ASTM E1417/E1417M-21 Liquid Penetrant Testing Standard PDF

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn. Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information Designation: E1417/E1417M − 21 Standard...

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn. Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information Designation: E1417/E1417M − 21 Standard Practice for Liquid Penetrant Testing1 This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1417/E1417M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval. This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense. 1. Scope* 1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the 1.1 This practice establishes the minimum requirements for safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the conducting liquid penetrant examination of nonporous metal responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- and nonmetal components. priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter- mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. NOTE 1—This practice replaces MIL-STD-6866. 1.7 This international standard was developed in accor- 1.2 The penetrant examination processes described in this dance with internationally recognized principles on standard- practice are applicable to in-process, final, and maintenance ization established in the Decision on Principles for the (in-service) examinations. These processes are applicable for Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom- the detection of discontinuities, such as lack of fusion, mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical corrosion, cracks, laps, cold shuts, and porosity, that are open Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. or connected to the surface of the component under examina- tion. iTeh Standards 1.3 Caution must be exercised in the usage of elevated 2. Referenced Documents 2.1 The following documents form a part of this practice to (https://standards.iteh.ai) temperature with components manufactured from thermoplas- tic materials. Also, some cleaners, penetrants, and developers the extent specified herein: 2.2 ASTM Standards: 2 plastics. Prior to examination, tests Document should be conducted to Preview can have a deleterious effect on nonmetallic materials such as D95 Test Method for Water in Petroleum Products and Bituminous Materials by Distillation ensure that none of the cleaning or examination materials are D6304 Test Method for Determination of Water in Petro- harmful to the components to be examined. ASTM E1417/E1417M-21 leum Products, Lubricating Oils, and Additives by Cou- 1.4 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch- lometric Karl Fischer Titration https://standards.iteh.ai/catalog/standards/sist/784090ee-2337-4a76-a9d2-ba84bf889964/astm-e1417-e1417m-21 pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The E165/E165M Practice for Liquid Penetrant Testing for Gen- values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equiva- eral Industry lents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each E203 Test Method for Water Using Volumetric Karl Fischer system shall be used independently of the other, and values Titration from the two systems shall not be combined. E543 Specification for Agencies Performing Nondestructive 1.5 All areas of this practice may be open to agreement Testing between the cognizant engineering organization and the E1135 Test Method for Comparing the Brightness of Fluo- supplier, or specific direction from the cognizant engineering rescent Penetrants organization. E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations E2297 Guide for Use of UV-A and Visible Light Sources and NOTE 2—Throughout this document, the term blacklight has been Meters used in the Liquid Penetrant and Magnetic Particle changed to UV-A to conform with the latest terminology in Terminology Methods E1316. Blacklight can mean a broad range of ultraviolet radiation; E3022 Practice for Measurement of Emission Characteris- fluorescent penetrant examination only uses the UV-A range. tics and Requirements for LED UV-A Lamps Used in Fluorescent Penetrant and Magnetic Particle Testing 1 This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nonde- structive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.03 on Liquid 2 Penetrant and Magnetic Particle Methods. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2021. Published October 2021. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at [email protected]. For Annual Book of ASTM approved in 1991. Last previous edition approved in 2020 as E1417/E1417M – 20. