Introduction to Astronomy PDF

160,000 LY away, these two 2000 years before in Ptolemy's solar system small galaxies were found Columbus, these educate...

160,000 LY away, these two 2000 years before in Ptolemy's solar system small galaxies were found Columbus, these educated model, the uniform circular beyond the Sagittarius dwarf people knew that Earth was path where the center of the galaxy round epicycle moves is called Magellanic Clouds (first Eastern Mediterranean Deferent recorded by Magellan's people crew) 3000 years ago, this civilization adopted a 365- A Greek who firstly thought A body of significant size day year calendar based on in the ancient times that the orbiting a star and is bright star Sirius' rising time Earth was moving around incapable of producing own in the predawn sky which the Sun, an idea rejected by light corresponds with the Aristotle and other scholars flooding of the Nile River Planet Aristarchus of Samos Ancient Egyptian A complete horoscope A doctrine started by Greeks shows the location of the which suggests that the A careful examination of ______ in the sky by configuration of the Sun, scientific works by other indicating their position in Moon, and planets at the scientists in the same field the appropriate zodiac sign. moment of birth affected a before publication person's personality and Sun, Moon, and 5 planets fortune Peer review closest to the Sun (Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn) Natal astrology A group of stars collecting in A hypothesis, in order to be A large body consistently a certain area in the universe proved, must be a proposed produces its own light is called explanation that can be Star Star clusters tested A person who created a complicated Earth-centered A phenomenon which A model widely accepted solar system model Greeks and their soldiers until European Renaissance explaining the temporary with the clearest visions suggesting that Earth is the westward motion of the tried to observe but to no center of the universe planets in the sky, deviating avail, convincing that the (obvious to senses) from the normal eastward Earth is stationary motion Geocentric model Stellar Parallax Claudius Ptolemy A pseudoscience focused on the position of planets, Sun, and Moon among the stars A term used to denote an A treatise on astrology of the zodiac which are especially noticeable star written by Ptolemy that is though to explain what will pattern within a constellation the bible of astrology be the personality and fate of a person asterism Tetrabiblos Astrology A universal law allowing Although not exactly, the Ancient civilizations which astronomers to study the individual paths of the Moon knew the approximate length universe without traveling and planets in the sky all lie of year anywhere in space close to the _____ Babylonian, Assyrian, Physics laws are the same Ecliptic Egyptian everywhere in the universe Ancient people found these Ancient people thought that groupings of stars that made _______, which the Sun some familiar geometric passes by as it moves in the Angle covered by a dome of pattern or, more rarely, sky, must be special and the sky resembled something they incorporated them into their knew system of astrology. 180° Constellations Constellations As Earth rotates about its As evidence that the gods As sky being a hollow dome, axis, the sky appears to turn liked spheres, these people the point directly above the in the _____ direction cited the fact that the Moon head around those celestial poles is a sphere Zenith Opposite Greeks Astronomy is also called Astronomy is called _____ ______ because what is Astronomy is also because tests are done observed cannot be changed humanity's attempt to through observing samples and has already happened organize learned knowledge and noting their differences (discovering the secrets of as with each other the cosmic past) Clear history of the universe Observational science Historical science  Brilliant centers of galaxies, glowing with the light of an extraordinarily energetic Belief in a spherical Earth Believing in circles and process. Its gas-fueled may have stemmed from the spheres to be perfect forms, enormous energy falls and time of this philosopher and this person suggested that swirls around its massive mathematician who lived the Earth is a sphere black hole 2,500 years ago Pythagoras Quasars (most distant Pythagoras beacons of space, allowing to probe the universe for 10 B LY or more) Celestial objects moving relative to fixed stars in the sky Civilization that kept records Celestial object having the of comets, bright meteors, fastest apparent motion in Named according to days of sunspots, and exploding the sky the week: Sun (Sunday), stars (guest stars) Moon (Monday), Mars Moon (Tuesday), Mercury Ancient Chinese (Wednesday), Jupiter (Thursday), Venus (Friday), Saturn (Saturday) Civilization which learned to Civilization which navigate by the stars over Civilization which used developed a sophisticated hundreds of kilometers of stones to keep track of the calendar based on Venus open ocean, enabling them motions of the Sun and thousands of years ago to colonize new islands far Moon (like Stonehenge) away Mayan (Mexico and Central Britain America) Polynesian Describe the Milky Way Galaxy Civilizations which laid the Diameter of Milky Way foundation of the science of A giant disk with a small Galaxy astronomy shining ball in the middle; with spiral arms outlined by 105,700 ly Greeks and Romans the blue light of hot adolescent stars Duration of Moon's Distance traveled by light revolution around the Earth Distance