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THE PRINCIPLES ON AIR QUALITY OF BUILDINGS AND THE ENVIRONMENT AIR QUALITY General Requirements for Light and Ventilation Indoor Air Quality Standards Environment Air Quality Standards SOURCES OF AIR POLLUTION MOBILE SOURCES...

THE PRINCIPLES ON AIR QUALITY OF BUILDINGS AND THE ENVIRONMENT AIR QUALITY General Requirements for Light and Ventilation Indoor Air Quality Standards Environment Air Quality Standards SOURCES OF AIR POLLUTION MOBILE SOURCES refer to vehicles like cars, trucks, vans, buses, jeepneys, tricycles and motorcycles, off-road equipments, water vessels & aircrafts POINT SOURCES refer to stationary sources such as industrial firms, hotels & others with process & fuel burning equipment and power plants. AREA SOURCES refer to sources other than the above. These include smoking, burning of garbage, and dust from construction, unpaved ground and the like. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR LIGHT AND VENTILATION PD 1096 | NATIONAL BUILDING CODE RULE 8: LIGHT AND VENTILATION 1. Every building shall be designed, constructed and equipped to provide adequate light and ventilation. EASEMENT is public land, i.e., public domain, that should be equally enjoyed by all members of the community. The easement is not to be used for any form of building/structure that may go against its public recreational character and as such, the following uses and others similar thereto are absolutely prohibited: a. Residential and like uses whether temporary or permanent; b. Long-term or overnight vehicle parking, i.e., unless duly designated as day and/or night pay-parking zones; c. As a depository of stalled, wrecked or abandoned 2. All buildings shall face a street or public alley or a private street vehicles, mechanical devices and the like; which has been duly approved. If wider than 9.00 meters, the easement may include a roadway/carriageway component on which vehicles can pass or on which the same may temporarily park, e.g., an esplanade and the like If wider than 9.00 meters, the easement may include a roadway/carriageway component on which vehicles can pass or on which the same may temporarily park, e.g., an esplanade and the like  Its about time that the country needs a comprehensive policy and program for air quality management. AIR POLLUTION CLEARANCES AND PERMITS FOR STATIONARY SOURCES When does the Bureau issue a Temporary Permit to Operate Air Pollution Source Installations and corresponding APCD (POA) to a Facility or Installation? If the Installation is new, located either in Attainment or NonAttainment Areas and is only intended for Dry Run Operation and Emission Testing 1. New Installation should be located in Attainment Areas 2. Complies with the Emission Standards 3. No building shall be altered nor arranged so as to reduce the size 3. Submitted requirements are complete. of any room or the relative area of windows to less than that provided for buildings, or to create an additional room unless it 4. Compliance must be supported with stack sampling data conforms to the requirements of this Rule. NATIONAL EMISSION STANDARD FOR SOURCE SPECIFIC AIR Ceiling Heights POLLUTANTS (NESSAP) (Habitable Rooms) Source specific air pollutant is a pollutant emitted from a stack 2.40 m 2.70 m 2.10 m 1.80 m meters (floor to More than one storey: more than one storey: more than one storey: or chimney ceiling) – with artificial first floor unobstructed minimum mezzanine ventilation headroom clearance floor clear ceiling above finished floor height IDENTIFIED POLLUTANTS 2.70 m 2.40 m Meters (floor to More than one storey: SICK BUILDING SYNDROME ceiling) – natural second floor ventilation occurs when occupants of a building experience health issues, such as headaches, dizziness, respiratory problems, and irritation Room Sizes and Dimensions of the eyes, nose, or throat, without a specific illness being (Habitable Rooms) identified. Poor indoor air quality (IAQ) is often a leading cause of Rooms for Habitation Kitchen Bath and Toilet SBS, and addressing it requires a combination of design, ventilation, maintenance, and monitoring solutions. Here's how to 6.00 3.00 1.20 SQM: Minimum Area SQM: Minimum Area SQM: Minimum Area solve SBS due to bad air quality: 2.00 1.50.900 o Headaches Meters: Least Dimension Meters: Least Dimension Meters: Least Dimension o Fatigue/Dizziness o Irritation of Nose, Throat, Eyes Air Space Requirement o Respiratory Diseases (to compute and determine sizes of rooms) Workshops, Factories, and Physical Symptoms School Rooms Habitable Rooms Offices o Headaches: Frequent and unexplained headaches. 