INTD 3007 Building Technology 2 PDF

INTD 3007 Building Technology 2: Mechanical & Safety Systems Claudina Sula Week 9 "Building" by x-av is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 2.0....

INTD 3007 Building Technology 2: Mechanical & Safety Systems Claudina Sula Week 9 "Building" by x-av is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 2.0. 1  BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 2: MECHANICAL & SAFETY SYSTEMS What Week 9 -is a Comfort & Air Quality, cont’d. Thermal building? Thermal Comfort & Air Quality, Part 1 - recap Principles of Thermal Comfort Principles of Heat Transfer in Buildings Humidity Indoor Air Quality Thermal Comfort & Air Quality, Part 2 Infiltration and Ventilation Moisture Control Heating & Cooling - Introduction (Readings, Binggeli, chapters 13-14) 2 Thermal Comfort What is Thermal Comfort? Thermal Comfort is the provision of and satisfaction with a save and comfortable interior environment for human beings. 3  Principles of Heat Transfer We need to examine what temperature feels comfortable as well as look at how heat moves from our bodies to the surrounding space, from surface to surface and from space to space. Heat always moves from a warmer space to a cooler space, or a warmer surface to a cooler surface. Thermal equilibrium is reached where there is no difference in the temperature between two adjacent spaces, or adjacent surfaces. The greater the temperature difference the faster heat moves down the gradient. For example, in winter, heat is lost much faster to the exterior of a building than it is in the fall or spring. However, in the summer heat is lost from the exterior to the building. 4  Thermal Comfort - Humidity Humidity, which is the level of moisture in the air. High and low humidity can affect health (and comfort). High humidity can cause lots of issues in the interior environment: Mold and bacteria growth Interior finishes to peel or warp. Low humidity can cause: Irritation to the occupants of the space Dry skin, nose and throat. Image1 Architect and Engineers are the main decision makers when it comes to designing the temperature regulating systems of the built environment. Interior Designer can select interior finishes that have a low or high thermal capacity depending on the type of space. 5 18 Indoor Air Quality What can Interior Designers do to promote good Indoor Air Quality? Key participant in the renovation of buildings to new uses; Play a significant role in design team; Specify material that do not contribute to indoor air pollution. Research has shown that improving IAQ – can have a significant impact on health and productivity. Increasing health and productivity makes these strategies important and cost effective. 62 Human Comfort: Natural vs Mechanical Creating comfortable interior spaces usually are related to proper mechanical systems or HVAC systems. HVAC refers to Heating, Ventilation, and Air-condition systems. Support occupant comfort and health Protect structure and contents Achieving thermal comfort in a space isn't just about the HVAC design of the engineer but it is also about space planning and material selection which falls under the umbrella of interior design. As Interior Designers, we need to know about thermal comfort. Designing for human thermal comfort doesn’t just involve an optimum interior temperature, but it’s the combination of factors that determine what the optimum interior temperature should be. As a professional in the building industry it is very important to be able to coordinate with engineers and other consultants. 72 Infiltration and Ventilation Outdoor air enters a building by infiltration and/or ventilation. Ventilation: Process of intentionally bringing fresh air into a building. Infiltration: Occurs when fresh air accidentally enters a building through openings or cracks in a building. 82 Infiltration and Infiltration and Ventilation Ventilation Infiltration: Occurs when fresh air unintentionally enters a building through openings or cracks in a building. Wind creates high pressure on the windward side of a building – low pressure on the leeward side. Fresh air infiltrates a building – on the windward side Travels through cracks and seam. On opposite side of building (low pressure) – stale indoor air leaks back outside Minimize infiltration by sealing gaps, weatherstripping, adding vestibules, using revolving doors. 