Art Appreciation211 Midterm Reviewer PDF

ART APPRECIATION211 ARTA211 1st Sem/ Midterm – Ms. Jalaine Joyce Malabanan – Sat [1:30-4:30pm] REGULAR REPETITION W7: PRINCIPLE OF ARTS AND DESIGN...

ART APPRECIATION211 ARTA211 1st Sem/ Midterm – Ms. Jalaine Joyce Malabanan – Sat [1:30-4:30pm] REGULAR REPETITION W7: PRINCIPLE OF ARTS AND DESIGN - A means of creating rhythm in which elements of a UNIT OUTCOME composition are duplicated at orderly or fixed intervals. - The easiest and most precise way to create rhythm. A. PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN - Regular repetition was a core property of Differentiate the principles of art and examine the Minimalist artists, of which Flavin was one relevance of the principles in the study of art ALTERNATING RHYTHM A PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN a type of rhythm in which different elements in a work repeat refer to the visual strategies used by artists, in themselves in predictable order. conjunction with the elements of arts – for expressive purposes (Fichner-Rathus, 2008). PROGRESSIVE RHYTHM THEY INCLUDE: - Minor variations in rhythm can add interest to a Harmony Unity composition. Balance Simplicity Rhythm Clarity - Such variations are seen in progressive rhythm, in Emphasis Contrast which the rhythm of elements of a work of art such Proportion Variety as shape, texture, or color change slightly as they move, or progress toward a defined point in the "How we apply the principles of design composition determines how successful we are in creating a work of art." BALANCE HARMONY Balance is the concept of visual equilibrium, and relates to our physical sense of balance. It is a reconciliation of opposing forces in a composition that results in visual Harmony in visual design means all parts of the stability. Most successful compositions achieve balance in visual image relate to and complement each other. one of two ways: symmetrically or asymmetrically. Harmony is the use of related elements. Harmony is the visually satisfying effect of TYPES OF BALANCE combining similar or related elements. (Fichner-Rathus,2008) SYMMETRICAL the type of balance in which the RHYTHM BALANCE elements of a work are balanced by similarity of form or is organized movement, a beat, a repetition. arrangement on either side of a dividing line or plane, or to is created by repetition, and repetitive patterns correspondence of parts, as in convey a sense of movement. size, shape, or position. In the visual arts, the viewer perceives rhythm by grouping elements such as color, line and shape. Rhythm is often the use of regular, evenly distributed elements – they could occur in slow, fast, smooth or jerky intervals, and this tells you ASYMMETRICAL the type of balance in which something about the feelings invoked. BALANCE there are more than slight differences between the divided Rhythmical patterns help the eye to move easily areas of a work, yet there is an from one part of the room to another or from one overall sense of balance. part of a design to another (Sanchez, et al., 2009). PAGE 1 CAMATO, ROCHELLE N BS PSYCHOLOGY 4-Y1-5  ART APPRECIATION211 ARTA211 1st Sem/ Midterm – Ms. Jalaine Joyce Malabanan – Sat [1:30-4:30pm] Symmetrical balance can be described as having equal In art, unity implies harmony. It suggests that the "weight" on equal sides of a centrally placed fulcrum. It may parts of a composition are there by happenstance; also be referred to as formal balance. When the elements are rather, they fit together to form a meaningful whole arranged equally on either side of a central axis, the result is (Fichner-Rathus, 2008). Bilateral symmetry. This axis may be horizontal or vertical. It is also possible to build formal balance by arranging Not to be confused with harmony, unity is the elements equally around a central point, resulting in radial overall cohesion of the work. symmetry. You might achieve this through any kind of grouping of objects. - Balance in a three dimensional object is easy to understand; if balance isn't achieved, the object tips Any kind of similarity will help to strengthen the over. sense of unity you feel when looking at a series of objects. - To understand balance in a two dimensional composition, we must use our imaginations to carry this three dimensional analogy forward to the flat VARIETY surface. Unity is powerful, but, as the British writer Aphra EMPHASIS Behn said, “Variety is the soul of pleasure.” Without variety, life would comprise a bland sameness, a cookie-cutter existence from which we all shrink. All emphasis is no emphasis Variety in art, as in life, is seductive. It demands our attention, turns the predictable on edge Emphasis is an extension of these first two (Fichner-Rathus, 2008). principles: it is when contrast, placement, size, color, or other features are used to highlight one Variety is a sense of the difference between object, area, or other elements of the artwork. This elements of an artwork – the opposite of unity, or is used to draw attention – a focal point – or harmony. accentuate a feature EMPHASIS by directional lines PROPORTION - Lines that lead the eye to a focal point. Proportion refers to the relative size and scale of the various EMPHASIS by Isolation elements in a design. The issue is the relationship between Here a group of performers is found standing silently within objects, or parts, of a whole. This means that it is necessary a barren landscape. Even though there are many of them and to discuss proportion in terms of the context or standard they are dressed in their costumes, they are less likely to used to determine proportions. draw the viewer’s eye than the delicately rendered woman in “street clothes,” who is seated apart in the lower right and looks beyond the edge of the canvas (Fichner- Rathus,2008) CONTRAST Contrast is the disparity between the elements that figure into the composition. One object may be made