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on DOI: 10.1520/E1417_E1417M-21. the ASTM website. *A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States 1  E1417/E1417M − 21 2.3 ASNT Standards:3 3.2.3 component, n—the part(s) or element(s) of a system ANSI/ASNT-CP-189 Standard for Qualification and Certifi- described, assembled, or processed to the extent specified by cation of Nondestructive Testing Personnel the drawing. SNT-TC-1A Recommended Practice for Personnel Qualifi- 3.2.4 final examination, n—the final examination performed cation and Certification in Nondestructive Testing for the acceptance of the item. 2.4 Military Standards:4,5 3.2.4.1 Discussion—Any change to the item’s surface such MIL-STD-6866 Inspection, Liquid Penetrant as machining, grinding, welding, heat treatment, or etching by QPL-AMS-2644 Qualified Products List, Inspection subsequent manufacturing operation, may render the previous Material, Penetrant examination invalid, requiring reexamination of all affected 2.5 ANSI/ISO/EN Standards:6 surfaces, unless otherwise approved in the contract. ANSI/NCSL Z540.3 General Requirement for Calibration 3.2.5 in-process, adj—that which occurs during manufactur- Laboratories and Measuring Test Equipment ing before a component is in final form. EN 4179 Qualification and Approval of Personnel for Non- 3.2.6 in-service, adj—refers to components that are in use or destructive Testing storage for their intended function. ISO 9712 Non-destructive Testing-Qualification and Certifi- 3.2.7 reprocess, v—repeat, after cleaning, the application cation of NDT Personnel and appropriate processing of penetrant, emulsifier (as ISO 10012 Measure Management Systems—Requirements required), and developer (as required). for Measurement Processes and Measuring Equipment ISO/IEC 17025 General Requirements for the Competence 3.2.8 supplier, n—the organization contracted to supply the of Testing and Calibration Laboratories material, parts, or assembly. 2.6 AIA Standard:7 3.2.9 turbine engine critical components, n—any compo- NAS 410 Certification and Qualification of Nondestructive nent on turbine engine designated by the manufacturer as Test Personnel “critical.” 2.7 SAE Standards:8 4. Significance and Use AMS 2644 Inspection Material, Penetrant iTeh Standards AMS 2175 Castings, Classification and Inspection of 4.1 This practice establishes the basic parameters for con- trolling the application of the liquid penetrant method. This LOX Compatibility (https://standards.iteh.ai) AMS 3158 Solution, Fluorescent Penetrant Water Base for practice is written so it can be specified on the engineering drawing, specification, or contract. It is not a detailed how-to Document Preview 2.8 Order of Precedence—In the event of conflict between procedure to be used by the inspector and, therefore, must be the text of this practice and the references cited herein, the text of this practice takes precedence. supplemented by a detailed procedure that conforms to the requirements of this practice. Practice E165/E165M contains information to help develop detailed requirements. ASTM E1417/E1417M-21 5. Classification https://standards.iteh.ai/catalog/standards/sist/784090ee-2337-4a76-a9d2-ba84bf889964/astm-e1417-e1417m-21 3. Terminology 3.1 Definitions: 5.1 Penetrant examination processes and materials are clas- 3.1.1 The terminology relating to liquid penetrant examina- sified in accordance with the material classification contained tion that appears in Terminology E1316 shall apply to the terms in AMS 2644. Penetrant systems covered by this practice shall used in this practice. be of the following types, methods, and sensitivity levels: 5.1.1 Type: 3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard: 5.1.1.1 Type I—Fluorescent dye. 3.2.1 aerospace, n—any component that will be installed on 5.1.1.2 Type II—Visible dye. a system that flies. 5.1.2 Method: 3.2.2 cognizant engineering organization, n—reference Ter- 5.1.2.1 Method A—Water washable. minology E1316. 5.1.2.2 Method A(W)—Water washable-water containing. 5.1.2.3 Method B—Post-emulsifiable, lipophilic. 5.1.2.4 Method C—Solvent-removable. 3 Available from American Society for Nondestructive Testing (ASNT), P.O. Box 5.1.2.5 Method D—Post-emulsifiable, hydrophilic. 28518, 1711 Arlingate Ln., Columbus, OH 43228-0518, http://www.asnt.org. 5.1.3 Sensitivity—(These levels apply to Type I penetrant 4 Copies of specifications, standards, drawings, and publications required by systems only. Type II penetrant systems have only a single manufacturers in connection with specific acquisition functions should be obtained from the contracting activity or as directed by the contracting officer. sensitivity and it is not represented by any of the levels listed 5 Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, DODSSP, Bldg. 4, as follows): Section D, 700 Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5098, http:// 5.1.3.1 Sensitivity Level 1⁄2 —Very low. dodssp.daps.dla.mil. 6 Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 5.1.3.2 Sensitivity Level 1—Low. 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org. 5.1.3.3 Sensitivity Level 2—Medium. 7 Available from Aerospace Industries Association (AIA), 1000 Wilson Blvd., 5.1.3.4 Sensitivity Level 3—High. Suite 1700, Arlington, VA 22209, http://www.aia-aerospace.org. 5.1.3.5 Sensitivity Level 4—Ultrahigh. 8 Available from SAE International (SAE), 400 Commonwealth Dr., Warrendale, PA 15096-0001, http://www.sae.org. 5.2 Developers shall be of the following forms: 2  E1417/E1417M − 21 5.2.1 Form a—Dry powder. and shall require approval of the cognizant engineering orga- 5.2.2 Form b—Water-soluble. nization when such materials do not meet the requirements of 5.2.3 Form c—Water-suspendable. AMS 2644. 