of Sun from the during one year (complete trip around the galactic center sky) A light-year (9.46 x 10^12 30,000 ly km per year) 1 month (12° in the sky each day) Each sign was named after a Early Greeks regarded the _________ in the sky dome of the sky as part of through which the Sun, Earth's diameter _____ as it brings different Moon, and planets were seen stars into view as it turns to pass 12,756 km Celestial Sphere Constellation Earth-Sun distance (1 AU Extending Earth's axis, the equals to) Earth-Moon distance points where this line intersects the celestial sphere 149.6 M km (400 times the 384,400 km (30 times the Earth-Moon distance, 100 Earth's diameter) North Celestial Pole and times the Earth-Sun South Celestial Pole distance) For ancient cultures, what did planets and stars mean to them? Four forces acting on all Firstly proposed ideas or As representatives or things in the universe models are called symbols of the gods or other supernatural forces that Gravity, Electromagnetism, Hypotheses controlled their lives (their Weak and Strong Nuclear motion and position was Forces thought to be an expression of the whims or displeasure of the gods) Greeks 2000 years ago named these celestial objects From _____ found in that have independent General term for zodiac observations, scientists motions among the stars, signs where the Sun was in create a _____ to depict an superimposed on the daily at the moment a person is approximate representation rotation of the celestial born of nature. sphere Sun sign Trends, model Wandering stars or planets (planets means "wanderer" in ancient Greek) Greeks 2000 years ago named these celestial He cited that the Earth is objectsin the sky that Group of star clusters are round because the shadow maintain fixed patterns called on the Moon is round among themselves through many generations Superclusters Aristotle Fixed stars  He divided the stars into He compiled a pioneering He discovered the wobbling apparent magnitudes star catalog with about 850 of the Earth's axis called according to their apparent entries and designated precession, changing where brightness (stars of the first celestial coordinates for each the Earth's axis points magnitude, second star magnitude, etc.) Hipparchus Hipparchus Hipparchus He explained that as He made a remarkable He used the angle of Sun's travelers go south, Polaris' discovery that the position in rays from two ancient cities height from the surface the sky of the north celestial to calculate Earth's decreases, proving the Earth pole had altered over the circumference/diameter has a curved surface previous century and a half Erastosthenes Aristotle Hipparchus How are the cosmologies of How astronomers can study His writings explained how the ancient people and reveal universe's past? Moon's phases change over described? time and how solar eclipse Through the delay in the occur Combination of direct arrival of light to the observation, philosophy, and observer (carrying info from Aristotle religious symbolism the past) How astronomy helps us How astronomy contributed study in prolonging human to scientific and How did Babylonians firstly survival? technological development used astrology? of humanity? Concepts in astronomy They used the motions and allowed better understanding Concepts in astronomy led positions of the Sun, Moon, of Sun's influence on to the development of day- and planets to guide their climate, weather, water to-day essentials such as rulers, believing that they levels etc. and predict personal computers, influence the fortunes of movements of potential satellites, phones, GPS, solar kings and nations objects that may hit the panels, and MRI planet How does ancient and How planets outside the modern constellations solar system were How planets appear to move differ? discovered? in the sky over time is a combination of Ancient ones connect stars (a) from the planet's with a line and group them gravitational pull to their Planetary motion and Earth's based on a figure; modern stars and (b) from the light revolution around the Sun ones run imaginary lines as of their stars blocked by the boundaries around stars planet  If a person's latitude is If a person's latitude is between the pole and the between the pole and the If you were at the _____, equator (intermediate equator (intermediate you would see in the sky that lattitude), the north celestial lattitude), the south celestial all stars rise straight up and pole is located at equal to the pole is located at equal to the set straight down latitude of the person latitude of the person ______ the horizon ______ the horizon equator above below In Ptolemy' planetary model, In Ptolemy' planetary model, In Ptolemy's solar system if the planet moves the if the planet moves the same model, this is the center of opposite direction as the direction as the epicycle, the the model, the center of the epicycle, the planet in the planet in the sky moves deferent where the center of sky moves _____ _____ the epicycles revolve around Westward Eastward Equant point In astrology, the position of In the past, how is In terms of angles, how wide the Sun, Moon, and planets astronomy being used? is the moon? in the sky is called Measure time, mark the 0.5° House seasons, navigate the Earth Invisible substance Main significance of unobservable by astronomy Lies halfway between the astronomical instruments celestial poles that is exerting gravity on Technological Advancement, stars Knowledge Transfer, Celestial Equator Awareness of How Humans Dark matter Fit into the Vast Universe Nearest large, complete Nearest galaxy: Year of