stronger compared to other objects (hence, emphasis). This can be done in many ways using the elements of art. For instance, specifically, the use of negative and positive space, is an example of contrast. Another example is the use of complementary colors in a work art. Picasso’s emphasis on the woman’s aloneness draws us to her along the edge of the canvas (Fichner-Rathus,2008) UNITY Unity is a powerful concept. PAGE 2 CAMATO, ROCHELLE N BS PSYCHOLOGY 4-Y1-5  ART APPRECIATION211 ARTA211 1st Sem/ Midterm – Ms. Jalaine Joyce Malabanan – Sat [1:30-4:30pm] paintings and sculptures that depict humans, W8: ART IN EARLY CIVILIZATION animals, and their natural habitats. UNIT OUTCOME PALEOLITHIC ART Examine and identify the central themes of prehistoric ➔ Paleolithic Art is a product of climate change. As art how it was used by prehistoric people in their the climate got colder, part of the early humans’ everyday life. Explain the relevance of religion in the instinct is to look for shelters that would provide early Egyptians civilization. them will warmth. Caves became protective havens for the early humans and these caves paved the way for the birth of their first attempt to create art. B PRE-HISTORIC ART TO EGYPTIAN ART HALLS OF BULLS ART IN EARLY CIVILIZATION Found in the cave in Lascauz, France STONE AGE -Is a term used to describe a period of history when stones were used to make tools for survival. The term conjures an image of men and women dressed in skin, huddling before a fire in a cave. The Stone Age roughly span the 14,000-2,000 BCE. THREE PERIODS OF STONE AGE PALEOLITHIC – the late years of the old Stone Age. MESOLITHIC – Middle Stone Age. NEOLITHIC - New Stone Age. MESOLITHIC ART Unearthing of archeological artifacts and remains provides modern society a glimpse of the beliefs, practices, and The “Venus of Willendorf.” activities of early civilization. The motives and reasons This figure is a highly abstracted woman From behind the creation of ancient materials such as sculptures, highlighted body parts associated with fertility. painting, and architectural structures may not be clearly The representation may show the importance of defined. Nevertheless, the early people produced such taking care of these body parts for procreation and material that reflect their attitudes and belief system on consequently the survival of species. spiritual, social, political, and economic matters. As the early humans started to transition from being nomads NEOLITHIC ART to permanent settlers, their everyday activities also had some changes, which is evident through the materials and even the ➔ STONEHENGE IN ENGLAND. The purpose of works of art they have created. Despite changes as a result of this fascinating edifice remains a mystery up to this adapting to their environment, there are central themes in day age. Some regard it as a temple while others see their artworks. Most ancient artworks depict religious it as complex calendar the tracked the movements symbols, a wide array of organisms from nature and of both the Sun and Moon. Others ascribe some activities of everyday life. magical element to it by associating it with Merlin the Magician from King Arthurs’s story. PREHISTORIC ART EGYPTIAN ART ➔ The Stone Age has witnessed how humans were able to lead more stable lives and eventually come up ➔ The Egyptian civilization can be divided into three with permanent shelters and tools for survival. To periods: Old, Middle, and New Kingdom. Looking at complement this stability and sense of Permanence, the three periods, it can be noticed that for the early humans also turned to the Creation of Egyptians, art should be something religious and PAGE 3 CAMATO, ROCHELLE N BS PSYCHOLOGY 4-Y1-5  ART APPRECIATION211 ARTA211 1st Sem/ Midterm – Ms. Jalaine Joyce Malabanan – Sat [1:30-4:30pm] spiritual. There may have been differences in the W9: ART OF EMERGING EUROPE techniques used and style emphasized, but there are common denominators among the artworks created during their respective time periods. UNIT OUTCOME NARMER PALETTE Identify the major periods in Greek art to Roman art. Explain the interrelatedness of some the two Empire in relation to art. It was a palette that utilized and applied dark colors around King Narmer’s eyes. The palette was also a symbol that commemorates the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt. C ART OF EMERGING EUROPE THE GREAT PYRAMID OF GIZA Integral Part in European History During the old Kingdom, one of the Architectural Ancient Civilization: wonders was also constructed. The pyramids in Giza served as tombs since their main purpose was to GREEKS: ROMANS provide a resting place for the pharaohs. All the way to the modern times art has been use to communicate ideologist and belief systems prevalent within QUEEN NEFERTITI there context Greek and Romans Civilizations where also known as Classical World because both cultures aimed to There is emphasis to life-like features of the face embody, the highest possible standard of quality in all like an elongate jaw and thick-lidded eyes. Most aspects of their societies. artists created artworks that are natural and seemingly real, highlighting the features of their ANCIENT GREECE subjects. Naturalism was not only used to depict the pharaoh but also was used for members of the royal family. The bust of Queen Nefertiti has a long and sensuous neck. THEY VALUED KING TUTANKHAMEN Poetry Drama Philosophy He became king at a very young age and died at the age of eighteen. Howard Carter discovered his tomb in 1922. They were astonished to find gold artworks ART INVOLVED and that the coffin was made out of solid gold. The body of the young king was ordered in linen and a Painting gold mask covered his face. Sculpture Architecture SUMMARY MAN During the prehistoric period, the early humans had transitioned from a nomadic lifestyle to that of more The center of society and how they trained