5.2.4 Form d—Nonaqueous for Type I fluorescent pen- 6.5.3 Shelf Life—Penetrant materials that have exceeded etrant. their initial shelf life date are permissible to use provided the 5.2.5 Form e—Nonaqueous for Type II visible dye. requirements of 7.8.2 and 7.8.3 produce acceptable results. Ready-to-use materials as identified in 7.8 need only meet the 5.2.6 Form f—Specific application. requirements of 7.8.3. 5.3 Solvent removers shall be of the following classes: 6.6 Equipment and Facilities—Processing equipment used 5.3.1 Class 1—Halogenated. in the penetrant examination process shall be constructed and 5.3.2 Class 2—Nonhalogenated. arranged to permit a uniform and controlled operation. The 5.3.3 Class 3—Specific application. equipment shall meet all applicable national and local safety requirements as well as the requirements specified herein. In 6. General Practices facilities using both Type I and Type II penetrant, provisions 6.1 Responsibility for Examination—Unless otherwise shall be made to prevent cross-contamination between pen- specified in the contract or purchase order, the cognizant etrant types. engineering organization is responsible for the performance of 6.6.1 Viewing Areas—Areas where parts are reviewed shall all examination requirements as specified herein. The cogni- be kept clean at all times. For visible dye examination, Type II, zant engineering organization may specify more stringent the lighting system shall provide at least 100 fc [1076 lx] of requirements than the minimum specified in this practice when visible light when measured at the examination surface. For necessary to ensure that a component meets its functional and stationary fluorescent dye examination, Type I, the ambient reliability requirements. Except as otherwise specified, the visible light background shall not exceed 2 fc [21.5 lx] at the supplier may utilize his own facilities or any other facilities examination surface. The UV-A lamp shall provide a minimum 2 suitable for the performance of the examination requirements of 1000 µW/cm at the examination surface. UV-A lamps shall iTeh Standards specified herein. The cognizant engineering organization re- meet the requirements of 7.8.4.1. Viewing areas for portable serves the right to perform any of the examinations set forth in fluorescent dye examination shall utilize dark canvas, photog- this practice where such examinations are deemed necessary to rapher’s black cloth, or other methods to reduce the visible quirements. (https://standards.iteh.ai) ensure that supplies and services conform to prescribed re- light tion background and UV-A to the intensity lowest shall possible meet the level during examina- above requirements. Document Preview 6.2 Specifying—When examination is required in accor- dance with this practice, the orders, contracts, or other appro- 6.6.1.1 Where lamps are physically too large to directly illuminate the examination surface, special lighting, such as UV-A pencil lamps, or UV-A light guides, or remote visual priate documents shall specify the criteria by which the examination equipment shall be used. When using a borescope, acceptability of components is to be evaluated.ASTM E1417/E1417M-21 Engineering the image viewed must have sufficient resolution to effectively drawings or other applicable documents shall indicate the https://standards.iteh.ai/catalog/standards/sist/784090ee-2337-4a76-a9d2-ba84bf889964/astm-e1417-e1417m-21 evaluate the indication. UV-A intensity shall be measured at the acceptance criteria for the entire component; zoning may be expected working distance and shall be a minimum used. Examination on a sampling basis shall not be allowed 1000 µW ⁄cm2. Special lighting shall meet the requirements of unless specifically permitted by the contract. 7.8.4.2. 6.3 Personnel Qualification—Personnel performing exami- 6.6.1.2 LED UV-A lamps used for evaluation purposes shall nations in accordance with this practice shall be qualified and comply with Practice E3022, excluding those referenced in certified in accordance with SNT-TC-1A, ANSI/ASNT-CP- 6.6.1.1 and 7.8.4.2. 189, NAS 410, EN 4179, ISO 9712, or as specified in the 6.6.2 Drying Oven—When components are oven dried, the contract or purchase order. dryer must be a forced-air recirculating type. In automated systems, where parts are dried by radiant heat and forced air, 6.4 Agency Qualification—The agency performing this the travel speed of the system shall be such as to preclude practice may be evaluated in accordance with Specification overdrying of parts. The forced air does not have to be E543. recirculating but must preclude contamination of the parts. The 6.5 Materials: temperature shall be controlled with a calibrated device ca- 6.5.1 Qualified Materials—Only materials listed or ap- pable of maintaining the oven temperature at 615 °F proved for listing on QPL-AMS-2644 (reference AMS 2644) [68.3 °C] of the temperature for which it is set. The oven shall shall be utilized for penetrant examination. Materials not not exceed 160 °F [71 °C]. The temperature indicator shall be conforming to the requirements of AMS 2644 may