Art of Asia and the Islamic World PDF

Art in Asia and the Islamic World Module 10  Artistic Traditions in the Rest of the World While the focus, thus far, has been on These traditions influence Europe the art of the Near East and Europe, and are influenced by Europe to a the...

Art in Asia and the Islamic World Module 10  Artistic Traditions in the Rest of the World While the focus, thus far, has been on These traditions influence Europe the art of the Near East and Europe, and are influenced by Europe to a the artistic traditions of other parts of degree by Asian art. the world were rich and advanced. As political boundaries spread These traditions can be found in Asia further east, some of the techniques and the Islamic world. Later we will and styles of the cultures of the East look at Africa, the Americas and are adopted by Europeans. Oceania. Early Asian Art  India Indus Civilization 2500-1500 B.C., Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro; Adoption of Hinduism and Buddhism. populations over 35,000; Cities laid out Both religions heavily influenced art. in grids; Complex system of drains and sewers; trade with Mesopotamia. Gupta Period from 320 to 550 A.D.; rock Decline begins 1700 due to possible cut temples. Fragmented and Islamic ecological and political factors. armies invaded. Influence of all three religions in India. Vedic Aryan Civilization 1700-1000 B.C.; Vedas or sacred texts provide Religious symbolism in art and information about them. “Nobles” from architecture. Central Asia; beginnings of caste system and urbanization. Hinduism  Mixing of Aryan and Indus concepts; early Dharma: “Duty” or “moral law”; individual form of Hinduism moral responsibility; is the ideal and leads to better life; symbolized by wheel or Upanishads – 800 B.C. are philosophical/ chakra religious texts that form the basis for Hinduism. 1) quest for ultimate truth and Acceptance of responsibilities of one’s knowledge is the ultimate source of power gender, class and caste group, stage or age 2) Immortality is escape from existence in life. Samsara: cycle of birth and rebirth; Ascetic Discipline: abandoning the world; reverence for all living things. renunciation demands absence of ego Endless rebirth is burdensome and Final uniting of Atman ( individual soul) and terrifying; goal is release from existence or Brahman (world soul) nirvana Hindu Deities : Brahma - God of creation; Karma: “Work” or “action”; good deeds Vishnu - the preserver; force of bring good results; ordinary norm transcendent love; the benevolent god; Shiva - patron god of yoga and the arts; a creative and destructive force Hindu Deities Vishnu Brahma Shiva Buddhism  Siddhartha Gautama 566-486 B.C. and the Ultimate goal is perfect enlightenment or concept of enlightenment nirvana The middle path or way - practice of non- Iconography of Buddha: 32 major extremism symbolic features of Buddha used to represent aspects of his spiritual nature, Cardinal virtue is compassion for all known as lakshanas. beings Bodhisattva’s have similar iconography but Four Noble Truths: 1) All life is dukkha or differ in that they wear royal clothing and “suffering”; 2) The source of suffering is regalia. Bodhisattva is an enlightened desire; 3) cessation of desire is end of being who postpones nirvana in order to suffering; 4) The eightfold path: Right stay on earth and help others achieve Understanding, Right Thought, Right enlightenment. Speech, Right Action, Right Livelihood, Right Effort, Right Mindfulness, and Right Mudras are hand gestures that suggest a Concentration “state of being”  2. 1. 3. 4. 5. 6. 1) teaching, 2) meditation and balance, 3) intellectual debate, 4) reassurance, blessing and protection, 5) calls on earth to witness enlightenment, 6) charity Great Bath (looking northeast), Mohenjo-Daro, Pakistan, ca. 2600–1900 BCE. Notice use of ashlar masonry. Close up of gate on Great Stupa Stupas and Temples Mandala: sacred symmetrical diagram on which temple shape is based Shikhara: tower on a northern structure Vimana : tower in the south Axis mundi: “axis of the world”; the link from earth to heaven The Great Stupa at Sanchi, 3rd century B.C., India Indian Architectural Styles  Standing Buddha c. 2nd-3rd century A.D., schist Buddha seated on a lion throne, from Mathura, India, second Meditating Buddha, from Gandhara, century ce. Red sandstone, 2' 3 Pakistan, second century ce. Gray 1/2" high. Archaeological schist, 3' 7 1/2" high. National Museums of Scotland, Edinburgh. Museum, Mathura. Interior of cave 19, Ajanta, India, 2nd Bodhisattva, detail of wall painting in Cave I, half of 5th century Ajanta, Maharashtra, India, c. 475 A.D.  