their permanent one, which led to early civilizations. Some of the minds could be the very foundation of how they works discovered from this period would give modern society lived their lives. a glimpse of what was life like during that period. One of the early civilizations where art flourished was the Egyptian civilization. Throughout the three kingdoms all the way to POLITICAL IDEAS the Amarna Revolution, art has been directly used particularly in religious and spiritual activities. Through these unearthed and discovered artworks, the modern world The framework for the democratic form of could have a better understanding of the past and how it can government in modern times. affect the present. PAGE 4 CAMATO, ROCHELLE N BS PSYCHOLOGY 4-Y1-5  ART APPRECIATION211 ARTA211 1st Sem/ Midterm – Ms. Jalaine Joyce Malabanan – Sat [1:30-4:30pm] NATURE 500 BCE Greeks were notably passionate about natural The Roman Republic was established. phenomenon and believed that nature should be in Western Europe’s mightiest empire. perfect order. HELLENISTIC PERIOD THE DEVELOPMENT OF GREEK ART Roman civilization came from this age. ★ GEOMETRIC PERIOD - Time when Greece starting to get back from the onslaught of what seemed to be their Dark Ages. A period when ROMAN ARTWORKS geometric shapes and patterns have taken spotlight in most of the artworks. Look Stem, harsh, and strong. ★ CLASSICAL PERIOD - The peak of Greek Invoke the principles of realism sculpture and architecture. The time when the Highlighting the features of human being Greeks found themselves rebuilding their temples and focusing creating artworks. MASTER BUILDERS ★ ARCHAIC PERIOD - The period placed importance on the human figure. This was primarily a result of Greece’s trading activities with other Colosseum civilizations. ★ HELLENISTIC PERIOD - Time of Alexander the EMPEROR VESPASIAN Great. Art was primarily focused on showcasing emotions and depicting reality. Amphitheater was planned and constructed during his reign. LAOCOON AND HIS SONS PLATUS AND TERENCE Laocon, a Trojan priest, and his sons being strangled by serpents. Their position was a result of locoon’s because he felt that the wooden horse offered by the Greeks as a gift to Writers of comedy have patterned their works to Athena was a trick. Poseidon, the Greek God of the sea was those of Greek works. enlarged by such action which led him to send serpents to strangle Laocoon and his sons PERSEUS AND MEDUSA The origins of theater and drama can be traced back during the Greek civilization. ➔ Just like the Greeks, the romans valued their gods and this was evident with their sculptures and artworks The followers of Dionysus―god of fertility – started the Greek theater. People who were devoted to Dionysus would dance during ceremonies while giving their offerings to their MIDDLE AGES god. eventually, the Dionysians devised a more structured form of drama involving dances and choral songs, which Period between Roman empire and the Renaissance. depicted Greek mythologies. Eventually the Greeks organized Characterized by ignorance and darkness. theatrical contests where the performance were held in front Products are copied from Christian scripture. of large citizens. Scriptures were done by hand. ANCIENT ROME CHURCH Fusion Greek and Roman cultures can be seen in most Was the central figure and authority of the period. Roman Artworks. Great Cathedral was also built. PAGE 5 CAMATO, ROCHELLE N BS PSYCHOLOGY 4-Y1-5  ART APPRECIATION211 ARTA211 1st Sem/ Midterm – Ms. Jalaine Joyce Malabanan – Sat [1:30-4:30pm] ROMANESQUE [1050 - 1200] ARCHITECTURAL STYLE Inspired by the old Roman Empire. These cathedrals can be categorized into two periods. Romanesque (1050 - 1200) Gothic (1200 - 1500) GOTHIC [1200 - 1500] ROMANESQUE Northern flavor from the Goths vulgar and barbarian. Romanesque architecture were characterized by semi-circular arches, thick stone walls, and durable W10: MIDDLE AGES ART construction. Sculptures were also prevalent during this time. UNIT OUTCOME Discuss and classify the various art movements in Western art history by citing their important characteristics such as historical background, factors, influential person, socio-political issues, and relevant artists art, forms and media. MIDDLE AGES ART Period between Roman Empire and the Renaissance. Characterized by ignorance and darkness. Church was the central figure and authority of the period. Scriptures were done by hand. Great cathedrals were also built. GOTHIC MOSAIC OF JESUS CHRIST IN ISTANBUL TURKEY ➔ Originated in the 12th century with the rebuilding of the Abbey Church in Saint-Denis, France. ➔ Gothic architecture offered revolutionary structural advancements such as ribbed vaults, flying buttresses, and decorative pinnacles all contributing to taller, lighter building designs. CRUSADER BIBLE, 1240 A.D. PAGE 6 CAMATO, ROCHELLE N BS PSYCHOLOGY 4-Y1-5  ART APPRECIATION211 ARTA211 1st Sem/ Midterm – Ms. Jalaine Joyce Malabanan – Sat [1:30-4:30pm] ➔ Born in Florence, Italy ➔ The term Renaissance means “rebirth” ➔ The origins of Renaissance art can be traced to Italy in the late 13th and early 14th centuries. TECHNIQUES POPULARIZED IN THIS ERA BYZANTINE ART Chiaroscuro and Sfumato Byzantine art was characterized by its lack of CHARACTERISTICS OF RENAISSANCE realism. The artists did not try to make their ART paintings realistic, but focused on the symbolism of their art. The subjects of the paintings were almost entirely 1. Realism & Expression religious with many paintings being of Christ and 2. Perspective the Virgin Mary. 3. Classicism 4. Emphasis on Individualism 5. Geometrical Arrangement of Figures. 