Socialism in Europe and the Russian Revolution Class 9 PDF

Socialism in Europe and the Russian Revolution Learning Objectives Understanding the social- political background in Europe in mid 19th Century. Introduction to ideas of Liberals, Radicals and the Conservatives. The impact of industrial society on social changes: factory ownership and rights of wo...

Socialism in Europe and the Russian Revolution Learning Objectives Understanding the social- political background in Europe in mid 19th Century. Introduction to ideas of Liberals, Radicals and the Conservatives. The impact of industrial society on social changes: factory ownership and rights of workers. Understanding Russian economy and power hierarchy in context with rising socialism. The events leading up to the 1905 revolution and its impact.  Europe in Mid 19th Century Impact of French Revolution Gave people confidence in changing the structure of society. New Ideas developed about individual rights. Execution of King Louis XVI The social structure of 18th century Europe began to get challenged. Not everyone, though, is in favour of changing cultural order. The emergence of Radicals, Liberal and Conservative political ideologies. Different Political Strands in 19th Century Europe Liberals Radicals Conservatives Different Political Strands in 19th Century Europe Liberals Radicals Conservatives Rise of liberal ideology in Europe  The Liberals Their ideology: Wanted a nation that tolerates all religions Opposed the power of absolutist monarchy. Argued for a elected parliament with representatives from the society. Believed in independent judiciary. Did not believe in universal adult franchise. Supported right to vote for men with properties. Did not support women's right to vote. Different Political Strands in 19th CE Europe Liberals Radicals Conservatives  The Radicals Their ideology: Envisioned a nation having majority support. Were supportive of women’s suffragette movements. Disliked the concentration of wealth in the hands of few. Opposed privileges of landowners and wealthy factory owners. Different Political Strands in 19th CE Europe Liberals Radicals Conservatives Otto Von Bismarck, conservative Chancellor of Germany, 1871  The Conservatives Their ideology: The conservatives primarily opposed both the radicals and the liberals. Accepted certain ideas of change which were seen as impossible to avoid. Wanted to hold on to the traditional ways of life and social hierarchy. Which class of the society was opposed to ideas of social change in mid 19th century in Europe? A The Radicals B The Liberals C The Conservatives D The Socialists Which class of the society was opposed to ideas of social change in mid 19th century in Europe? A The Radicals B The Liberals C The Conservatives D The Socialists INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION  Industrial Society and Social Change Factories came up in different parts of Europe giving rise to cities and new industrial areas. Railways expanded along with trade networks bringing in men, women and children to work in the factories giving them employment but when demand for industrial goods were low, the unemployment increased.  Industrial Society and Social Change Working factories: Long hours, low wages, different pay for men and women. Housing and sanitation issues cropped up as more and more towns began to grow around the industries. Factory workers Liberals and Radicals searched for solutions to the problems of the industrial workers who in turn allied along with the former, wanting to witness the requisite changes.  Industrial Society and Social Change Some industries and factories were owned by liberals and radicals. These employers were aware that they were able to attain their Factory workers wealth because of their hard working workers. Healthy and hard working workers is what was needed to function successfully.  The Idea of Nationalism In 1815, in countries like France, Italy, Germany and Russia- some of the nationalists, liberals and radicals became revolutionaries. The idea of overthrowing monarchs to become nation-states gave rise to the concepts of nationalism. All citizens in these nation states were to have equal rights. The country Italy was united because of a nationalist Guiseppe Mazzini. After 1815, in he started the idea of nationalists amongst the Italians and united Italy.  19th Century Europe Different political strands. Ideals Industrial revolutions Revolutionaries Nationalism  What is Socialism? Social and economic doctrine that calls for a public, rather than a private ownership of control of property and natural resources. Individuals do not live or work in isolation but live in cooperation. Everything produced by the people is in some sense a social product Everyone who contributes to the production of the good is entitled to a fare share in it.  The Coming of Socialism to Europe By 19th century, socialism was a well-structured ideology. Private property was seen as the root cause of all social evils. It gained popularity amongst the working- class section of society. Spoke about a radical reform in the structure of the society.  The Idea of Cooperatives in Europe Robert Owens encouraged the idea of cooperatives: (1771-1858) Private properties would be replaced through individual initiatives. He built New Harmony in Indiana- cooperative Robert Owens (dismissed because it was still an individuals initaitve- needs to be taken up by the govt.  