3.00 12.00 14.00 CU. METERS: minimum air CU. METERS: minimum air CU. METERS: minimum air space volume per person space volume per person space volume per person o Eye Irritation: Itchy, dry, or watery eyes. 1.00 SQM: floor area per person o Nose and Throat Irritation: Runny nose, sneezing, or sore throat. Air Space Requirement o Dry or Itchy Skin: Skin dryness, rashes, or irritation. (Windows) Rooms with Natural o Fatigue: Persistent tiredness or lethargy. Toilets, Bath, Laundry Rooms Ventilation All windows should open 10% 1/20 directly to public street, court, o Dizziness or Nausea: Feeling lightheaded or queasy. yard, or open watercourse of floor area of floor area Respiratory Issues: Coughing, shortness of breath, or chest tightness. SECTION 811: ARTIFICIAL VENTILATION o Allergy-like Symptoms: Congestion, itching, and similar to hay fever. No vent shaft shall have its least dimension less than 600 millimeters. o Increased Sensitivity to Odors: A heightened reaction 1. Rooms or spaces housing industrial or heating equipment shall be to smells, such as perfumes or cleaning chemicals. provided with artificial means of ventilation to prevent excessive accumulation of hot and/or polluted air. Cognitive and Emotional Symptoms RA 8749 | ENVIRONMENTAL AIR QUALITY KNOWN AS THE CLEAR AIR o Difficulty Concentrating: Problems focusing or staying ACT OF 1999 alert. “An Act Providing for a Comprehensive Air Pollution Control Policy and for o Memory Issues: Short-term memory problems. Other Purposes” o Mood Changes: Irritability, anxiety, or feeling down MAIN OBJECTIVE OF THIS ACT: without clear cause. o To maintain the air quality of the country in the Good Air Quality Index. Common Environmental Triggers in Buildings o To bring back deteriorated air quality into its Good Air Quality Index. o Poor Ventilation: Inadequate fresh air supply, leading to high concentrations of indoor pollutants. It is a comprehensive policy and program for air quality management in the country. It aims to achieve and maintain o Chemical Pollutants: Off-gassing from building healthy air for all Filipinos. materials (e.g., carpets, paints, adhesives), cleaning products, or office equipment (e.g., printers, It amended partially P.D. 984 (the first Pollution Control Law of the photocopiers). land) in terms of air pollution control. o Biological Contaminants: Mold, mildew, bacteria, and The World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations dust mites in HVAC systems or other areas. Environment Programme (UNEP) found that Metro Manila’s Airshed was one of the five dirtiest and most polluted in the world. o High Humidity: Humidity above 60% can promote mold growth and contribute to respiratory problems PD 984 is no longer capable of bringing back the air quality of Metro Manila into “GOOD” air quality o Temperature Extremes: Poor temperature regulation leading to discomfort.  o Lighting Issues: Poor lighting quality, flickering lights, or China’s Institute of Earth Environment have constructed what they inadequate natural light. say is the world’s largest air purifier in the northern city of Xian. o Noise Levels: Constant or high noise levels, HIGH EFFICIENCY PARTICULATE AIR (HEPA) contributing to stress and fatigue. HEPA filters remove tiny particles from dust, mold, INDICATORS OF SICK BUILDING SYNDROME pollen, bacteria, viruses, and more from the air. Thin glass fibers are randomly arranged into a dense, Symptoms appear or worsen while in the building and improve paperlike material that is folded into pleats to create the when leaving. filter. Multiple people in the building experience similar symptoms. WHAT SHOULD I LOOK FOR IN AN AIR PURIFIER? No clear diagnosis or medical condition explains the symptoms. 1. CADR (clean-air delivery rate) rating – cleaning speed for removing smoke, dust, and pollen SBS is often linked to environmental factors in the building, so addressing the root causes like improving air quality, ventilation, and cleanliness can help 2. Size Guidelines – depends on the room size alleviate the symptoms. 