6. Artists as Personalities/ Celebrities THE VIRGIN AND CHILD REALISM AND EXPRESSION ★ Expulsion from the Garden of Eden by Masaccio PERSPECTIVE ★ The Trinity by Masaccio ARTISTS OF MIDDLE AGES AND THEIR WORKS CLASSICISM 1. Donatello ★ The Venus de’ Medici or Medici Venus 2. Penitent Magdalene 3. David 4. Madonna and Child EMPHASIS ON INDIVIDUALISM 5. Giotto Di Bondone 6. Scrovegni Chapel ★ Battista Sforza and Federico da Montefeltre; The Duke & Dutchess of Urbino by Piero della RENAISSANCE ART Francesca. Rebirth of Naturalism GEOMETRICAL ARRANGEMENT OF A positive willingness to learn and explore. FIGURES Sought to capture the experience of the individual and the beauty and mystery of the natural world. ★ Madonna and Child with a Pomegranate by Valued the “individual” as subject of arts. Leonardo da Vinci. Most artwork emphasized naturalism Most artists also added perspective of depth wherein spaces were explored in different artworks. ARTIST AS PERSONALITIES / CELEBRITIES ORIGIN OF RENAISSANCE PERIOD PAGE 7 CAMATO, ROCHELLE N BS PSYCHOLOGY 4-Y1-5  ART APPRECIATION211 ARTA211 1st Sem/ Midterm – Ms. Jalaine Joyce Malabanan – Sat [1:30-4:30pm] ★ Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and - PIETA Architects by Giorgio Vasari. - DAVID - THE SISTINE CHAPEL EARLY RENAISSANCE ARTIST: Raphael - SCHOOL OF ATHENS Artists began to reject the Byzantine style of religious painting and strove to create realism in ARCHITECTURE their depiction of the human form and space. LAMENTATION (The Mourning of Christ) Sensitivity towards the ancient past. Artist: Giotto Resumption of classical orders Clear articulation of plans and elevation SANTA TRINITA MAESTA Proportion Artist: Cimabue ST. PETER’S BASILICA - Designed by Alberti, Raphael, THE BATTLE OF SAN ROMANO Bramante, Michelangelo, and Bernini Artist: Paolo Uccello TEMPIETTO DEL BRAMANTE - Designed by Donato BIRTH OF VENUS Bramante Artist: Boticelli MUSIC MADONNA DELLA VITTORIA Artist: Andrea Mantegna ➔ Music based on modes. ➔ Richer texture in four or more parts. HOLY TRINITY ➔ Blending rather than contrasting strands in the Artist: Masaccio musical texture. ➔ Harmony with a greater concern with the flow and HIGH RENAISSANCE progression of chords. ➔ Desprez: Ave Maria Rome had displaced Florence as the principal center of Renaissance art. MANNERISM Da Vinci, Michelangelo & Raphael: 3 Great high renaissance masters. ➔ A product of Renaissance Period; also known as the Late Renaissance LEONARDO’S ARTWORK ➔ Regarded as a bridge between the High Renaissance and the Baroque period, which adopted the subset’s ornate aesthetic and adapted it as extravagance. SALVATOR MUNDI (Latin for Savior of the World) ➔ Originated as a reaction to the harmonious classicism and the idealized naturalism of High - The painting depicts Jesus Christ in an Renaissance art as practiced by Leonardo da Vinci, anachronistic blue Renaissance dress, making the Michelangelo, and Raphael in the first two decades sign of the cross with right hand, while holding a of the 16th century. transparent, non-refracting crystal orbin his left, ➔ 1519 signaling his role as Salvador Mundi and representing the ‘celestial sphere’ of the heavens. Approximately thirty copies and variations of the LAOCOON AND HIS SON’S by Agesander, work by pupils and followers of Leonardo have been Athenodoros, and Polydorus of Rhodes. identified. Two preparatory chalk and ink drawings of the drapery by Leonardo are held in the British Mannerism role-model: an ancient sculpture, rediscovered in Royal Collection. 1506, now in the Vatican Museums. The artists of Mannerism greatly admired this piece of sculpture. ARTIST: Leonardo Da Vinci - THE LAST SUPPER MADONNA WITH LONG NECK by Parmigianino - MONA LISA ARTIST: Michelangelo PAGE 8 CAMATO, ROCHELLE N BS PSYCHOLOGY 4-Y1-5  ART APPRECIATION211 ARTA211 1st Sem/ Midterm – Ms. Jalaine Joyce Malabanan – Sat [1:30-4:30pm] CHARACTERISTICS BAROQUE AND ROCOCO Exaggerated Figures (c, 1600-1750) Elaborate Decoration Baroque comes from the Portugese word barroco Ornamentation which means flawed pearl/irregular shape. Artificial Color Rococo, which relates to the French words, Rocaille(mussel) and Coque (seashell) is actually a divergence from the previous Baroque style. Baroque style exudes a masculine energy and PERSEUS AND ANDROMEDA by Joachim presence; Rococo art has a more demure, very Wtewael beautiful, feminine aura. Baroque art is mainly Christian in subject matter 1616, Louvre, the composition displaying a Vanite of bones Paintings and sculptures depict biblical figures and and seashells in the foreground and an elaborate academic stories with intense accuracy. Public buildings such nude with a palette borrowing from the forefront for as churches and other religious sanctuaries utilized Andromeda’s cheeks. The Dragon seems of sino-oriental this style to imbue a sense of wonder to the influence. structures and entire followers. Rococo art focuses on secular themes and leisurely PRIMAVERA [1477-1482] by Boticelli times. Paintings depict love stories, sexually SPRING by Giuseppe Arcimboldo charged escapades and classical mythology. The subjects and themes of Rococo and Baroque art are almost polar opposites. Baroque art usually MANNERISM depicts religious themes which the Rococo period is deeply rooted in secular culture. Mannerism was an anti-classical movement which differed greatly from the aesthetic ideologies of the BARAQUE Renaissance. Though Mannerism was initially accepted with positivity based on the writings of Vasari, it was Active dates: c. 1660-1750 later regarded in a negative light because it solely The word “baroque” derives from the Portuguese view as, “an alteration of natural truth and a trite and Spanish words for a large, irregularly-shaped repetition of natural formulas. pearl (barroco and barrueco, respectively). Stemmed from Italian word for “contorted idea” Arose mainly as a means to promote the Catholic CHARACTERISTICS THAT MANNERIST Church during the Protestant Reformation. ARTISTS WOULD EMPLOY IN THEIR Emphasizes faith in church and power in state. ARTWORKS. Dramatic contrasts of lights and darks Emotional, often religious depictions Feelings of grandeur, awe, movement and tension