The Idea of Cooperatives in Europe Louis Blanc encouraged the idea of cooperatives: (1813-1882) He was a French socialist who wanted the government to encourage cooperatives and replace capitalist enterprises. These cooperatives were associations of people Louis Blanc who produced goods together and divided the profits according to the work done by members.  The Idea of Cooperatives in Europe Marx argued that an industrial society is a capitalist society. He believed that the conditions of the workers would not improve if the profits were accumulated with the capitalists. Karl Marx Engels He believed in a society where all property is socially controlled, a communist society. Friedrich Engels- (1820- 1895)- He suggested that workers have to remove capitalism and the rule of private property.  Ideals of the Socialists Karl Marx and Engel's new ideas Marx introduced the term "Capitalists", referring to the propertied class of society. Argued that workers were responsible for creating profits for the factory owners and Marx introduced the term Capitalist in his historic thus deserved a share in the profit. work the Das Kapital Proposed that workers needed a communist society to escape the exploitation of capitalist system. What was meant by communist society? A society where all property was socially controlled.  Ideals of the Socialists Socialists Demanded: Welfare of workers is more important. Campaigned against private property owners. Workers participating in protests The Socialist Argument: Factory owners were only concerned over profits, thereby neglecting the welfare of the workers. By focusing on welfare of many, collective social interests could be attained. Robert Owens introduced the idea of cooperatives replacing private properties to form an equal social order in America. A True B False Robert Owens introduced the idea of cooperatives replacing private properties to form an equal social order in America. A True B False  Support for Socialism 1870s- Socialism gains popularity in Europe. Socialists form the Members of the 2nd Second International in 1889. International Workers in England and Germany formed workers associations to demand better living and working conditions.  Support for Socialism 1905, Socialist Democratic Party got the support of such associations and won parliamentary seats Members of the 2nd in Germany. International The Labour party emerged in Britain and the socialist party in France. Socialist ideas helped form and shape legislation in parliamentary politics. Russian Empire in 1914  Russian Empire in 1914 Back in those days, Russia as a country did not exist, but rather it existed as Russian empire which was one of the biggest empires of that time. Ruled by Tsar Nicholas II of the Romanov Family Had a system of government where one person held absolute power. He ruled the Russian empire which included- Finland, Estonia, Lativa, Lithuania+ parts of Poland and Ukraine Stretch to pacific and included today’s Azerbaijan, Georgia and Armenia Religion followed- Russian orthodox Christianity, but also included the catholics, protestants, Buddhists, and islam.  Population in Russian Empire The social structure comprised-the Tsar, nobles, factory workers, craftsmen and agriculturists. Majority were agriculturists ( 85%) and produced grain for local needs as well as for the market. The land ownership was restricted to the Tsar, nobility and the orthodox Church. The Russian cultivators had deep respect for the Church but not for the nobility.  The Russian Empire: Economy and Society Russian peasants wanted the land from the nobility to be given to them and often refused to pay the rent leading to sometimes violent incidents. Russian Peasants The peasants often pooled in their lands and divided them as per the family needs. A contrast from their European counterparts.  The Russian Empire: Economy and Society Factories were mainly found in St. Petersburg and Moscow. In these areas, mainly craftsmen were found. With factories coming up and railways expanding, the number of factory workers and craftsmen were almost Factory workers at par with each other. Despite the divisions many workers united against their employers and against the working conditions. Foreign investments increased- more factories were set up. Coal produced doubled and iron+steel production quadrupled.  The Russian Empire: Economy and Society Craftsmen worked about 15 hours in a day while a factory workers worked about 10-12 hours a day. Most factories were owned by industrialists and the government Factory workers supervised large factories and checked if minimum wages and working hours were compensated. But these rules weren’t followed properly by factory owners.  The Russian Empire: Economy and Society Workers were divided into different social groups as per location, gender and skills. Women made 31% of factory labour force by 1914, but were paid less than men. Despite the divisions many workers united against their employers and against the working conditions. The Russian working class slowly started to rise against the employers and the government.  