Preventive Treatment of Ectopic Maxillary Canines PDF

ORIGINAL ARTICLE Preventive treatment of ectopically erupting maxillary permanent canines by extraction of deciduous canines and ﬁrst molars: A randomized clinical trial Giulio Alessandri Bonetti,a Matteo Zanarini,b Serena Incerti Parenti,c Ida Marini,b and Maria Rosaria Gattod Bologna, Italy Introduction: In this research project, we aimed to compare the effectiveness of single (1 deciduous canine) and double (deciduous canine and ﬁrst molar) extractions in subjects with retained maxillary permanent canines positioned palatally or centrally in the alveolar crest, at risk for root resorption of adjacent permanent teeth. Methods: Subjects at risk for canine impaction or resorptive situations were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treat- ment modalities: single extraction (17 patients, 28 canines) or double extraction (20 patients, 37 canines). Thirty-one patients with 53 canines judged to be not at risk constituted the untreated control group. Panoramic radiographs were taken at the initial observation and after 18 months on average. Between-group statistical comparisons were carried out on the changes in canine inclination and sector location (measured on panoramic radiographs) and on the percentages of successful permanent canine eruptions. Results: The double-extraction group showed signiﬁcant improvements in the success rate and the intrabony position of the permanent canine, in terms of uprighting the canine’s long axis with a crown movement in a distal direction. Conclusions: Concomitant deciduous canine and ﬁrst molar extractions proved to be more effective as a preventive approach to promote eruption of retained maxillary permanent canines positioned palatally or centrally. (Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2011;139:316-23) M axillary canine impaction is often encountered in severity of the impaction and, if possible, encourage the orthodontic clinical practice1-3; the frequency eruption of the canine, thus avoiding possible ranges from 1.7% in the general population2 to detrimental effects.5,7,9-13 4.3% in the population of subjects referred to oral surgery For early diagnosis of ectopically erupting maxillary or orthodontics departments.4 canines, both clinical (digital palpation screening Ectopically or nonerupting canines can lead to resorp- method) and radiographic (eruption angle and position tion of the roots of the adjacent permanent teeth.5-8 For measured on panoramic radiograph) examinations this reason, great emphasis should be given to the early should be used.1,3,5,6,9,10,14-17 detection of ectopic eruption and potential resorptive Extraction of the corresponding deciduous canines has situations, when preventive measures could reduce the been recommended as a preventive treatment to promote the eruption of malposed canines.1,7,9,11-14 Previous studies found that between 50% and 78% of palatally From the Department of Oral Science, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy. displaced maxillary canines reverted to a normal a Assistant professor, Department of Orthodontics. eruption path after this procedure.7,9,11,12 The additional b Visiting professor, Department of Orthodontics. use of headgear to maintain space in the maxillary c Resident, Department of Orthodontics. d Assistant professor of Medical Statistics. dental arch resulted in an increase in terms of successful The authors report no commercial, proprietary, or ﬁnancial interest in the eruption of up to 80% of the canines,11 or 87.5% of the products or companies described in this article. subjects treated,12 with a signiﬁcant improvement in the Reprint requests to: Giulio Alessandri Bonetti, Department of Orthodontics, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via San Vitale 59, 40125 Bologna, Italy; intraosseous canine position. e-mail, [email protected]. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effec- Submitted, January 2009; revised and accepted, March 2009. tiveness of concomitant extraction of the deciduous 0889-5406/$36.00 Copyright Ó 2011 by the American Association of Orthodontists. canine and ﬁrst molar as a preventive procedure for doi:10.1016/j.ajodo.2009.03.051 corresponding retained maxillary permanent canines 316 Alessandri Bonetti et al 317 Fig 1. CONSORT ﬂow chart of participants of the ECG and the ECMG through each stage of the trial (n, number of patients). positioned palatally or centrally in the alveolar crest, labially retained maxillary permanent canines, aplasia or compared with extraction of only the deciduous canine. severe hypoplasia of the crown of the maxillary perma- The outcome of this preventive measure was evaluated nent lateral incisors, craniofacial syndromes, odonto- in terms of improvement of the