Elongation of Figures Various contrasting textures Distortion of perspective All encompassing works (illusionistic) Black backgrounds Materials; bronzes, gildings, plaster, marble, stucco Use of darkness and light Focal point in architecture: entrance axis, pavilion. Sculptural forms Clarity of line THE PRESENTATION OF THE PORTRAIT OF Composition and Space MARIE DE’ MEDICI, C. 1622-1625 by Peter Paul Rubens Mannerist movement Painted frames VENUS AND ADONIS by Peter Paul Rubens Atmospheric effects Mannerist colour ALON DE LA PRINCESSE INTERIOR DECORATIONS, HOTEL DE SOUBISE, PARIS PALAZZO TE IN MANTOVA Designed by Giulio Romano ECSTASY OF SAINT TERESA - Bernini, 1647 - 1652, VESTIBULE OF LAURENTIAN LIBRARY Designed by sculpture, Church of Maria Della Vittoria, Rome Michelangelo PAGE 9 CAMATO, ROCHELLE N BS PSYCHOLOGY 4-Y1-5  ART APPRECIATION211 ARTA211 1st Sem/ Midterm – Ms. Jalaine Joyce Malabanan – Sat [1:30-4:30pm] known for its grandiose, dramatic, and energetic CHURCH OF SAINT IGNATIUS OF spirit but also for its stylistic diversity. LOYOLA in Rome Is a period or style of Western classical music from approximately 1600 to 1750 originated in Western Europe The Baroque period is divided into three major phases: early, middle, and late. Overlapping i time, they are conventionally dated from 1580 to 1650, from 1630 to 1700, and from 1680 to 1750 Baroque music forms a major portion of the “classical music” canon, and is now widely studied , performed and listened to. BALLROOM CEILING OF THE CA The term “baroque” comes from the Portuguese REZZONICO IN VENICE WITH word barroco, meaning “misshapen pearl”. ILLUSIONISTIC QUADRATURA During the Baroque era, professional musicians were expected to be accomplished improvisers of both solo melodic lines and accompaniment parts. A characteristic Baroque form was the dance suite. While the pieces in a dance suite were inspired by actual dance music, dance suites were designed purely for listening, not for accompanying dancers COMPOSERS By: Giovanni Battista Crosato 1753 Chest of drawers by Charles Cressent 1730 ANTONIO VIVALDI Kaisersaal of Wurzburg Residence by Balthasar Neumann 1749-51 ★ Antonio Lucio Vivaldi, (born March 4, 1678, Venice, Republic of Venice [Italy] —died July 28, 1741, Vienna, Austria), Italian composer and violinist who ROCOCO left a decisive mark on the form of the concerto and the style of late Baroque instrumental music. 1730-18th century A style of baroque architecture and decorative art, ARCANGELO CORELLI from 18th century France, having elaborate ornamentation. ★ an Italian violinist and composer of the Baroque Rococo, less commonly Rococo or Late Baroque era. His music was key in the development of the It is often described as the final expression of the modern genres of sonata and concerto, in Baroque movement. establishing the preeminence of the violin, and as the first coalescing of modern tonality and THE ENTOMBMENT OF CHRIST, 1603-04 by functional harmony. Caravaggio CLAUDIO GIOVANNI ANTONIO MONTEVERDI FLICKR CA’ REZZONICO CEILING in Venice ★ an Italian composer, string player, choirmaster, and ST. PETER’S BALDACHIN, 1623-1634, Vatican City priest. A composer of both secular and sacred music, and a pioneer in the development of opera, THE EMBARKATION FOR CYTHERA by Jean-Antoine he is considered a crucial transitional figure Watteau, 1717 between the Renaissance and Baroque periods of music history. LUNCHEON WITH HAM by Nicolas Lancret (1735) OTHER WELL-KNOWN BAROQUE COMPOSERS INCLUDE GERMANY’S BAROQUE MUSIC BACH AND HANDEL. THEY ARE KNOWN AS TWO TITANS OF THE BAROQUE Baroque music, a style of music that prevailed during the period from about 1600 to about 1750, JOHANN SEBASTIAN BACH PAGE 10 CAMATO, ROCHELLE N BS PSYCHOLOGY 4-Y1-5  ART APPRECIATION211 ARTA211 1st Sem/ Midterm – Ms. Jalaine Joyce Malabanan – Sat [1:30-4:30pm] ★ Was a German composer and musician of the late Through the work of Johann Fux, the Renaissance style of Baroque period polyphony was made the basis for the study of composition. ★ 1685-1750 A continuous worker, Handel borrowed from others and often recycled his own material. He was also known for GEORGE FRIDERIC HANDEL reworking pieces such as the famous Messiah, which premiered in 1742, for available singers and musicians. ★ 1685-1759 ★ A German-British Baroque composer well-known for his opera, oratorios, anthems, concerti, grossi, ROCOCO MUSIC and organ concertos. Rococo style in music occupies a really specific transition CHARACTERISTICS from Baroque style to Classical era. Rococo music has diluted the highly complex polyphonic structures of the Baroque period into a lighter, simpler yet The Baroque period saw the creation of tonality. very ornamented elegant style of musical expression. During the period, composers and performers used more Roughly landing on the decades between the 1740s - 1770s elaborate musical ornamentation, made changes in musical rococo music took root in France and spread throughout notation, and developed new instrumental playing Europe rapidly, to the delight of a growing class of techniques. ubiquitous music amateurs and aficionados. Baroque music expanded the size, range, and complexity of It was referred to differently throughout Europe - from instrumental performance, and also established opera, Style Galant to Empfindsamer Stil (sensitive style) in cantata, oratorio, concerto, and sonata as musical genres. Germany. The Baroque period is divided into three major phases: early, middle, and late. Although they overlap in time, they are conventionally dated from 1580 to 1630, from 1630 to ROCOCO COMPOSERS 1680, and from 1680 to 1730. ➔ Johann Christian Bach and Carl Philip EARLY BAROQUE MUSIC (1580 - 1630) Emanuel Bach, two sons of the titan of Baroque Music ➔ Johann Sebastian Bach -were at the forefront of this In reference to music, they based their ideals on a perception stylistic revolution against the density and of Classical (especially ancient Greek) musical drama that complexity of the Baroque period composing style valued discourse and oration. As such, they rejected their in Germany. contemporaries' use of polyphony and instrumental music, ➔ In France Style Galant was championed by Jean and discussed such ancient Greek music devices as monody, Philippe Rameau, Louis-Claude Daquin and which consisted of a solo singing accompanied by a kithara. François Couperin The early realizations of these ideas, including Jacopo Peri's ➔ Italy the music of composer Giovanni Battista Dafne and ' L'Euridice, marked the beginning of opera, which Sammartini was rococo personified in turn was somewhat of a catalyst for Baroque music. CHARACTERISTICS MIDDLE BAROQUE MUSIC (1630 - 1680) Rococo composers wanted to convey the lightness of heart The middle Baroque period in Italy is defined by the and simplicity of emotional states, by focusing the artistic emergence of the vocal styles of cantata, oratorio, and opera expression on a single affect, as opposed to conflating during the 1630s, and a new concept of melody and harmony multiple disparate emotional states as a counterpoint to that elevated the status of the music to one of equality with themselves. the words, which formerly had been regarded as pre-eminent Galant style in music brought forth instrumental works The florid, coloratura monody of the early Baroque gave such as string quartets to take center stage of musical way to a simpler, more polished melodic style. These entertainment, outpacing the contrapuntal vocal melodies were built from short, cadentially delimited ideas compositions of the early eighteenth century. often based on stylized dance patterns drawn from the New style called for instrumental music to delight the ear sarabande or the courante. with intricate ornamentation, memorable melodies, and positive disposition Rococo art and music are remarkably symbiotic as they LATE BAROQUE MUSIC (1680-1730) both embody the cult of elegance and grace. PAGE 11 CAMATO, ROCHELLE N BS PSYCHOLOGY 4-Y1-5  ART APPRECIATION211 ARTA211 1st Sem/ Midterm – Ms. Jalaine Joyce Malabanan – Sat [1:30-4:30pm] SATURN DEVOURS HIS SON by Francisco Goya ITALIAN COMPOSERS ROMANTIC ARCHITECTURE ANTONIO LUCIO VIVALDI [March 4 1678 - July 28 1741] This flow is highly aesthetic in the arts and literature so that ARCANGELO CORELLI [17 February 1653 - 8 January more use of imagination and things that are exotic value like 1713] taking from nature. THE ROYAL PAVILION Brighton, England. CLAUDIO GIOVANNI ANTONIO MONTEVERDI [May HOUSE OF PARLIAMENT London, England. 9 1567 - November 29 1643] REALISM NEOCLASSICISM Focuses in reality Neoclassicism was a movement in Europe that Artistic movement characterized by subjects painted in a transpired during the late 18th and early 19th naturalistic manner from common life. centuries. Realism rejects imaginative idealization in favour of a close It was the dominant art movement that time which observation of outward appearances. basically aimed to revive and rekindle the influences Indeed, realism may be viewed as a major trend in French of Greek and Roman into art and architecture. novels and paintings between 1850 and 1880. Some historians would also say that this movement The French proponents of realism were agreed in their was a reaction to the artworks produced during the rejection of the artificiality of both the Classicism and Baroque period. Romanticism of the academies and on the necessity for There was a call to veer away from such contemporaneity in an effective work of art. extravagance in terms of style and form of the Observing society instead of creating exotic romantic works Baroque Period. that were out from reality. The ancient Greeks and Europeans had placed Literary realism, in particular, introduced a new way of emphasis on human reason and keeping society in writing and a new generation of authors whose influence can order. These very principle were also the dominant still be seen in American literature and English literature to principles during the Enlightenment Period this day. ENLIGHTENMENT PERIOD ELEMENTS OF LITERARY REALISM ➔ Enlightenment thinkers condemned Rococo art for being immoral and indecent, and called for a new kind of art that would be moral instead of immoral, and teach people right and wrong. ➔ The Enlightenment encouraged criticism of the corruption of the monarchy (at this point King Louis XVI), and the aristocracy. THE DEATH OF MARAT By Jacques-Louis David ROMANTICISM THE GLEANERS by Jean-Francois Millet THE HORSE FAIR by Rosa Bonheur Romanticism also known as the Romantic era A movement in art and literature in the eighteenth and W11: NATURALISM ART TO FUTURISM ART nineteenth century. Strong senses, emotions, and feelings. Revolt against the Neoclassicism of the previous centuries UNIT OUTCOME Awe of nature. Discuss and classify the various art movements in THE RAFT OF MEDUSA by Theodore Gericault Western art history by citing their important LIBERTY LEADING THE PEOPLE by Eugene characteristics such as historical background, factors, Declacroix influential person, socio-political issues, and relevant PAGE 12 CAMATO, ROCHELLE N BS PSYCHOLOGY 4-Y1-5  ART APPRECIATION211 ARTA211 1st Sem/ Midterm – Ms. Jalaine Joyce Malabanan – Sat [1:30-4:30pm] Characterizations of the style include small, visible artists art, forms and media. brushstrokes that offer the bare impression of form, unblended color and an emphasis on the accurate depiction of natural light. NATURALISM THREE FAMOUS ARTISTS Describes a true-to-life style which involves the representation or depiction of nature (including people) with the least possible distortion or 1. Oscar-Claude Monet interpretation. 