92 Infiltration and Ventilation Ventilation: Process of intentionally bringing fresh air into a building. Process brings in fresh air, provides oxygen and removes carbon dioxide / unwanted odors. Required for all climates. With advent of modern HVAC systems – fresh air is typically delivered via the heating/cooling systems. Building codes regulate minimum air flow rates Various types of ventilation systems 10 2 Infiltration and Ventilation Before invention of mechanical ventilation: High ceilings were common in buildings Created a large volume of indoor air that diluted odors and carbon dioxide Fresh air was provided by infiltration Use of large operable windows, created a steady exchange of air with the outdoors Natural systems – to assist with interior environments – assist with human health https://www.venuereport.com/roundups/16-wedding-venues-in-vancouver-you-need-to-know-about/entry/1/ 11 2 Infiltration and Ventilation MASS Architects, 60 minutes Rethinking building methods, material, labor sources, advantages of natural ventilation in buildings https://www.cbsnews.com/news/model-architecture-serving-society-60-minutes-2021-10-31// 12 2 Infiltration and Ventilation Ventilation Systems Basic components of a ventilation system: Air source that provides acceptable temperature, moisture content and cleanliness Force required to move air through building spaces Way to control the volume of air, velocity and direction of airflow Way to recycle or dispose of contaminated air. Primary ventilation systems include (dependent on the type and size of building): Natural Ventilation Mechanical Ventilation https://www.hometips.com/how-it-works/ventilation-systems- exhaust.html Attic and Roof Ventilation Mechanical Ventilation 13 2 Infiltration and Ventilation Ventilation Systems Natural Ventilation - General Moves fresh air through a building without fans. Wind or convection moves air from higher to lower pressure areas – through windows, doors, or openings Using natural ventilation helps keep a building cool in hot weather and supplies fresh air without excessive use of energy. Methods include: o Wind Ventilation o Convective Ventilation o Comfort Ventilation o Chimneys and Flues o Door and Window Ventilation Binggeli, Building Systems for Interior Designers, pg 230, Figures 13.6. 14 2 Infiltration and Ventilation Natural Ventilation Methods Cross Ventilation – driven by wind through windows Building plans can shape flow of air through space Operable windows are key component Ventilation openings must have an inlet (point of positive exterior pressure) and outlet (point of negative pressure) Size of inlet / outlet will affect the pressure differential and velocity Greater velocity will assist with cooling Impact to space & functionality to be considered. Cross Ventilation Binggelli, Building Systems for Interior Designers, pg 232, Figures 13.9 and 13.10 15 2 Infiltration and Ventilation Natural Ventilation Methods Cross Ventilation https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J0qKYBq7E8M 16 2 Infiltration and Ventilation Ventilation Systems Natural Ventilation Methods Solar Chimney – increases the stack effect within a building Example of convective ventilation Uses sun’s energy to improve ventilation in the building Moves air vertically on calm sunny days Induces a draft to create additional Solar Chimney updrafts that pull the breeze through the building 17 2 Binggeli, Building Systems for Interior Designers, pg 232, Figures 13.9 and 13.10 Infiltration and Ventilation Ventilation Systems Mechanical Ventilation Systems Circulate fresh air using ducts and fans in buildings. Benefits include: i) better indoor air quality (removes allergens, pollutants and moisture) ii) control of proper fresh air flow (appropriate locations intake/exhaust) iii) improved comfort (constant flow, filtration, dehumidification) 18 2 https://www.thegreenage.co.uk/mechanical-ventilation-in-buildings-what-you-need-to-know/ Infiltration and Ventilation Ventilation Systems Mechanical Ventilation Systems – How they work. Variety of systems available – based on local climate and building heating and cooling system ‘Specific’ ventilation system/fans required for kitchens/baths Typical systems and recommended climates: i) Supply Ventilation Systems – Hot or Mixed Climates - fresh air is drawn into building through an air intake - Either dedicated ventilation ducts or connected to main return air duct i) Exhaust Ventilation Systems – Cold Climates - Indoor air continuously exhausted through typically washroom fans ii) Balanced Ventilation Systems – All Climates - equal