be used accurate to 610 °F [65.6 °C] of the actual oven temperature. only when a waiver is obtained from the cognizant engineering 6.7 Written Procedures—When liquid penetrant examina- organization. tion procedures are similar for many components, a master 6.5.2 Liquid Oxygen (LOX) Compatible Materials— written procedure may be utilized that covers the details Penetrant materials used on LOX wetted surfaces that cannot common to a variety of components as well as guidance in the be thoroughly post-cleaned shall be compliant with AMS 3158, event of a process control failure which, as a minimum, shall be used in accordance with the material supplier instructions, include notification of the failure to the Penetrant Testing Level 3  E1417/E1417M − 21 3 (III). All written procedures, including technique sheets for treatments requires that etching be included in the precleaning specific parts shall be approved by an individual who is a operation unless otherwise agreed on between the cognizant qualified and certified Level 3 (III) for penetrant examination engineering organization and the NDT facility. in accordance with the requirements of 6.3. As a minimum, the NOTE 3—Final penetrant examination should always precede peening. following information is required either in individual procedures, specific technique sheets, or a master procedure, or 6.8.2 Surface Coatings—All coatings and other surface a combination thereof: conditions, such as paint, plating, corrosion, etc., shall be 6.7.1 Details of the precleaning and etching process, includ- removed from the area to be examined prior to penetrant ing the materials used and specification or other document examination. The penetrant examination shall precede any controlling the examination process, the drying parameters, surface finish, such as anodize, except for in-service parts that and the processing times. If these operations are performed by may be examined without removing the anodize. other than examination personnel, details concerning the op- 6.9 Material and Process Limitations—Not all penetrant erations may be specified in other documents but must be sensitivity levels, materials, and process methods are appli- referenced in the procedure(s). Reference Practice E165/ cable to all examination requirements. The sensitivity level E165M for guidance on cleaning methods and instructions. shall be adequate for the intended purpose of the examination. 6.7.2 Classification of the penetrant examination materials Unless there is an approval for deviation given by the cogni- required in accordance with Section 5 and AMS 2644. zant engineering organization, the following selections are 6.7.3 Complete processing parameters for the penetrant mandatory or forbidden, as indicated: examination materials, including concentrations, application 6.9.1 Forms a and b (dry powder and water soluble) methods, dwell times, drying times, temperatures, and controls developers shall not be used with Type II (visible dye) to prevent excessive drying of penetrant or overheating of penetrant systems. This is not intended to prohibit the use of a component, as appropriate. Reference Practice E165/E165M Form f developer that has been qualified with a particular Type for additional details. II system in accordance with AMS 2644. 6.7.4 Complete examination/evaluation requirements, in- 6.9.2 Type II penetrant examination shall not be used for cluding light intensities (both examination and ambient), the final acceptance examination of aerospace products. In iTeh Standards accept/reject criteria, and the method and location of marking. Reference Practice E165/E165M for additional details. addition, Type II penetrant examination shall not be used at any point in the process if a Type I penetrant examination of the (https://standards.iteh.ai) 6.7.4.1 The method and measurement frequency shall be defined for meeting the minimum examination intensity for all same surface is to be performed. This is not intended to eliminate the use of in-process Type II examinations where subsequent fabrication/forming operations remove the surfaces Document Preview UV-A lamps, including battery-powered lamps. Any require- ments for documentation of the measurements shall be defined inspected. in the procedure. 6.9.3 The maintenance or overhaul examination of turbine 6.7.4.2 When the examination is performed in accordance engine critical components shall be done only with Type I, ASTM E1417/E1417M-21 with this practice, engineering drawings, specifications, tech- Methods C or D (solvent removable or post emulsified, nique sheets, or other applicable documents shall indicate the hydrophilic) processes and either sensitivity Levels 3 or 4 https://standards.iteh.ai/catalog/standards/sist/784090ee-2337-4a76-a9d2-ba84bf889964/astm-e1417-e1417m-21 penetrant materials. accept/reject criteria by which the components are judged acceptable. 