Dancing Shiva, rock-cut sandstone relief, cave 1, Badami, India, late sixth century. Shiva as Mahadeva, cave 1, Elephanta, India, ca. 550–575. Basalt, Shiva 17' 10" high. Kailasha Temple, Ellora Cave 16, Mid 8thcentury, India. Kandariya Mahadeva Temple, Khajuraho, Madhya Pradesh, India. Chandella dynasty, c. 1000 C E Shiva Nataraja (Shiva as Lord of the Dance), from South India. Chola dynasty, 11th century C E. Bronze. Borobudur, c. 800 A.D., Indonesia  Angkor Wat 12th century A.D., Cambodia Chinese Art  Daoism and Confucianism Laozi (6th century B.C.) Confucius was born in 551 BC. Philosophy of personal conduct. Submit to the Dao or universal path. Three main principles: 1) We must Ancestor worship and filial piety Ren – unlearn (return to a state of nature) 2) To (human heartedness) morality and follow the Way, one must practice wu empathy are the basis for all wei (non-doing) 3) Live a quiet, simple interactions. Li - (Etiquette) Appropriate life – not concerned with worldly ways or social conduct success Five constant relationships - parent/ Emphasizes non-conformity and child, husband/wife, older sibling/ individualism; commune with nature. younger sibling, elder friend/younger friend, ruler/subject; each must earn respect of other  China Shang and Zhou Dynasties 1700-1100 Legalist government - Law was to be B.C. and 1100 - 221 B.C. strictly obeyed and the good of the state trumped the good of the Shang success largely due to bronze individual; Confucian books burned. monopoly. Idea of meritocracy: only those “Oracle bones” from oxen and turtles qualified and able should serve in were use for divination; also give us government. an example of their early writing. Han: Return to Confuciansim; Horse drawn chariots and wheeled Invention of paper; trade through Silk vehicles, powerful military. Road. Qin and Han Dynasties 221-206 B.C. and 206 B.C. - 220 A.D.  Chinese painting principles set forth by Xie He; 1) “Spirit consonance” fills a painting with “life’s movement” or Daoist, qi, the energy of life 2) Brushstrokes are the “bones” of a painting and painting is judged by quality of brushwork. Sui and Tang Dynasties - 589-618 A.D. and 618-907 A.D.: Extensive communication system facilitated by roads; Indian influence. High quality porcelain production which made lighter and thinner goods. Iron and steel production allowed for larger bridge and pagoda building. Printing common with block printing technique. Song Dynasty - Greatest age in pottery and porcelains; Guan ware known for distinctive crackled look. Landscape painting was crowning achievement; small figures in vast landscape, show insignificance of man relative to nature; not meant to depict actual places. Pagoda style is based on the stupa found in India combined with the watch tower of the Han Dynasty. Generally multiple stories and initially made from stone, but later wood. COVERED RITUAL WINE-POURING VESSEL (GUANG) WITH TIGER AND OWL DÉCOR, Shang dynasty, 13th century B.C., Cast bronze Fang Ding, Shang Dynasty, c. 1500-1300 B.C. Bronze, A ritual food vessel Terra Cotta Warriors from the mausoleum of Emperor Shihuangdi, Qin Dynasty, c. 210 B.C., earthenware Silk Road Tomb model of a house and a tower From Tomb 6, Baizhuang, Henan Province Eastern Han dynasty, 1st century A.D. Seated Buddha, Northern Wei dynasty, c. 460 A.D., stone Wang Xizhi PORTION OF A LETTER FROM THE FENG JU ALBUM Six Dynasties period, mid 4th century A.D. Attributed to Emperor Huizong DETAIL OF LADIES PREPARING NEWLY WOVEN SILK, Copy after a lost Tang-dynasty painting by Zhang Xuan.  CAMEL CARRYING A GROUP OF MUSICIANS From a tomb near Xi'an, Shanxi. Tang dynasty, c. mid 8th century A.D. Earthenware with three-color glazes Xia Gui, Twelve view of a landscape, Southern Song dynasty, early 13th century A.D., Handscroll with ink on silk  GUAN WARE VESSEL Southern Song dynasty, 13th century A.D. Gray stoneware with crackled grayish-blue glaze  NANCHAN TEMPLE, WUTAISHAN Shanxi. Tang dynasty, 782 GREAT WILD GOOSE PAGODA AT CI'EN TEMPLE, CHANG'AN Shanxi. Tang dynasty, first erected 645; rebuilt mid 8th century A.D. Pagoda Styles  Korea Crown from the gold crown tomb, three kingdoms period, c. 6th century B.C., gold with jadeite ornaments Bowl, Goreyo Dynasty, 13-14th Century, Porcelaneous stoneware with inlay under celadon glaze Celadon Glaze: Originally invented by Chinese; high fired, transparent, glaze of blue/green color Japan  Kofun Period - 300-552 A.D.; Giant tomb religion, and form of government; mounds patterned after Korean version; refashioned to reflect Japanese culture