quantities of air brought in and sent out - typically using two fans (in/out) - most common systems are HRV (heat recovery) or ERV (energy recovery) 19 2 Infiltration and Ventilation Ventilation Systems Mechanical Ventilation Systems – How they work. Heat Recovery Ventilation System Transfers heat (only) from exhaust air to incoming air during heating season and from incoming air to exhaust air in the air conditioning system Reduce heating and cooling load and improve comfort https://www.redriverfurnace.com/hrv/ 20 2 Infiltration and Ventilation Ventilation Systems Mechanical Ventilation Systems – How they work. Energy Recovery Ventilation System Transfers heat and moisture between exhaust air and incoming air Additional savings in summer by reducing moisture content of air (rather than having to dehumidify) https://www.venmar.ca/22-detail-advice-hrv-and-erv-why-choose-a- 21 2 erv-energy-recovery-ventilator-.html Infiltration and Ventilation Ventilation Systems Residential Ventilation Systems Residential ventilation systems (mechanical systems) that remove air, heat, moisture, odors, combustion pollutants, and grease to the outside. Most systems are located near a cooking surface. 22 2 Infiltration and Ventilation Ventilation Systems Residential Ventilation Systems Residential range hoods – typically mounted above residential kitchen ranges, in a wide variety of styles and materials. 23 2 Infiltration and Ventilation Ventilation Systems Whole House - Ventilation Systems Includes a system of fans, ductwork and controls. Many different types of systems, that align with local climates. Basic types include: Exhaust ventilation systems Supply ventilation systems Balanced ventilation systems 24 2 Binggeli, Building Systems for Interior Designers, pg 237, Figures 13.19, 13.20 & 13.21. Infiltration and Ventilation Ventilation Systems Exhaust Systems Ventilation systems are required primarily in bathrooms to reduce condensation. This is due to the fact that most materials in bathrooms are cooler than the air – and promote condensation. Therefore, exhaust fans should be located in the ceiling above toilets and showers to exhaust moisture within the air. Bathroom fans should: Exhaust directly to the exterior. Fan fixtures can be combined with lighting fixture. Select fan models to suit size of room, and consider acoustics (quiet models) 25 2 Infiltration and Ventilation Ventilation Systems Other Exhaust Systems Localized Exhaust Systems are also included in special purpose spaces including: Copier rooms Commercial kitchens Public washrooms Also refer to LEED standards for requirements related to exhaust systems. 26 Humidity and Moisture Control Overview Designers take elaborate measures to keep moisture out of buildings! Air pressure can drive water in any direction. Capillary action can pull water through porous materials and narrow cracks Excess moisture in building materials can result in peeling paint, rusting metal, etc. Damp materials attract dirt, require more cleaning and maintenance Damp spaces foster growth of pollutants (bacteria and viruses) Damp spaces can also encourage pests (dust mites) and support mold growth 27 Humidity and Moisture Control Overview Designers take elaborate measures to keep moisture out of buildings! A typical family of four – produces and average of 4 gallons of water vapour per day Kitchen is a source of excess moisture – cooking produces water vapour Microwaves and conventional ovens – remove moisture from food and vent it into the kitchen Gas cooking appliances – general water vapour as a combustion bi-product Dishwashers add moisture to the air The smaller and more tightly constructed residences – have higher moisture problems. Hard and non-absorbent materials (glazed tiles, stone, etc.) dry faster than absorbent materials Good air circulation – speed drying. Placing towels near heat registers – help with drying. 28 Humidity and Moisture Control Humidity Water vapour is always present in the air. Warmer the air – more vapour When the maximum amount of water vapour in the air is reached – it condenses onto cool surfaces, or fog, or rain. People are comfortable withing 20-50% relative humidity (RH)range. High humidity levels affect interior design materials, as too much moisture can cause dimensional changes in wood, plant & animal fibres, masonry. Low humidity levels can cause wood and furniture to shrink and crack Humidity below 20% RH can cause skin irritation. Can cause static electricity and shocks. Humidification adds moisture to the air without intentionally changing the air temperature. 