Peasants Role in Socialism Socialists in Russia formed the Russian Social Democratic Worker’s Party, 1898. Until 1914, all political parties were illegal in Russia. Commune or Mir farming They set up newspapers , mobilised practised in rural Russia. workers and organised strikes. Other Russian Socialists felt the peasantry to be natural socialists due to their practice of dividing land according to the family needs. Socialists active in countryside, formed the Socialist Revolutionary party in 1900.  Socialism in Russia All political parties were illegal in Russia before 1914. The Russian Social Democratic Workers Party was founded in 1898 by socialists who respected Marx’s ideas. It had to operate as an illegal organisation. It set up a newspaper, mobilised workers and organised strikes. Some Russian socialists felt that the Russian peasant custom of dividing land periodically made them natural socialists. So peasants, not workers, would be the main force of the revolution.  Socialism in Russia Socialists were active in the countryside through the late nineteenth century. They formed the Socialist Revolutionary Party in 1900. This party struggled for peasants’ rights and demanded that land belonging to nobles be transferred to peasants. Social Democrats disagreed with Socialist Revolutionaries about peasants. Lenin felt that peasants were not one united group. Some were poor and others rich, some worked as labourers while others were capitalists who employed workers. Given this ‘differentiation’ within them, they could not all be part of a socialist movement  Lenin’s Views on Socialism Lenin did not see peasants as one group. Wanted to organize the movement on basis of one united group. Vladimir Lenin supported Wanted a small tightly organised party workers movement whose members were disciplined On the other hand many wanted a party which was loosely organised and whose members could discuss many point and be open to nations.. Lenin’s Views on Socialism Socialists Democratic Party Bolshevik group Menshevik group Vladimir Lenin Julius Martov  The 1905 Revolution Russia was an autocracy. Unlike other European rulers, even at the beginning of the twentieth century, the Tsar was not subject to parliament. Liberals in Russia campaigned to end this state of affairs. Together with the Social Democrats and Socialist Revolutionaries, they worked with peasants and workers during the revolution of 1905 to demand a constitution. They were supported in the empire by nationalists (in Poland for instance) and in Muslim-dominated areas by jadidists who wanted modernised Islam to lead their societies.  The 1905 Revolution The year 1904 was a particularly bad one for Russian workers. Prices of essential goods rose so quickly that real wages declined by 20 per cent. The membership of workers’ associations rose dramatically. When four members of the Assembly of Russian Workers, which had been formed in 1904, were dismissed at the Putilov Iron Works, there was a call for industrial action. Over the next few days over 110,000 workers in St Petersburg went on strike demanding a reduction in the working day to eight hours, an increase in wages and improvement in working conditions.  The Conditions Set by Workers The Conditions of the Strike: Demand for 8 hours working Workers participated in day and higher wages. large scale strike Wanted better working conditions.  1905 Bloody Sunday-A Dark Day Events leading to Bloody Sunday: Peaceful procession led by Protestors led by Father Father Gapon marched to the Gapon Winter Palace. Procession brutally attacked by the police and Cossacks. Over 100 workers were killed and 300 injured.  Bloody Sunday: Mass Support Reaction to the violence: Strikes erupted across the country. The liberals, social democrats and revolutionists worked together and demanded a constitution. Strikes across Russia The support by nationalists and Jadidists. Students boycotted Universities. Doctors, lawyers, engineers also participated in the strikes and middle class established Union of Unions. Growing demand for Constituent Assembly.  Concessions Granted by the Tsar Provision made for the creation of a constituent assembly or the Duma. Existing factory committees and trade unions were declared illegal post the protests of 1905. Constituent assembly Political activities were restricted, or the Duma and the first Duma was dismissed in 75 days. New Duma was elected within 3 months. The 3rd Duma consisted of loyalists and the Tsar changed voting rights. Revolutionaries and Liberals were kept out of Duma’s functioning. Describe the economic condition of Russia before 1905. Thank You We’ve got you covered! Like! Share! Subscribe!  The First World War and Russia The First World War and Russian participation: In 1914, the first world war broke out, central powers (Germany, Austria, Turkey) v/s allied powers (Britain, France and Russia)  The First World War and Russia The First World War and Russian participation: Russian participation in the war saw initial mass support for the Tsar's decision. Tsar’s refusal to consult the main parties in the Duma led to the growing unpopularity of the war. Anti-German sentiments were on high: St. Petersburg renamed as Petrograd. Tsarina Alexandria seen as outsider due to her German roots and her association with poor Rasputin Tsarina Alexandra advisers like Rasputin.  