6.10 Records—Results of all final penetrant examinations 6.7.5 Identification of the components or areas within a shall be recorded. All recorded results shall be identified, filed, component to be examined in accordance with the procedure. and made available to the cognizant engineering organization 6.7.6 Complete postcleaning procedures. If postcleaning is upon request. Records shall provide for traceability to the performed by other than examination personnel, details con- specific part or lot inspected. As a minimum, the records shall cerning this operation may be specified in other documents but include: identification of the procedure used, disposition of the must be referenced in the procedure. Reference Practice examination; identification of the inspector’s examination E165/E165M for additional details. stamp, electronic ID, or signature; and the date of examination. 6.7.7 Identification of the name and address of the facility of Records shall be kept for a minimum of three years or as which the procedure applies. otherwise specified in the purchase order or contract. 6.8 Examination Sequence—Final penetrant examination shall be performed after completion of all operations that could 7. Specific Practices (Fig. 1) cause surface-connected discontinuities or operations that 7.1 Surface Preparation—All surfaces to be examined shall could expose discontinuities not previously open to the surface. be clean, dry, and free of soils, oil, grease, paint and other Such operations include, but are not limited to, grinding, coatings (except as allowed by 6.8.2), corrosion products, welding, straightening, machining, and heat treating. scale, smeared metal, welding flux, chemical residues, or any 6.8.1 Surface Treatment—Final penetrant examination may other material that could prevent the penetrant from entering be performed prior to treatments that can smear the surface but discontinuities, suppress dye performance, or produce unac- not by themselves cause surface discontinuities. Such treat- ceptable background. Cleaning methods, including etching, ments include, but are not limited to, vapor blasting, deburring, selected for a particular component shall be consistent with the sanding, buffing, abrasive blasting, lapping, or peening. Per- contaminants to be removed and shall not be detrimental to the formance of final penetrant examination after such surface component or its intended function. 4  E1417/E1417M − 21 required for intermediate examination when the surface(s) are not retained in the final part/component configuration or when the final penetrant examination is preceded by etching. Refer- ence 6.8.1. 7.2 Penetrant Application—Unless otherwise specified, the entire surface of the component shall be covered with pen- etrant. Large components may be examined in sections. Pen- etrant shall be applied by spraying, dipping, brushing, or other method to provide coverage as required. The component, penetrant, and ambient temperatures shall all be in the range from 40 to 125 °F [4 to 52 °C] unless otherwise specified. 7.2.1 Penetrant Dwell Time—The dwell time, unless other- wise specified, shall be a minimum of 10 min. For temperatures between 40 and 50 °F [4.4 and 10 °C], dwell time shall be a minimum of 20 min. It is recommended to rotate or otherwise move components as necessary during dwell to prevent pooling of the penetrant. For dwell times greater than 2 h, the penetrant shall be reapplied as required. 7.3 Penetrant Removal: 7.3.1 Method A Process—Water-washable penetrants shall be removed with a manual or automated water spray, or a manual wipe, or an air agitated immersion wash, or a combi- nation thereof. 7.3.1.1 Manual Spray—For handheld spray guns, water iTeh Standards pressure adequate to remove the penetrant shall be used but shall not exceed 40 psi [275 kPa]. Water temperature shall be between 50 to 100 °F [10 to 38 °C]. When hydro-air nozzles (https://standards.iteh.ai) FIG. 1 Process Flow Chart are used, the air pressure shall not exceed 25 psi [172 kPa]. A coarse spray shall be used with a minimum distance of 12 in. Document Preview 7.1.1 One or more appropriate cleaning methods, such as solvent cleaning, vapor degreasing, ultrasonic cleaning, [30 cm], when possible, between the spray nozzle and the part. Washing shall be conducted under appropriate illumination. aqueous-based cleaning, or methods agreed upon with the Caution shall be exercised to ensure that over-washing does not cognizant engineering organization shall be used for the occur. If over-washing occurs, the component(s) shall be ASTM E1417/E1417M-21 removal of oils, greases, and waxes, and as the final step before thoroughly dried and reprocessed. After rinsing, drain water https://standards.iteh.ai/catalog/standards/sist/784090ee-2337-4a76-a9d2-ba84bf889964/astm-e1417-e1417m-21 penetrant examination. If etching is required, the parts shall be from the component and utilize repositioning, suction, blotting appropriately cleaned, then etched and delivered to penetrant with clean absorbent materials, or filtered shop air at less than examination. 