2. Paul Cezanne Naturalism began in the early Renaissance, and 3. Edouard Manet develop itself further throughout the Renaissance, such as with the Florentine school. DID YOU KNOW? It is a type of art that pays attention to very accurate and precise details, and portrays things as they are. Oscar-Claude Monet - French painter and founder of impressionist painting who TWO FAMOUS ARTISTS is seen as key precursor to modernism, especially in his attempts to paint nature as he perceived it. 1. William Bliss Baker 2. Albert Charpin Artwork: SAULES AUSOLEIL COUCHANT Paul Cezanne DID YOU KNOW? - Most influential artist in the history of modern painting. - Said to have formed the bridge between the late 19th century Impressionism and early 20th century's new line of William Bliss Baker artistic enquiry, Cubism. ➔ was an American artist who became widely hailed - Known for his incredibly varied painting style landscape painter early in his career. ➔ began exhibiting yearly at the National Academy in Artwork: LES POMMES 1881 ➔ Some landscape paintings of Baker's are considered Edouard Manet to be the best example of the naturalist movement. - Was a French modernist painter. ➔ Fallen Monarchs is considered to be Baker's - He was one of the first 19th-century artist to paint modern masterpiece. life, and a pivotal figure in transition from Realism to Impressionism. EXAMPLES OF PAINTINGS Summer Pasture Artwork: BOUQUET DE PIVOINES Shadows in Pool Early Summer Other Examples: "Le dejeuner sur I'herbe" - Edouard Manet Albert Charpin "Impression, Sunrise" - Claude Monet ➔ He was a naturalist painter associated with "Frog, Voisins" - Alfred Sisley Barbizon school "In a Park" - Barthe Morisot ➔ He painted real objects in a natural setting. "L'Absinthe" - Edgar Degas ➔ His paintings can be found in museums and private collections in Europe and America. POST-IMPRESSIONISM EXAMPLES OF PAINTINGS - Sheperdess in the Meadow - Berger et son troupeau It is an art movement that emerged in France, - Bergere veillant sur son troupeau which is a result of both the influence and rejection of impressionist but later on saw the inherent limitations and flaws of impressionism. This eventually led to the development of individual style IMPRESSIONISM that gave emphasis to defining from with the use of broken colors and short brush stroke. Describes style of painting developed in France during the mid-to-late 19th century. PAGE 13 CAMATO, ROCHELLE N BS PSYCHOLOGY 4-Y1-5  ART APPRECIATION211 ARTA211 1st Sem/ Midterm – Ms. Jalaine Joyce Malabanan – Sat [1:30-4:30pm] Post-Impressionism: Concepts, Style, and FOUR FAMOUS ARTISTS Trends 1. Henri-Edmond Cross Seurat and Pointillism 2. Maximilien Luce - Paul Signac's [The Port of Saint Tropez 1906)] 3. Camille Pissarro - Van Gogh and Japonisme [The Great Wave Off the Coast of 4. Georges Seurat Kanagawa 1906] Gauguin and Synthetism IMPORTANT ART IN NEO-IMPRESSIONISM - Paul Gauguin's [Mountains in Tahiti 1897] ★ A Sunday Afternoon on La Grande Jatte (1884-86) Cezanne and the Structure of Pictorial Form ★ La Dame a la Robe Blanche (Woman in White) - Cezanne's series Montagne Sainte - Victorie (1886-87) Rousseau and Primitivism - Hungry Lion ART NOUVEAU Les Nabis - Les muses au bois sacre 1893 Between 1890 and 1910, countries from Europe and the United State witnessed the emergence and flourishing of an new art style. FOUR FAMOUS ARTISTS This ornamental style of art was a break from the conservative hictoricism, which was the prevailing and dominant theme of most Western artworks. 1. Paul Cezanne This ornamental style uses long and organic lines 2. Georges Seurat that are concretely manifested in architecture, 3. Paul Gauguin jewelry and glass design, among others. 4. Vincent Van Gogh The defining characteristic of Art Nouveau is the asymmetrical line that usually is in the form of NEO-IMPRESSIONISM insect wings or flower stalks. The line is done in such a graceful and elegant manner that somehow evokes a certain power to it. As an art movement, neo-impressionism is considered as a response to empirical realism of impressionism. THREE FAMOUS ARTISTS Most painters who subscribe to such movements rely on a systematic and scientific techniques that 1. Louis Comfort Tiffany have a predetermined visual effects not only on the 2. Alphonse Mucha art work itself but also how the audience perceive 3. Gustav Klimt. the art. ART NOUVEAU GEORGES SEURAT AND CHROMOLUMINARISM - Art Nouveau artists were also influenced by the arts and Seurat said he wanted "to find something new, my own way crafts movements' emphasis on hand craftmanship and of painting." He particularly valued color intensity in highly expressive paintings of post-impressionist. painting, and took extensive notes on the use of colors by the painter Eugene Delacroix. He began studying color theory > Woodblock Painting In Japan and the science of optics and lead him to develop a new style > Japanese Art Nouveau he called Chromoluminarism > Muted Colors - Common characteristics of Art Nouveau are muted colors (all colors that have low saturation (or chrome). THE THEORY OF NEO-IMPRESSIONISM These are subtle colors that are not bright or have been subdued, dulled, or grayed. The discoveries of "optical blending and "simultaneous contrast" that Seurat read about DID YOU KNOW? became the theoretical foundation of Chromoluminarism, which came to be known a Louis Comfort Tiffany sNeo-Impressionism. - He produced a vast amount of exquisite glass, many pieces achieving mysterious and Impressionistic effects; his PAGE 14 CAMATO, ROCHELLE N BS PSYCHOLOGY 4-Y1-5  ART APPRECIATION211 ARTA211 1st Sem/ Midterm – Ms. Jalaine Joyce Malabanan – Sat [1:30-4:30pm] innovations made him a leader of the Art Nouveau movement. American painter, craftsman, philanthropist, 1. Henri Matisse decorator, and designer, internationally recognized as one of the greatest forces of the Art Nouveau style) Artwork: Interior with a young girl reading Le Bonheur De Vivre or "Joy of Life" Artwork: Glass Lamp Woman with a hat. Gustav Klimt - Whose work is another example of Art Nouveau at its most HISTORY OF FAUVISM dominant, his work is