrons ) = 8 (forms a complete octet) | | | | Iodine receives from Potassium: 19 (Iodine total electrons) - 1 | | (Potassium valence electrons) = 8 (forms a complete octet. | | | | \* *They're a happy couple now! (KI)* | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ - How can you predict the chemical formula or equation of a covalent compound? ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. - What is the Lewis diagram? -------------------------- - - - - - - - How do you name ionic compounds? -------------------------------- - - Amount of Nonmetal Rule Example ------------------------ ------------------- -------------- One of the same kind hypo + root + ite Hypochlorite Two of the same kind root + ite Chlorite Three of the same kind root + ate Chlorate Four+ of the same kind per + root + ate Perchlorate - How do you name covalent compounds? ----------------------------------- - - - Amount of Atom prefix + root + ide ---------------- --------------------- 1 atom mono- 2 atoms di- 3 atoms tri- 4 atoms tetra- 5 atoms penta- 6 atoms hexa- 7 atoms hepta- 8 atoms octa- 9 atoms nona- 10 atoms deca- - Polyatomic Compounds -------------------- - - - - - *\* Gouda luck luck folks! - Lian*