25 psi [172 kPa] to prevent pooling in cavities, recesses, and 7.1.2 Chemical cleaning shall be used for the removal of pockets. (Over-removal of the surface penetrant shall require paints, varnishes, scale, carbon, or other contaminants that are that the component be cleaned and reprocessed. A good not removable by solvent cleaning methods. (Warning— indicator of over-wash or over-removal of the surface penetrant Caution should be exercised when using chemicals because is evidenced by the total lack of residue that may occur on all they may irritate the eyes or skin.) or a specific area of the part; see Practice E165/E165M.) 7.1.3 Mechanical cleaning shall be used for the removal of 7.3.1.2 Automated Spray—For automated spray systems, soils and other contaminants that cannot be removed by solvent the wash parameters shall be such that the requirements of or chemical cleaning methods. 7.8.3 are met. Water temperature shall be maintained between 7.1.4 Grit blasting without etching may be an acceptable 50 to 100 °F [10 to 38 °C]. cleaning method if it can be demonstrated that a sufficiently 7.3.1.3 Manual Wipe—Excess penetrant shall be removed fine abrasive (150 grit or finer) will not cause peening and can with a clean, dry, lint-free cloth or absorbent toweling. The be removed by a detergent or alkaline cleaner. remainder of the surface penetrant shall then be removed with 7.1.5 Etching, unless otherwise specified, shall be per- a water-dampened cloth or towel. The surface shall not be formed when evidence exists that previous cleaning, surface flushed with water and the cloth or towel shall not be saturated treatments, or service usage has produced a surface condition with water. The component shall be examined under appropri- that degrades the effectiveness of penetrant examination. Etch- ate illumination to ensure adequate removal of the surface ing processes shall be developed and controlled to prevent penetrant. The surface shall be dried by blotting with a clean, damage to the component under test. Etching is not required dry towel or cloth, or by evaporation. for those features such as close tolerance holes, close tolerance 7.3.1.4 Immersion—Immersion wash may be utilized if the surfaces, faying surfaces, etc., where the function of the water is air agitated and good circulation is maintained component or assembly would be degraded. Etching is not throughout the wash operation. Water temperature shall be 5  E1417/E1417M − 21 maintained between 50 and 100 °F [10 and 38 °C]. When be applied by brush. Foaming application of hydrophilic immersion wash is used, a final spray rinse shall be included. emulsifier is permissible when approved by the cognizant The spray rinse parameters of 7.3.1.1 shall apply. engineering organization. 7.3.2 Method B Process—Lipophilic post-emulsifiable pen- (1) For immersion applications, the concentration, percent etrant shall be removed by air agitated water immersion or with volume, shall be no higher than specified by the penetrant a water spray or hydro-air spray rinse after application of an system supplier and shall not exceed that for which the system emulsifier and an appropriate emulsifier dwell time. Water was qualified. While immersed, the emulsifier or part should be pressure and temperature and air pressure shall meet the mildly agitated. Dwell time shall be the minimum required for requirements specified in 7.3.1.1, 7.3.1.2, and 7.3.1.4. adequate surface penetrant removal, but unless otherwise 7.3.2.1 Lipophilic emulsifiers shall be applied by immersion approved by the cognizant engineering organization, shall not or flowing. Lipophilic emulsifiers shall not be applied by spray exceed 2 min. or brush and shall not be agitated while on the surface of the (2) For spray or flowing applications, the concentration component. Maximum dwell times, unless otherwise specified, shall not exceed 5 %. Spray applications may include fixed shall be 3 min for Type I systems and 30 s for Type II systems, spray nozzles, spray wands, pump sprayers, or spray bottles or as recommended by the manufacturer. Actual dwell times provided the concentration is tested and meets the requirements shall be the minimum necessary to produce an acceptable of 7.8.2.6. Dwell time shall be the minimum required for background on the component. adequate surface penetrant removal, but unless otherwise 7.3.2.2 Rinsing—After the appropriate emulsifier dwell approved by the cognizant engineering organization, shall not time, emulsification shall be stopped by immersion or water exceed 2 min per surface area. spray. For removal of the penetrant/emulsifier mixture, the 7.3.4.3 Postrinse—After the application and dwell of the parameters of 7.3.1.1, 7.3.1.2, and 7.3.1.4 apply. Dwell time in hydrophilic emulsifier, the component being examined shall be an agitated immersion rinse, if used, shall be the minimum rinsed with water. The spray rinse parameters of 7.3.1.1, required to remove the emulsified penetrant. Examine the 7.3.1.2, and 7.3.1.4 shall apply. Evidence of over-removal shall components under appropriate illumination after rinsing. Clean require the part to be cleaned and reprocessed. Excessive and reprocess those components with excessive background. background may be removed by additional (touchup) applica- iTeh Standards After rinsing, drain water from the component and utilize repositioning, suction, blotting with clean absorbent materials tion of the hydrophilic emulsifier provided its maximum allowable dwell time is not exceeded. Additional