Impact of Russian Defeat in Villages Armies on the Eastern and Western front War on the eastern had different experiences. front Armies on the western front fought in the trenches while armies in the east suffered huge losses. By 1917, there were over 3 million causalities.  Impact of Russian Defeat in Villages Shock and devastation followed War on the eastern Russia’s defeat in the war: front Retreating Russian forces destroyed crops and buildings. Soldiers did not wish to leave any supplies for advancing enemy forces. This situation discredited the government and the Tsar. Soldiers did not wish to fight later in such wars.  Impact of the War on Russian Industries Russian industries were severely hit. It only had a few industries that it could call as its own. Lack of supply since Germany controlled supplies on Baltic Sea. Industrial equipment fell apart. Russian Industries were impacted  Growing Disapproval for War Impact on small and cottage industries: Railway lines started breaking down in war torn Russia. Able bodied men were called to war, raising labour crisis. Small workshops were closed. Russian soldiers Supply of wheat and grain were sent protesting to feed the forces. Shortage of bread and flour in cities. Riots reported at bread shops by 1916.  Simmers of a Revolution: February in Petrograd 1917: Division of the city into two sections: Left of the bank of the River Neva: The rich wealthier section. Right of the bank of the River Neva: St Petersburg in The poor section. 1917 The richer section consisted of the Winter palace, elite homes, Duma palace and nobility class. The poorer section consisted of workers, labourers and other classes.  Discontent in Petrograd: Feb 1917 Long bread queues formed outside worker’s quarters of Petrograd by 1917. Food shortages followed right after bread shortage. Harsh winters were one reason and the war was another. Political situation: Efforts were made to avoid dissolution of the Duma as planned by Tsar. Long bread queues outside bread stores in city centers  Feb 22, 1917: Start of the Revolution Feb 22: Owner shut down a factory on East bank of Petrograd causing worry among workers. Next day, strike was called in 50 factories by workers. Women participated and led the protests. This was marked as International February Revolution: The Beginning Women's day.  The Initial Phase: 24th - 25th Feb No Central Political Leadership: Initial campaigns organised by workers. No political parties were involved in first phase of strikes. Progress of the Strike: Protestors moved to the elite side of Petrograd city: The Nevskii Prospekt (capital centre). Protestors near Nevskii Prospekt Government ordered curfew around the city centre. Crowds dispersed for the day.  Raging Protests in Petrograd: 26th - 27th Feb Government suspended the Duma. Politicians protested against the suspension. 27th Feb: Police HQ was attacked by protestors. Slogans raised: For bread, wages, working hours and democracy. Russian troops manning a barricade in Petrograd  Tsar’s Response to the Protestors Order to fire on protestors: The cavalry was called to control the situation They refused to fire on demonstrators. An officer was shot in the barracks of a regiment. 3 other regiments mutinied and joined the protestors. Protestors move to Duma Palace Impact of troops participation in protests: in February in 1917 The first united Soviet or council called ‘Petrograd Soviet’ is formed.  Abdication of the Tsar AS a result of the February Revolution, The Tsar, Nicholas II abdicated the throne on 2nd March 1917, upon the advice of his ministers. Soviet leaders and Duma leaders formed a Provisional Government to run the country. The Tsar, Nicholas II abdicated on 2nd March 1917 Russian forces won territories and destroyed enemy lines at the eastern front in the start of World War I. A True B False Russian forces won territories and destroyed enemy lines at the eastern front in the start of World War I. A B False What was the impact of World War on the industries in Russia? A Equipment broke down B Lacked supplies of raw material C Shortage of manpower D All of the above What was the impact of World War on the industries in Russia? A B C D All of the above  The Provisional Government The Provisional Government was mainly made of industrialists, lawyers, landowners, army officers, socialists and liberals. They provided the freedom of speech, equality before law, right of union to strike, removed restrictions on associations They decided to continue and take part in The Tsar, Nicholas II abdicated on WWI which led to food shortages and 2nd March 1917 riots.  Rise Of Lenin Post the February Revolution, a provincial government was set up. Vladimir Lenin returned to Russia in April 1917 from exile, to take over power from the Soviets. Lenin’s demands came to be known as the “April Theses”. To end the war with immediate effect. Transfer land to the peasants. Vladimir Lenin Nationalise banks.  Rise Of Lenin He renamed the Bolshevik party to the Communist Party. This was to indicate the radical new aims of the party where they wanted to build a communist society. In June 1917, the first all Russian Congress of Soviets composed of representatives from about 500 local soviets convened in Petrograd. Vladimir Lenin  Rise Of Lenin As Bolshevik influence grew, Provincial Government decided to take stern measures to check its power. Prevented workers from running the factories. Arrested leaders Lenin rose in uprising against the Provincial government: Vladimir Lenin October Revolution.  