29 Heating and Cooling https://www.alman ac.com/content/first 30 -day-seasons Heating and Cooling During the second decade of the twenty-first century, several trends appear to be bubbling in the world of HVAC design. These are being driven by a desire to produce higher-performance buildings – deep green projects, net-zero energy projects, carbon-neutral projects. One trend … is a willingness to let active systems partner with passive systems. No matter how efficient an active HVAC system, an appropriate passive system will use less energy (and renewable energy to boot). One of the more direct paths to net-zero energy is not to reduce energy use for heating and cooling, but rather to eliminate such energy use. Building automation systems make the integration of active and passive systems easier to mange. (Walter T. Grondizik and Alison G. Kwak, Mechanical and Electrical Equipment for Buildings [12th ed.] Wiley 2015, pages 556-557) 31 Binggeli, Building Systems for Interior Designers, Third Edition, Wiley 2016, pg 243. Heating and Cooling Introduction The design of Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems has a major implication on a building’s architecture and interior design. Designers must coordinate with all consultants at the beginning of a project to make decisions about the use of the HVAC system and equipment. The designs of the mechanical systems must be fully integrated with the architecture and interior design. Develop this work concurrently. 32 University of Alberta Hospital – interior exposed Centre Georges Pompidou – exterior exposed mechanical system mechanical system Heating and Cooling Architectural and Engineering Considerations In North American climates – building components (walls, windows, roofs) can maintain comfortable interior temperatures. The mechanical engineer typically decides on which HVAC system will be used in a large building – considerations include performance, occupancy, cost, floor space, maintenance requirements, system controls. https://onlinemasters.ohio.edu/blog/leadership-in-engineering/ Architects and interior designers will communicate and coordinate with the engineer to assure that the system is properly integrated into the building and provides appropriate thermal comfort for users. The architect and engineer will resolve issues related to the exterior building envelope. These decisions include review of the thermal qualities of the building and fuel consumption of the mechanical equipment. A balance will be reached 33 to reach an appropriate decision between passive and active solutions.  Heating and Cooling Architectural and Engineering Considerations – The Design Process For very small projects – the selection of an HVAC system may be made by the architect and a mechanical contractor. For large more complex buildings, mechanical consulting engineers are involved and other specialists (fire protection, laboratory consultants, modelling firms, etc.) A study of mechanical systems in Canadian high-rise multi-unit residential Advantages and disadvantages of centralized and distributed buildings.. mechanical systems. A Study of Mechanical Systems in Canadian High-rise Multi-unit Residential Buildings 34 R. McNamara | Published 2016 | Engineering  Heating and Cooling Architectural and Engineering Considerations – The Design Process Mechanical systems in residential buildings with energy intensive mechanical systems highlighted in red. Mechanical system characteristics in residential buildings. Occupancy properties. Climate data. Model assembly constructions for assemblies. Plan analysis – condition review. 35 A Study of Mechanical Systems in Canadian High-rise Multi-unit Residential Buildings R. McNamara | Published 2016 | Engineering Heating and Cooling Architectural and Engineering Considerations – The Design Process Once the HVAC system is established, the specific system components are described: - Type and layout of distribution system - Size and location of central equipment - Efficiency in duct/piping runs (short direct runs, HVAC Equipment minimizing turns or bends, etc.) - Location and area related to HVAC equipment. Note: HVAC equipment can occupy 10-15% of the building area - Service and maintenance requirements are established - Acoustic and vibration control is reviewed - Adherence to codes and standards confirmed - Energy modelling completed and coordinated Building Area HVAC Space 36 