intraosseous position mas, cysts, cleft lip or palate (or both), evidence of of the displaced canine and successful eruption. traumatic injuries to the permanent incisors or to the face, and multiple or advanced caries. Seventy-one sub- jects, with 123 canines, fulﬁlled all criteria and were MATERIAL AND METHODS included in this study, after informed consent was In this randomized clinical trial, we analyzed patient obtained from them or their parents or guardians. All records collected from the Department of Orthodontics, the patients were examined identically, both clinically University of Bologna, in Italy. and radiographically. Inclusion criteria were nonorthodontic patients, Because we considered it unethical not to treat white ancestry, age between 8 and 13 years, maxillary patients at risk for ectopically erupting canines or poten- deciduous canines and ﬁrst molars in the dental arch, tially resorptive situations, canines were diagnosed to be and good-quality panoramic radiographs. Exclusion cri- at risk by at least 1 of the following clinical and radio- teria were previous orthodontic treatment, premature graphic criteria, which are widely accepted in the interna- loss of the maxillary deciduous canines and ﬁrst molars, tional literature and among practitioners.1,3,5,6,9,10,14-17 American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics March 2011 Vol 139 Issue 3 318 Alessandri Bonetti et al Table I. Sample distribution by sex and age ECG ECMG CG Total Subjects (n) 17 20 31 68 Male 9 9 16 34 Female 8 11 15 34 Mean age (y) 9.8 10.2 9.0 The clinical criteria were absence of palpation of the canine bulge, canine bulge palpable palatally, and no abnormal inclination or rotation of the adjacent lateral incisor crown. The radiographic criteria were inclination of the canine to a vertical line passing through the midline exceeding 25 and overlapping of the canine crown with the root of the permanent lateral incisor. Among the 71 subjects (123 canines), 31 patients (53 canines) were judged to be at no risk. They had no treatment and constituted the control group (CG). The remaining 40 patients (70 canines), diagnosed as at risk, were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 groups: ECG (20 patients, 33 canines), having extraction of only the Fig 2. Inclination of the maxillary permanent canine deciduous canine corresponding to the ectopically (angle a) is measured by the internal angle formed by erupting maxillary permanent canine; and ECMG (20 the major axis of the canine and the midline, according patients, 37 canines), having concomitant extraction to the method of Ericson and Kurol.7 of the deciduous canine and ﬁrst molar corresponding to the ectopically erupting maxillary permanent canine. Randomization was carried out by using a block Balsamo, Milano, Italy), and the angular values were design and computer-generated random numbers. The calculated with measurement software (LightningPlant allocations were concealed in consecutively numbered, 1.0.0, ElleSoft, Chieti, Italy).18-21 Two radiographic sealed envelopes. parameters were analyzed to assess the canine eruption Three patients (5 canines) in the ECG did not complete pattern: (1) the mesial inclination of the crown to the the clinical trial: 2 were lost to follow-up because they midline, according to Ericson and Kurol7 (angle a, moved, and 1 was not analyzed because of a poor- Fig 2); and (2) the medial crown position in sectors 1-5, quality panoramic radiograph at follow-up. Consequently, according to Ericson and Kurol7 (s1-s5, Fig 3). Radio- the ﬁnal ECG consisted of 17 patients and 28 canines. graphic measurements were made at both T0 and T1 by A CONSORT ﬂow chart of participants in the ECG and the same operator (S.I.P.), who underwent an intraexa- the ECMG through each stage of the trial is shown in miner reliability check. Additionally, the development Figure 1. Patient distribution by sex and age is shown in of the permanent canine (measuring the length of the Table I. root) was evaluated at T0 according to 2 stages, accord- Panoramic radiographs were taken at initial observa- ing to the method of Ericson and Kurol8: (1) the root was tion (T0) and after an average period of 18 months (T1)— longer that the canine crown, and (2) the root was shorter a duration that has already proven to be appropriate.7,12 that the canine crown (Table II). No subject in either treated group received any additional The between-group statistical comparison was carried orthodontic or surgical therapy beyond the extraction of out on the T0-T1 changes in the radiographic measure- the deciduous canine (ECG) or the concomitant extraction ments. The successful outcome was deﬁned, according of the deciduous canine and ﬁrst molar (ECMG) between to Leonardi et al,11 as the complete eruption