decorative, colorful, and contained gold-leaf like in the painting the kiss and the portrait of ➔ Developed in France during the 20th century Adele Bloch-Bauer which leave no space unadorned. ➔ Started by Henri Matisse - He is a leader in the fauvist movement. Artworks: Portrait of Adele Block-Bauer, The Kiss ➔ The term Fauvism means Wild Beasts (Known as Les Fauves in French term) Alphonse Mucha ➔ The term Les Fauves was born when a painting by - Examples of this Art Nouveau can be found in all art forms Henri Matisse was shown at an exhibition at 1906 during this time. Art Nouveau was the first artistic movement Salon d'Automne to give serious credibility to the graphic arts especially the ➔ There were Fauvists but Henri was one of the poster as an art form. dominant figure - Art Nouveau had a great run and even though it lasted only ➔ It was not exactly an art movement 20 years, the work produced during this period made a ➔ The name, Les Fauves was actually first used as a lasting expression on the art would towards the end of Art derogatory remark about their work by French art Nouveau, the prevailing aesthetic eventually gave way to the critic Louise Vauxcelles. Les Fauves actually means more industrial lines of modernism and the more predictable "wild beasts" - It referred to Matisse and the other's geometric forms of Art deco still the influence and choice of colors, indicating that their work was appreciation of Art Nouveau organic forms and prolific savage and primitive. ornamentation has lasted through today. ➔ It started with Henri Matisse experimenting with colors in painting Artworks: Job, Daydream. FAUVISM - Valued individual expression. The artist's direct FAUVISM experience of his subjects, his emotional response to nature, and his intuition were all more important than academic theory or elevated subject matter. Color could project a mood This is a style of painting that emerged in France and establish a structure within the work of art without around the turn of the twentieth century. having to be true to the natural world. Fauvism's central What makes fauvists revolutionary is that they used artistic concerns was the overall balance of the composition. pure and vibrant colors by applying straight from The fauve's simplified forms and saturated colors drew the paint tubes directly to the canvas. attention to the inherent flatness of the canvas or paper; This is done to produce a sense of explosion of within that pictorial space, each element played a specific colors in the Canvas. role. The immediate visual impression of the work is to be The difference lies with how the fauves have this striong and unified. strong and expressive reaction to how they portray their subjects. FAUVISM ART OTHER EXAMPLES: Most fauvist works reject the conservative and - Luxe, Calme et Volupte [Henry Matisse] traditional renderings of three-dimensional space - The River Seine at Chatou [Maurice de Vlaminck] What artists did was they introduced and promoted - Pinede a Cassis (Landscape) [Andre Derain] a picture space that is defined by the movement of - Jeanne Dans Les Fleurs [Raoul Dufy] colors. - At the Circus [Georges Rouault] This goes along with the unique color schemes and color renditions of Objects and people in fauvism. Henri Matisse said he did not choose colors based on scientific theory like post-impressionist but on CUBISM feeling, observation, and the nature of each experience. Also full of artists shifted away from urban themes and return to impressionist subject. Was a revolutionary new approach to representing reality invented in around 1907-08 by artists Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque. They brought different ONE FAMOUS ARTIST views of subjects (usually objects or figures) PAGE 15 CAMATO, ROCHELLE N BS PSYCHOLOGY 4-Y1-5  ART APPRECIATION211 ARTA211 1st Sem/ Midterm – Ms. Jalaine Joyce Malabanan – Sat [1:30-4:30pm] together in the same picture, resulting in paintings 3. Gino Severini that appear fragmented and abstracted. Artwork: Suburban Train Arriving in Paris 1915 A style of art that stresses abstract structure at the expense of other pictorial elements especially by OTHER EXAMPLES displaying several aspects of the same object "The City Rises" [Umberto Boccioni] simultaneously and by fragmenting the form of "Funeral of the Anrchrist Galli" [Carlo Carra] depicted objects. "Dancer at Pigalle" [Gino Severini] Cubism is an artistic movement, created by Pablo "The Cyclist" [Natalia Goncharova] Picasso and Georges Braque, which employs "Citta Nouva (New City) [Antonio San'tElia] geometric shapes in depictions of human and other forms. Over time, the geometric touches grew so intense that they sometimes overtook the represented forms, creating a more pure level of visual abstraction. TWO FAMOUS ARTISTS Pablo Picasso Artwork: Guernica 1937 Proto-Cubist Les Demoiselles d'Avigno 1907 George Braque Artwork: Houses of I'Estaque 1908 Clarinet and Bottle of Rum on a Masterpiece 1911 OTHER EXAMPLES "Les Demoiselles d'Avignon" [Pablo Picasso] "Houses at L'Estaque" [George Braque] "Violin and Palette" [Georges Braque] "Tea Time" [Jean Metzinger] "Conquest of the Air" [Robert de la Fresnaye] FUTURISM Futurism was launched by the Italian poet Filippo Tommaso Marinetti in 1909. On 20 February he published his Manifesto of Futurism on the front page of the Paris newspaper Le Figaro. Among modernist movements futurism was exceptionally vehement in its denunciation of the past. This was because in Italy the weight of past culture was felt as particularly oppressive. Futurist painting used elements of neo-impressionism and cubism to create compositions that expressed the idea of the dynamism, the energy and movement, of modern life. THREE FAMOUS ARTISTS 1. Giacomo Balla Artwork: Abstract Speed - The Car has Passed 1913 2. Umberto Boccioni Artwork: Unique Forms of Continuity in Space 1913, cast 1972 PAGE 16 CAMATO, ROCHELLE N BS PSYCHOLOGY 4-Y1-5