Heating and Cooling Interior Design Considerations As interior designers, you should be aware of these components of HVAC design, as they will need to be coordinated into the design of rooms and spaces. This coordination may significantly impact your design intent and solutions. Locations and sizes (dimensions) of ductwork and piping. Noise generated by mechanical equipment. Size and location of central HVAC mechanical rooms Locations of vertical distribution equipment Locations of horizontal distribution equipment Space at exterior walls (registers, diffusers) Avoid conflicts with furniture layouts Locations of temperature controls (thermostats) HVAC distribution will affect the interior design of rooms and spaces Ceiling heights and integration of ductwork into ceiling cavities may impact interior volumes 37 Heating and Cooling Interior Design Considerations Locations and sizes (dimensions) of ductwork and piping. https://www.tritechenergy.com/blog/commercial-ductwork/importance- https://www.carolinaductmasters.com/what-should-you-know-about-your-attic-ductwork/ indoor-air-quality-commercial-buildings/ https://wginc.com/ductwork-to-hide-or-not-to-hide-that-is-the-question/ 38 https://enviroaircleaning.com/hvac-commercial/pro-tips-often-clean- commercial-hvac-air-ducts/ Heating and Cooling Interior Design Considerations Noise generated by mechanical equipment. https://blog.gltproducts.com/blog/tell-your-hvac-system-to-cool-it-with- https://www.armacell.us/blog/post/solving-vibration-noise-problems-in-hvac- the-noise-pollution systems/ Sound control in ducts Vibration Control of equipment 39 Heating and Cooling Interior Design Considerations Size and location of central HVAC mechanical rooms https://skyrisecities.com/news/2016/06/explainer-mechanical-penthouse Typical penthouse locations in high rise buildings 40 Heating and Cooling Interior Design Considerations Size and location of central HVAC mechanical rooms https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Eas9ms2hcYA https://www.pinterest.ca/pin/652740539723608048/ Basement mechanical rooms – residential | commercial. 41 Heating and Cooling Interior Design Considerations Locations of vertical distribution equipment https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy12osti/53352.pdf Vertical duct integration - residential 42 Heating and Cooling Interior Design Considerations Locations of vertical distribution equipment https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ford_Building_typical_floor_plan.png Vertical duct integration – commercial. 43 Heating and Cooling Interior Design Considerations Locations of horizontal distribution equipment https://www.istockphoto.com/vector/cutaway-office-building-with-city-background-gm496830799-41288418 Diagrammatic building section - horizontal duct integration. 44. Heating and Cooling Interior Design Considerations Space at exterior walls (registers, diffusers) Avoid conflicts with furniture layouts https://ariavent.com/ https://www.lowes.ca/ideas-how-to/buying-guides/floor-registers https://info.priceindustries.com/grd-product-guide-1 45 Floor registers – residential | baseboards – commercial | floor registers. Heating and Cooling Interior Design Considerations Locations of temperature controls (thermostats). https://www.comfortpros.net/5-signs-your-ac-thermostat-is-broken/ 46 Heating and Cooling Interior Design Considerations HVAC distribution will affect the interior design of rooms and spaces Ceiling heights and integration of ductwork into ceiling cavities may impact interior volumes. 47 Heating and Cooling As an Interior Designer: Be aware of how heating and cooling equipment works Understand how the equipment will affect your design, energy efficiency, and your client’s comfort Understand occupancy issues such and an open office plan or a private enclosed office impacts a mechanical system Review how the design of air and ventilation systems interact with furniture design and room layouts 48 https://www.thecoolist.com/inspiration-beautiful-ceilings/ https://www.usg.com/content/usgcom/en/ceilings-plus.html HVAC - Effects on Interior Design The interior designer has input, as the space planning and types of activities taking place influence the type of HVAC systems needed. 49 20  BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 2: MECHANICAL & SAFETY SYSTEMS What is a Next Week, building? Week 9 – Thermal Comfort, Part 3 Heating Systems Cooling Systems HVAC Systems & Components Designing Reflected Ceiling Plans 50