of the T0 and T1. For all patients, the panoramic radiographs permanent canine into the dental arch within 48 months were taken with the same radiologic apparatus at both from the initial observation, thus permitting bracket T0 and T1, under standardized conditions. Since positioning for ﬁnal arch alignment when needed. different studies have already conﬁrmed the reliability of angular measurements in panoramic radiographs, Statistical analysis each panoramic radiograph was digitized with On the basis of the results obtained in a pilot sam- a scanner (Expression 1680 Pro, Epson, Cinisello pling of canines, a normal distribution of the main March 2011 Vol 139 Issue 3 American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics Alessandri Bonetti et al 319 Table II. Canine distribution by root development ECG ECMG CG Canines (n) 28 37 53 Stage 1 17 20 15 Stage 2 11 17 38 To evaluate the method error, an intraobserver reli- ability check was carried out for both angular values and sectors. Fifteen randomly selected panoramic radio- graphs (15 subjects; 30 canines) were measured by the same operator (S.I.P.) twice, on 2 days, with 15 days separating the measurement sessions. The intraclass correlation coefﬁcient (ICC)22 was 0.968 (95% CI, 0.934-0.985; P 5 0.0001) for angulation of the canines, thus conﬁrming high intraobserver reliability for the method used. The ICC was 1.00 for the sector designa- tion, indicating no differences between measurement sessions. To evaluate whether clinical experience affects Fig 3. Sector of mesiodistal crown position of the maxil- the accuracy of the measurements, 20 randomly selected lary permanent canine (s1-s5) was located in accordance panoramic radiographs (20 subjects; 20 right and 20 left with the sector designation used by Ericson and Kurol.7 canines) were independently measured by 5 orthodon- tists. The ICC values were 0.955 for the angular measure- variable—the absolute difference of the a-angle of the ments and 1.000 for the sector designation for both canine—was hypothesized; similarly, a standard devia- right and left canines. These coefﬁcients show high in- tion of 13 was estimated. A minimum of 26 canines terobserver reliability of the measurement method, which was required for each group, when the true value of has proved not to be inﬂuenced by clinical experience. the absolute difference of the a-angle between the ECG and the ECMG was 10 , at an a-level of 0.05 and RESULTS with a power of 80%. The T0-T1 changes in the radiographic measure- The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test with the Lilliefors level ments relative to the canines’ intraosseous position on of signiﬁcance was carried out to verify the normality of the panoramic radiographs are shown in Table III. The the distribution of the a-angle of the canines in each variable a-angle exhibited statistically signiﬁcant group. In addition, skewness and kurtosis coefﬁcients changes between T0 and T1 in the ECMG when com- (6 SE) and cumulative normal plots were used to con- pared with both the ECG (P 5 0.0001) and the CG ﬁrm the Gaussian form of distribution of the a-angles. (P 5 0.0001). The variable sectors (s1-s5) showed A generalized linear model was applied to verify the a statistically signiﬁcant change between T0 and T1 in signiﬁcance of the differences of the a-angles. The the ECMG when compared with both the ECG (P 5 values of the a-angles among the 3 groups at T0 were 0.0009) and the CG (P 5 0.003). Neither the a-angle always signiﬁcantly different. Consequently, to control nor the sectors (s1-s5) showed signiﬁcant differences for the inﬂuence of the severity of canine displacement in T0-T1 changes in the ECG compared with the CG. on the ﬁnal results, the inclination at T0 was used as Positive values (11, 12) relative to the T0-T1 changes the covariate; also, the stage of root development of in the sectors—ie, signiﬁcant improvement in the mesio- the permanent canines was controlled for. The chi- distal canine crown position—prevailed in the ECMG. In square test was used to highlight an association of the ECMG, 51% of the canines (19 of 37) showed a group with variations of sector. The t test for indepen- improvement by 1 sector, and 13% of the canines dent samples was used for comparison between each (5 of 37) had improvement by 2 sectors. In the ECG, pair of groups. The Fisher exact test was carried out to 32% of the canines (9 of 28) exhibited improvement compare the percentages of favorable outcomes be- by 1 sector, but no canines improved by 2 sectors. tween the ECG and the ECMG. No signiﬁcant inﬂuence of the stage of root develop- An a-level of 0.05 was set and adjusted by the ment of the permanent canines was seen. A statistically Bonferroni correction at 0.016 for multiple comparisons. signiﬁcant difference (P 5 0.036) was observed in the American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics March 2011 Vol 139 Issue 3 320 Alessandri Bonetti et al Table III. Comparison of the changes between T0 (initial observation) and T1 (18 months after T0) for canine incli- nation (a-angle) and sector location (s1-s5) on the panoramic radiographs ECG (28 canines) ECMG (37 canines) CG (53 canines) Signiﬁcance Mean Interval Min Max Mean Interval Min Max Mean Interval Min Max ECG-ECMG ECMG-CG ECG-CG a-angle ( ) 5.7 40.9 16.9 24.0 16.4 32.98 2.6 30.38 0.60 62.8 27.6 35.2 P 5 0.0001 P 5 0.0001 NS s1-s5 0.0 1.0 0.0 1.0 1.0 3.0 1.0 2.0 0.