and tombs contained goods needed for the needs. afterlife. Heian and Kamakura - 794-1333 A.D., saw Haniwa (sculptures) placed on hill mounds; adoption of Chinese ways: 1) Japanese originally they were simple cylinders with studied China from the seventh century 2) offerings; later expanded to houses, animals, Chinese institutions implemented in Japan people. from the eighth century 3) Adapted to meet Japanese needs – by eleventh century Shintoism: Worship forces of nature; sensitivity to nature and natural beauty. Circular symbol in Buddhist and Hindu art. Kami: Deities were givers and protectors or Spiritual and ritual in nature; represents the life and dwelt in everything. Universe Asuka Period - 552-645 A.D.: Chinese culture and some technology entered Japan through Korea. Adopted some writing,  Kofun burial mounds Haniwa, Kofun period, 6th century A.D., Earthenware  Main Hall, Inner Shrine, Ise Mie Prefecture. Last rebuilt 1993.Is rebuilt every 20 years on two sites to symbolize regeneration  Horyuji Compound, Asuka period, 7th century A.D. Pagoda to the west (left), golden hall (kondo) to the east (right).  Hungry Tigress Jataka Panel of the Tamamushi Shrine, Horyuji. Asuka period, c. 650 A.D., lacquer on wood  Phoenix Hall, Byodoin, Uji Kyoto Prefecture. Heian period, c. 1053 A.D. (Notice similarities to Temple Valley?)  Womb World Mandala Heian period, late 9th century A.D., Hanging scroll with colors on silk  The Tale of Genji Scene from the Kashiwagi chapter. Heian period, 12th century A.D.  Kosho, Kuya Preaching, Kamakura period, before 1207 A.D., Painted wood with inlaid eyes The Islamic World  Islam Muhammad born in 570 A.D.; Receives After Muhammad’s death, Caliphs took over revelations from the Angel Gabriel. Teaches and two factions arose; the Sunni’s and Shiites. what he learned and those teaching were written down in the Qur’an or Koran. Within 20 years Islamic armies had conquered large portions of the Byzantine Empire and the Five Pillars of Islam: 1) Belief: There is no God Middle East but Allah and Muhammed is His prophet. 2) Worship: Prayer five times daily towards Within a century, Islam stretched from Mecca. 3) Fasting: During the month of Afghanistan in the east to Portugal, Spain, and Ramadam. 4) Almsgiving: Donations to the southwestern France in the west poor and needy. 5) Pilgrimage: To Mecca at Preserved writings of Greek philosophers and least once in lifetime. scientists  Islamic Art Glorification of God’s word: reverence for Some techniques and ornamentation styles the word is expressed through beautiful include: 1) Ablaq masonry: Alternating light writing, calligraphy. and dark courses of masonry. 2) Mosaic: Assemblage of small pieces of colored glass, Artistic expression independent of human stone, ceramic or other materials, known as figure: vegetal, floral, and geometric tesserae. 3) Cut tile: Pieces of individually designs. cut colored ceramic tile fitted together. 4) Calligraphy, ceramics, and metalwork. Wooden strapwork: decorative motif, in flat relief, consisting of interlaced geometric Architectural elements include: horseshoe ribbons. arch, keel arch and pointed arch. Worship in mosque.  Ablaq Masonry Mosaic Cut Tile Horseshoe Arch Keel Arch Pointed Arch Wooden Strapwork Dome of the Rock. Jerusalem, 691 A.D. The Great Mosque of Cordoba. Spain, 785 A.D. Dome in front of the mihrab of the Great Mosque, Córdoba, Spain, 961–965. The Great Mosque of Samarra, Iraq. 848-852 A.D. Minbar, Kutubiya Mosque, wood and ivory Alhambra, Granada, Spain. c. 1380 Court of the Lions, Palace of the Lions, Alhambra Spain, c. 1380  The Sultan Hasan Madrasa- Mausoleum-Mosque Complex Cairo, 1356-1363  Shah-I Zinda Funerary Complex Samarkand, Uzbekistan. Late 14th-15th century Mihrab (prayer niche), Iran. 1354–55 A.D. Mosaic of polychrome-glazed cut tiles on stonepaste body; set into mortar  Page from the Qur’an Syria, 9th century black ink, pigments, and gold on velum Opening folio of Volume 26 of the "Anonymous Baghdad Qur'an", Iraq, 1306–1307 A.D. Ink, opaque watercolor, and gold on paper Epigraphic Ware Plate with Kufic Border. Uzbekistan, 9th-12th century, ceramic “Knowledge: the beginning of it is bitter to taste, but the end is sweeter than honey”  Bowl with astronomical and royal figures, Iran. Late 12th–early 13th century, Stonepaste; polychrome in glaze and overglaze painted and gilded on opaque monochrome glaze (mina'i) Canteen with episodes from the life of Christ, from Syria, ca. 1240–1250. Brass, inlaid with silver  Scenes from The Maqamat of Al-Hariri by Yahya Ibn al-Wasiti, 1237, ink, pigments, and gold on paper, Iraq