rinsing of the (https://standards.iteh.ai) or filtered shop air at less than 25 psi [172 kPa] to prevent pooling. Caution shall be exercised to ensure that the air nozzle touch-up area will be required after application and dwell of the hydrophilic emulsifier. If careful touch-up application of the hydrophilic emulsifier does not produce an acceptable Document Preview is held at a sufficient distance from the part to ensure that the developing indication is not smeared by the air blast. If background, the part shall be cleaned and reprocessed. Manual over-emulsification is observed, the component must be systems shall require the use of appropriate UV-A irradiance to cleaned and reprocessed. ensure adequate penetrant removal. ASTM 7.3.3 Method C Process—Solvent-removable penetrants areE1417/E1417M-21 7.4 Drying—The components shall be dried prior to the https://standards.iteh.ai/catalog/standards/sist/784090ee-2337-4a76-a9d2-ba84bf889964/astm-e1417-e1417m-21 removed by first wiping the excess penetrant with a clean, application of dry developer, nonaqueous developer, or exami- lint-free, dry cloth or absorbent toweling. The remainder of the nation without developer. The components should be drained surface penetrant is then removed with a solvent-dampened of excess water but not dried before the application of aqueous lint-free cloth or towel. The surface of the component shall not soluble or suspendable developers. The components shall be be flushed with solvent, and the cloth or towel shall not be dried after the application of aqueous developers. saturated with solvent. The component and cloth or toweling 7.4.1 Drying Parameters—Components shall be air dried at shall be observed under appropriate illumination to ensure room temperature or in a drying oven. Oven temperatures shall adequate removal of the surface penetrant. Over-removal of the not exceed that specified in 6.6.2. Drying time shall only be surface penetrant shall require the component to be cleaned and that necessary to adequately dry the part. Components shall be reprocessed. The surface shall be dried by blotting with a removed from the oven immediately after drying. Components lint-free, dry cloth or towel, or by evaporation. Method C can shall not be placed in the oven with pooled water or pooled also be used for water-washable penetrants using water or aqueous solutions/suspensions. solvent for removal of excess penetrant. 7.5 Developing—Unless otherwise specified, developers 7.3.4 Method D Process—Hydrophilic post emulsifiable shall be utilized for penetrant examination. Type I penetrants penetrant shall be removed with a water prerinse, application that are qualified to AMS 2644 may be used without developer of the hydrophilic emulsifier, and then a postrinse. under either one of the following conditions: manufacturing 7.3.4.1 Rinse—The water prerinse shall be applied for the examination of aluminum and magnesium castings classified minimum amount of time required to achieve removal of the by AMS 2175 as Class 3 or 4, or with the expressed approval bulk surface penetrant. The rinse parameters of 7.3.1.1 or of the cognizant engineering organization. Minimum and 7.3.1.2 shall apply. maximum developing times shall be 10 min and 2 h, respec- (1) For spray application of the emulsifier, a water prerinse tively. Components that are not examined before the maximum may be omitted. developing time shall be cleaned and reprocessed. 7.3.4.2 Hydrophilic emulsifier shall be applied by 7.5.1 Dry Developers—Components shall be dry before the immersion, flowing, or spray. Hydrophilic emulsifier shall not developer is applied. Dry developer shall be applied in such a 6  E1417/E1417M − 21 manner as to contact all surfaces to be examined. Excess dry shall not wear photochromic or permanently darkened lenses developer may be removed after the development time by light while processing or reviewing parts under UV-A irradiance. tapping or light air blow-off. If compressed air is used, the UV-A lamps shall meet the requirements of 7.8.4.1. All areas of pressure shall not exceed 5 psi [34 kPa]. Minimum and fluorescence shall be interpreted. Components with no indica- maximum developer dwell times shall be 10 min and 4 h, tions or only nonrelevant indications shall be accepted. Com- respectively. Dry developers shall not be used with Type II ponents with relevant indications shall be evaluated with penetrants. respect to the applicable acceptance criteria. Components with 7.5.2 Nonaqueous Developers—Components, or areas re- excessive background fluorescence shall be cleaned and repro- quiring examination, shall be dry before application of the cessed. developer. Nonaqueous developer shall be applied by spraying. 