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 P 5 0.0009 P 5 0.003 NS Min, Minimum; Max, maximum; NS, not signiﬁcant. percentages of favorable clinical outcomes between the ECG (78.6%) and the ECMG (97.3%). DISCUSSION During its normal eruption pathway, the maxillary permanent canine moves down between the distal aspect of the permanent lateral incisor and the mesial aspect of the ﬁrst premolar in close contact with these neighboring teeth and the apex of the deciduous canine.14 Canine inclination to the midline increases mesially until the maximum angle is reached at approx- imately 9 years of age; then it straightens again with horizontal movement of the cusp in a distal direction.23- 25 When the tooth shows an excessive mesial inclination to the midline or overlaps with the root of the adjacent incisors based on clinical and radiographic criteria, it is suspected to follow an incorrect eruption pathway. Therefore, preventive approaches to reestablish the physiologic eruption process might be considered, thus decreasing the risk of canine impaction or adjacent root resorption of permanent teeth. Deciduous tooth removal has been shown to be successful in inducing eruption and, in some cases, even uprighting succedaneous teeth.14,26-28 Similarly, several authors have proposed the extraction of deciduous canines to return ectopically erupting canines to a normal eruption pathway, if the persistence of the deciduous tooth would represent a mechanical obstacle for the emergence of the permanent tooth.7,9,11,12,14,23 However, the exact mechanism behind this phenomenon has not yet been scientiﬁcally explained.11,12 In this study, we suggest combining preventive deciduous Fig 4. Patient in the ECMG who underwent bilateral con- canine extraction with deciduous ﬁrst molar extraction comitant extraction of the maxillary deciduous canines and ﬁrst molars (before and after extractions). (Fig 4, 5, and 6) to maximize the advantages of these 2 procedures. In addition to the positive effects derived from deciduous canine extraction, it may be that the In this research project, we aimed to compare the removal of the deciduous ﬁrst molar accelerates eruption effectiveness of these 2 treatment modalities in subjects and promotes uprighting of the ﬁrst premolar, thus with retained maxillary permanent canines positioned stimulating the correct eruption of the permanent palatally or centrally in the alveolar crest, at risk for canine by providing more space for the physiologic root resorption of adjacent permanent teeth. To this uprighting movement of the tooth crown in a distal end, patients were randomized between the ECG and direction into alveolar bone.7,14 the ECMG. Previous studies demonstrated that incisor March 2011 Vol 139 Issue 3 American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics Alessandri Bonetti et al 321 Fig 5. Patient in the ECMG who underwent bilateral con- Fig 6. Patient in the ECMG who underwent concomitant comitant extraction of the maxillary deciduous canines extraction of the maxillary deciduous canines and ﬁrst and ﬁrst molars (before and after extractions). molars on the left side (before and after extractions). root resorption occurs in almost 50% of patients with T0 could be assumed to be different among the ectopically positioned maxillary canines,29,30 and that treated and untreated subjects, radiographic variables the risk of such a serious complication might be at T0 were used as the covariate to prevent any decreased by early intervention, aiming to eliminate possible inﬂuence of this difference on the ﬁnal canine crown superimposition over the adjacent incisor results, and the CG was not used to compare the root as early as possible.6,7 For these reasons, we percentages of spontaneous canine eruption, which is considered it unethical to design a study with the ultimate criterion for a successful outcome. a randomized, untreated control group. Therefore, The greatest mean value for a-angle change (16.4) only patients with no risk for ectopically erupting and improvement in sector (11) between T0 and T1 canines or potential resorptive situations constituted was found in the ECMG