3. Verification from proper manufacturer standards HOW TO PREVENT SICK BUILDING SYNDROME RELATED TO AIR QUALITY? 4. True HEPA filters 1. AIR CHANGES 3. CONTROL INDOOR POLLUTANTS AIR CHANGES Source Elimination: Identify and remove sources of indoor pollution, such as: Refers to how many times the air enters and exits a room from the HVAC system in one hour Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs): Minimize the use of materials that release VOCs, like certain paints, carpets, METHODS OF AIR CHANGES adhesives, and cleaning products. Opt for low-VOC or VOC-free alternatives. 1. INCREASE VENTILATION Mold and Moisture: Fix water leaks promptly, use dehumidifiers in Natural Ventilation areas with high humidity, and ensure good drainage systems to - Design buildings to maximize natural airflow through prevent mold growth. windows, doors, and vents to introduce fresh outdoor air. Consider cross-ventilation in room layouts. Tobacco Smoke: Ban smoking inside buildings or create well-ventilated designated smoking areas. Mechanical Ventilation - If chemical or biological contaminants are not properly 4. MONITOR AIR QUALITY removed or contained, utilizing mechanical ventilation can further exacerbate the issue. Air Quality Sensors: Install indoor air quality (IAQ) monitors to track levels of pollutants like carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide If contaminated air is circulating a building, the health of its (CO), particulate matter (PM2.5/PM10), and VOCs. occupants will decline rapidly. After removing the source, consider also adding a purification system. Humidity and Temperature Control: Maintain indoor humidity levels between 30-60% to prevent mold growth and reduce discomfort a. Exhaust-only ventilation: from dry air. Keep indoor temperatures comfortable and consistent to avoid triggering symptoms. o Uses fan to move indoor air out of your space, outdoor air is drawn in 5. BUILDING MAINTENANCE AND CLEANING o Low-cost but has several cons Routine HVAC System Maintenance: Regularly inspect and clean HVAC systems to prevent dust and mold buildup. o Can draw contaminants into your attic or crawlspace, moisture that could lead to rot Use Safe Cleaning Products: Implement green cleaning programs and mold using non-toxic, low-emission products that won’t release harmful chemicals into the air. b. Supply-only ventilation: Maintain Building Envelope: Ensure windows, doors, and walls are o This type of ventilation is the opposite of properly sealed to prevent outdoor pollutants from entering the exhaust only, as instead of pushing indoor building. air out, it draws outdoor air in using fans. 6. IMPROVE BUILDING DESIGN o The indoor air escapes through a system of exhaust fan ducts as well as the building Daylighting: Incorporate natural light sources like skylights and enclosure. The outdoor air comes in from a large windows to reduce the reliance on artificial lighting, which can single source that is chosen specifically for contribute to overheating and poor IAQ. its high air quality, which can be a benefit for people seeking clean air in their home. 7. EDUCATE OCCUPANTS c. Balanced Ventilation Train building occupants on how to maintain indoor air quality, such as encouraging them to report HVAC issues, avoid blocking o The third type of ventilation combines the ventilation outlets, and use non-toxic materials in their personal other two by using fans to draw air both into spaces and out of a building. o This system has all the benefits of exhaust-only and supply-only, such as reduced contaminants and control of air supply, without many of the drawbacks like humidity in the walls. However, the cost is higher than the other two options. Air Curtains: Installed at entrances, air curtains create a barrier of air that helps maintain temperature control and keeps outside contaminants from entering the space while allowing for opendoor operation. 2. AIR FILTRATION AND PURIFICATION Purification – A whole-building active air purifier eliminates indoor air pollutants effectively and efficiently. It removes dust, viruses, VOCs, dander and more.