October Revolution Sept 1917- Lenin brought in supporters from the soviets and factories together to overthrow the government. October 16th, 1917- Lenin persuaded the Petrograd Soviet and the Bolshevik party to agree to socialist seize of power. A Military revolutionary committee was set up and Leon Trotskii was appointed their leader Dawn of 24th Oct- Military troops loyal to the provisional government seized building of 2 Bolshevik groups, took over telephone and Telegraph offices and protected the winter offices. Military revolutionary committee seized the government offices, Cruise ship Aurora was shelled later in the day. Lenin's demands at the end of the February revolution came to be known as ___________ A The April Theses B Socialist Manifesto C Lenin's document D Das Kapital Lenin's demands at the end of the February revolution came to be known as ___________ A The April Theses B C D  Post October Revolution: The Bolsheviks Initial Changes under Bolsheviks: Bolsheviks were anti private property. Land was declared as a social property Peasants took control of nobility's lands.. Industries and banks were nationalized. Large houses were partitioned for needs of smaller families. Use of aristocratic titles such as prince, Post Feb the Bolsheviks rose baron etc was banned. in power New uniforms given to army and officials which gave rise to the Soviet hat, the Budeonovka hat.  The Bolsheviks in Power Bolsheviks Party renamed to Russian Communist Party November 1917: Elections to Constituent Assembly took place. Bolsheviks did not gain majority, The Socialist Revolutionary Party won the majority of seats. January 1918: Assembly rejected Bolsheviks measures. Lenin dismissed the Constituent Assembly. Lenin at the Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets in Petrograd, Supported the All Russian Congress of Soviets as October 26,1917 more democratic than the assembly.  Changes in Russia under Lenin’s Regime One Party System in Russia: End of War for Russia: Bolsheviks only party to participate in All Russian Congress The Bolshevik party under Lenin of Soviets(A.R.C.S). supported peace with Germany. One party state was established. Signed a treaty at Brest Litovsk to end Russia's participation in Trade Unions kept under World War I. party control. Russia exited the war. Art and architecture grew in experimental styles. Think it Over! As a witness to the setting up of Bolshevik Government in Russia, what would be your views on: Russia's exit from the World War I. Lenin's agenda of setting up a one party system. Share at least one view for each. Bolsheviks marching on Russian Streets Think it Over! Views: End of the war meant that Russia could focus better on internal functioning of government and economy after a revolution. End of the war also meant the end of rising war casualties. Lenin wanting one party system ended attempts of other political parties rising to power.  Lenin's Secret Police: Cheka Lenin set up the Cheka or the secret police system in Russia. Cheka used to monitor critics and leaders speaking against the party or Lenin. Secret police punished all critics. Disillusionment set in young artists and political thinkers in Soviet Russia Cheka because of censorship.  Lenin’s Policies and Opposition Lenin's policies found resistance from non-Bolshevik Socialist and liberals in Russia. Land re-distribution caused soldiers to desert forces and go back to villages. Rising criticism of Bolshevik measures under Lenin's leadership. Civil war between the ‘Reds’(Bolsheviks), ‘Greens’(Socialist revolutionaries) and Lenin's policy of control and secrecy ‘Whites.’(Pro Tsarists) CIVIL WAR  NON- BOLSHEVIKS SOCIALISTS (GREENS) BOLSHEVIKS (REDS) PRO- TSARISTS (WHITES)  Civil War The civil war lasted through out 1918 and 1919, wherein Russia experienced famine, looting and banditry. The Greens and the Whites were backed the French, Americans and Japanese troops. The Bolsheviks were supported by workers, Muslim Jadidists and non- Russian Nationalists.  Civil War A section of people amongst the ‘whites’ took harsh steps against the peasants to seize land, which worked in the favour of Bolsheviks. By January 1920, most of the former Russian empire was controlled by Bolsheviks. Non-Russian nationalities were given autonomy and formation of USSR took place by December 1922.  Making of a Socialist Society Bolsheviks (‘Reds’) now focused on creating a socialist society. Industries and banks remained nationalised. Land was socialised and peasants were encouraged to collectively work on lands. Introduced a system of centralised planning wherein the targets and economic priorities are set by the government Vlamidir Lenin in Office Government officials given charge of setting government policies: the 5 years plan.  