Moon's diameter galaxy and its distance from discovery, Distance from the the Sun Sun, Constellation 3,475 km (1/4 the diameter of Earth) Andromeda galaxy (Catalog 1993, 70,000 LY, Sagittarius No. M31), 2 M LY On average, how many One of the 88 sections into atoms can be found in every which astronomers divide Nearest star from the Sun cubic cm in the interstellar the sky with each named and distance gas of the Milky Way after a prominent star pattern Galaxy? within it Proxima Centauri, 4.25 ly 1 Constellation  Ptolemy's solar system Planets' direction of model explains that each Points in the sky that do not movement in the sky over planet revolving around the appear to turn the weeks and months Earth is also revolving in a small orbit called ____. Celestial Poles Eastward Epicycle Science is not merely a body Quasars allowed of knowledge, but a ____ by Speed it takes for Earth to astronomers to see the which we attempt to make a 1-year Sun beginning of the universe understand nature and how it revolution called behaves 110,000 km/h Big Bang explosion Method Star closest to the north Star cluster of more than 50 celestial pole; moves the galaxies where Milky Way Sun's path taken around the least amount as the northern Galaxy and Andromeda celestial sphere sky turns each day galaxy are parts of Ecliptic Polaris (pole star, fastener of Local Group the sky) The Sun changes position gradually on the celestial The apparent motion of the Testing a hypothesis can be sphere, moving each ___ celestial sphere depends on a done through about ___ to the ___ relative person's _______ to the stars an experiment Latitude day; 1° ; east The apparent shift in the direction of an object as a The concept of cosmos, its result of the motion of the The celestial equator is tilted basic structure and origin, is observer (the foreground by _____ to the ecliptic called moves against a more distant background) 23.5° Cosmology Parallax  The dates of Sun signs no longer align to the real constellations which they The distance from an atomic The corners of the dome; were once named more than nucleus to its electrons is where the dome meets the 2,000 years ago. Why? typically ____ times the size Earth's surface of the nucleus itself Zodiac signs slide westward Horizon along the ecliptic by about 100,000 1/12 of the zodiac which was caused by precession The first fairly accurate The duration of a cycle of determination of Earth's The fundamental building Earth's axial precession diameter was made in 200 blocks of the universe BCE by 26,000 years Stars Erastosthenes The key to natal astrology, a The part of the sky for The reason that the Sun chart showing the positions observers in between the moves north and south in the of the planets in the sky at poles and the equator that sky as the seasons change the moment of an stars can never set or rise individual's birth Inclination of the ecliptic Circumpolar Zone (23.5°) Horoscope The study of the objects the The scientific method begins The shift in the apparent lie beyond our planet Earth with many ____ over a direction of a star due to and the processes by which period of time Earth's orbital motion these objects interact with one another Observations Stellar Parallax Astronomy The supercluster where the The temporary apparent The theory which allowed Local Group is part of (and westward motion of a planet astronomers to observe and its diameter) as Earth swings between it understand black holes and the Sun Virgo Supercluster, 110 M Theory of general relativity LY Retrograde Motion The top 4 most cosmically Time for light to take Time for light to take abundant elements in the between Earth and Moon between Sun and Moon universe 1.3 s Slightly more than 8 minutes H, He, O, C  Tiny solid particles in space; What causes Earth's axial Time remaining for the Sun one of the raw materials for precession? before it dies star formation Gravitational pulls of the 5-6 B yrs Interstellar dust Sun and Moon What celestial objects gained a special significance When a horoscope is and lead to the creation of charted, the Sun, Moon, and Where and when did astrology due to their power planets must first be located Astrology began? to wander through the realm in the ______ that is divided of sky against fixed stars? into 12 sectors called _____, 2,500 years ago in each ____ long. Babylonia Sun, Moon, and 5 planets closest to the Sun (Mercury, zodiac; signs; 30° Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn) Why a single proven Why Sun's annual path in experiment is not enough to Why all things in the the sky is not linked with prove the hypothesis? universe are considered as Earth's equator? recycled star dust? Later experiments may The Sun's ecliptic does not contradict the hypothesis; a All particles in the universe lie along the celestial collection of proving (even in the human body) equator but is inclined to it experiments is needed to were formed inside stars at an angle of about 23.5° accept the hypothesis as useful description of nature Why ancient people named With all of them lying in constellations to figures that nearly the sample plane, the seldom resemble them? planets, the Sun, and the Why the planets and stars in Moon, are always found in the sky seemingly move? Naming done in honor of the the sky within a narrow 18- mythological characters then degree-wide belt centered on The Earth rotates fitting the star configurations the ecliptic called the _____ to the figures the best they could Zodiac Wrote Almagest, a mammoth compilation of astronomical knowledge from the past, principally those of Hipparchus Claudius Ptolemy