compared with both the ECG the untreated, nonrandomized CG. Because of the and the CG. In the ECMG, 19 of the 37 canines improved limitations of a nonrandomized CG, it was used for by 1 sector, and 5 canines improved by 2 sectors. On the comparison to test only the effects in terms of other hand, 9 of the 28 canines in the ECG improved by 1 permanent canine intraosseous positional changes of sector, but none improved by 2 sectors. No statistically both the extraction of 1 deciduous canine and the signiﬁcant difference was shown in terms of both a-an- concomitant extraction of the deciduous canine and gle and sector changes between the ECG and the CG. On ﬁrst molar. Since the severity of canine displacement at the contrary, the ECMG proved to be superior to the CG: American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics March 2011 Vol 139 Issue 3 322 Alessandri Bonetti et al a signiﬁcant difference was found in the T0-T1 changes CONCLUSIONS among all examined variables. Based on the results of this randomized clinical trial, Clinical and radiographic follow-ups are indicated 12 it seems appropriate to recommend concomitant early to 18 months (or even more, depending on the patient’s extraction of the deciduous canine and ﬁrst molar as age at the initial observation) after removal of deciduous a preventive measure in patients with retained maxillary teeth to follow permanent canine eruption tendency permanent canines positioned palatally or centrally in over time. The possibility of space loss after tooth extrac- the alveolar crest, at risk for root resorption of adjacent tions is unlikely to be of enough clinical signiﬁcance to permanent teeth. warrant the use of a space maintainer. Orthodontic The following conclusions can be drawn from this treatment might be needed later to create space for study. the canine or to correct its position in the dental arch, once the clinician has taken into proper account canine 1. Favorable and greater changes of the intrabony inclination, mesiodistal position, and their potential ef- position of the maxillary permanent canine (in terms fect on incisor root resorption.31 Radiographic evidence of uprighting the long axis of the canine and distal of a decrease in canine inclination to the midline and movement of the canine crown) attesting to a more distal canine crown position, meaning greater a greater chance of spontaneous tooth eruption parallelism between the roots of those elements, enables into the dental arch were observed with concomi- clinicians to start the orthodontic treatment by moving tant extraction of deciduous canines and ﬁrst mo- permanent incisors with no risk of iatrogenic root lars, than with extraction of only deciduous canines. resorption. A further advantage of the concomitant 2. This procedure proved to be effective at increasing extraction of the deciduous canine and ﬁrst molar is the rate of normal eruption of ectopic canines, that the ﬁrst premolars erupt early into the dental compared with deciduous canine extraction alone. arch, thus allowing ﬁxed orthodontic therapy to begin, 3. Concomitant canine and ﬁrst molar extractions if necessary, at an earlier stage. seem to be a reasonable attempt to obtain greater This study showed uneventful canine eruption, the parallelism between the roots of the permanent ca- ultimate criterion for a successful outcome, in 97.3% nine and the adjacent lateral incisor, thus improving of the subjects (36 of 37 canines) in the ECMG compared the local condition for the displaced canine to erupt with 78.6% of subjects (22 of 28 canines) in the ECG, uneventfully. attesting to greater effectiveness of concomitant extrac- 4. This treatment modality allows successive ﬁxed or- tion of the deciduous canine and ﬁrst molar in terms of thodontic therapy to start, if necessary, earlier and canine impaction prevention. with no risk of incisor root resorption. It is reasonable to assume that concomitant extraction of the deciduous canine and ﬁrst molar is no more techni- REFERENCES cally difﬁcult, biologically expensive, or traumatic, com- 1. Shapira Y, Kuftinec MM. Early diagnosis and interception of po- pared with extraction of only the deciduous canine. The tential maxillary canine impaction. J Am Dent Assoc 1998;129: procedure requires anesthetizing the 2 adjacent areas, 1450-4. and the 2 extractions can be done in the same appoint- 2. Kurol J. Early treatment of tooth-eruption disturbances. Am J Or- ment. Above all, this protocol could be intended as a real thod Dentofacial Orthop 2002;121:588-91. prevention procedure for patients with ectopically erupt- 3. Warford JH Jr, Grandhi RK, Tira DE. 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Preventive Treatment of Ectopic Maxillary Canines PDF

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