Understanding the Impact of the 5-Year Plans First 5 year plan- 1927 to 1932 Second 5 year plan- 1933 to 1938: The government fixed all prices to promote industrial growth. Russian economy improved as a result of planned policies. Men working in Russian factories  The First Five-Year Plan: Growth and Pain Between 1929 and 1933 Industrial production of oil increased. Coal and steel production increased by 100%. Factories grew and new factory cities emerged. Rapid construction led to poor working conditions. More than 550 stoppages of work reported The first five year plan of USSR  Government Response to Harsh Living Conditions Started with small reforms: Education: Arrangements were made for workers and peasants to complete education. Creches: Women could bring in children to factory Model living quarters for workers were setup. And public health care was Stamp commemorating the first 5 year plan provided Government had limited resources. Changes were limited in scope. Why did Britain and France support the greens and the whites against the Bolshevik army in Russia? A To protect Russians B Were opposed to Bolsheviks C They supported capitalist ideology D To maintain world peace Why did Britain and France support the greens and the whites against the Bolshevik army in Russia? A B C They supported capitalist ideology D  Stalin’s Rise to Power Stalin's Emergency Response: In early 1924, Vladimir Lenin died of a brain haemorrhage. Joseph Stalin succeeded him as the leader of Soviet Union. Method of rule and the policies employed by Stalin during his reign was called Stalinism. They implemented a new policy called Collectivisation. Joseph Stalin  Crisis: Acute Grain Shortage Early years of planned economy were coupled with acute shortage of food grains. Government fixed low selling prices of food grain. Peasants refused to sell at low government rates. Argument for low grain supply: Hoarding of grain by rich peasants. Low production of grain due to small farms and land could not be modernised A Russian poster from 1921 "Remember those who starve"  Stalin's Response to Agrarian Crisis Stalin's Emergency Response: Party workers set to forcefully collect grain from ‘Kulaks’ (well to do farmers). ‘Kulaks’ warned against hoarding grains. State took control of small farms of Kulaks. Took away land from peasants. Established state-controlled large farms. Stalin enforced grain collection from wealthy Kulaks  Start of Collectivisation Collectivisation Under Stalin: 1929- Forced peasants to work on collective farms that were called “Kolkhoz”. Land and implements were transferred to the ownership of collective farms. Farmers who worked together, shared the profits of produce. Collectivisation in USSR  Protests Against Collectivisation Peasants protested by destroying livestock. Cattle numbers fell by 1/3rd between 1929-1931. Peasants wanted to work on independent farms. Bad harvest years of 1930-33 led to 4 million people dying of starvation. A young girl suffering from famine in Kharkiv USSR in 1931  Dealing with Critics Under Stalin Reaction to the critics of Collectivisation Critics of collectivisation treated as criminals by the state under Stalin. Accused of ‘conspiracy against Socialism’; critics were deported or exiled by the state police. Peasants wishing to work on independent farms not treated nicely. 1939- Close to 2 million people put in The first 5 marshals prison or labour camps. of USSR  Stalin’s Rise to Power Stalin ruled as the absolute dictator throughout World War II until his death in March 1953. Joseph Stalin  Global Influence of the Russian Revolution The ideologies of a nation powered by a working class fired people’s imagination across the world. Communist Parties were formed across the world, like the “ Communist Party “ in Great Britain and in India. The Bolshevik’s had also formed an international union of pro- Bolshevik socialist parties called the ‘ Comintern ‘ in 1919. Russian Revolution influenced a Conference of the People of the East. Many non- Russians took part in this. Summary Summary The French Revolution laid the foundation for new ideas meant to change the social and political order across Europe. Three political schools of thoughts have emerged: the radicals, liberals and the conservatives. Each had their own set of ideas for change. Socialism was growing in its ideas and principles and found support amongst the industrial working class who were living a life of poverty and exploitation. Karl Marx and Engels supported the idea of a new socialist society where all capital would be owned by the people, thus ending exploitation at the hands of capitalists. The protests of 1905 forced the Tsar of Russia to form a constituent assembly. Summary Impact of World War I: Anti Tsar sentiments grew strong after initial loss and defeat during the 1st world war. Industries and agriculture both suffered huge losses, pushing people into poverty. Abdication of the Tsar and socialism in Russia: With growing unrest and protests rising against the privileged class in Russia the Tsar was forced to abdicate his throne, making way for first provincial government in Russia. Russia under Lenin: Lenin encouraged one party system in Russia and formed the Cheka or secret police to keep critics under control. Socialist economy and five - year plan: Lenin implemented socialist reforms for planned economic growth under the five- year plans that saw steel, coal and oil production rise. Summary Collectivisation and Stalin: Stalin introduced collectivisation to improve agricultural production in Russia. Silencing the critics: Stalin was ruthless with his enemies and got nearly 2 million people imprisoned for criticising him. Thank You We’ve got you covered! Like! Share! Subscribe!