7.6.2 Type II Processes—All indications shall be inter- For Type I penetrants, the developer shall be applied as a preted. Components with no indications or only nonrelevant uniform thin coating over the entire surface to be inspected. indications shall be accepted. Components with relevant indi- For Type II penetrants, the developer shall be applied over the cations shall be evaluated with respect to the applicable entire surface to form a uniform, white coating to provide acceptance criteria. Components with excessive background suitable color contrast for the penetrant indications. The shall be cleaned and reprocessed. uniformity and thickness of the developer coating is important 7.6.3 Evaluation—All indications found during the exami- for both types of penetrant systems. If the developer coating nation shall be evaluated in accordance with specified accep- thickness is too heavy for Type I systems such that the metallic tance criteria. surface is completely masked, the component shall be cleaned 7.6.3.1 Indication Verification—When addressed in the us- and reprocessed. Unless otherwise specified, the minimum and er’s procedure, it is permissible to verify indications by wiping maximum development times for nonaqueous developers are the indication with a solvent-dampened swab, brush, or lint- 10 min and 1 h, respectively. For nonaqueous suspendable free cloth, avoiding flooding the area with solvent, allowing the developer, the developer container shall be frequently agitated area to dry, and redeveloping the area. Redevelopment time between applications. shall be a minimum of 10 min, except nonaqueous redevelop- 7.5.3 Aqueous Developer—Aqueous soluble developers ment time shall be a minimum of 3 min. If the indication does iTeh Standards shall not be used with Type II penetrants or Type I, Method A penetrants. Aqueous suspendable developers can be used with not reappear, the original indication may be considered false. This procedure may be performed up to two times for any (https://standards.iteh.ai) both Type I and Type II penetrants. Aqueous developers may be applied to the component after rinsing. Developers shall be given original indication. Unless otherwise specified, isopropyl alcohol, acetone, or QPL-AMS2644 approved solvents are applied by spray, flowing, or immersion. The applied developer Document Preview permissible. shall not be allowed to puddle and shall completely cover all 7.6.3.2 Discontinuity Removal—When allowed by the spe- surfaces to be inspected. Components shall be air dried or oven cific examination procedure, discontinuity(ies) may be re- dried to the requirements of 7.4.1. Minimum and maximum moved by an approved procedure such as sanding, either development times, after the component is dry,ASTM E1417/E1417M-21 are 10 min and powered or manual, or grinding to determine the depth and 2 h. Aqueous suspendable developers must be either constantly https://standards.iteh.ai/catalog/standards/sist/784090ee-2337-4a76-a9d2-ba84bf889964/astm-e1417-e1417m-21 agitated to keep the particles from settling out of suspension or extent of the discontinuity(ies). After the mechanical operation, the area shall be cleaned, etched (if permitted), and reexam- they must be thoroughly agitated prior to use to ensure that ined. The process used for reexamination shall be at least as particles are in suspension. sensitive as the original process. 7.6 Examination—The interpretation area shall meet the 7.6.4 Sizing—If the acceptance criteria are written in terms appropriate requirements of 7.8.4.5. Components shall be of indication sizes, the indication size shall be measured. If the interpreted before the maximum developing time, and if acceptance criteria is written in terms of discontinuity or flaw required by specific procedures, monitored periodically during sizes, the discontinuity shall be measured. the developing time. Components not interpreted before the 7.6.4.1 Indication Sizing—When sizing indications for judg- maximum developing time shall be cleaned and reprocessed. ment against appropriate acceptance criteria, the penetrant 7.6.1 Type I Processes—UV-A Irradiation—Examine fluo- indication shall be carefully evaluated under appropriate light- rescent penetrant indications under UV-A radiation in a dark- ing (visible light for visible dye penetrant and UV-A radiation ened area. A minimum of 1000 µW ⁄cm2 is required on the for fluorescent penetrant), after the required development or surface being examined. redevelopment time as applicable. Measure the indication size 7.6.1.1 UV-A Source Warm-Up—For all UV-A sources ex- at its largest dimension with a measuring device and the cept LED UV-A sources, allow source to warm up for a appropriate illumination that meets the requirements of 6.6.1. minimum of 10 min prior to its use or the measurement of 7.6.4.2 Discontinuity Sizing—When sizing discontinuities UV-A irradiation. LED UV-A sources are at full intensity at for judgment against appropriate acceptance criteria, the area power-on and the intensity may decrease as the lamp warms may be carefully wiped with a solvent-dampened cotton swab up. or brush, ensuring rapid evaporation so that the area for 7.6.1.2 Upon entering the darkened examination area, the examination is not flooded with solvent. Immediately measure inspector’s vision shall be dark adapted for a minimum of the discontinuity using a measuring or comparison device and 1 min prior to examining components. Longer times for more the appropriate illumination that meets the requirements of complete adaptation should be used if necessary. Inspectors 6.6.1. 7