ARAL TAYO NG EXP PSYCH PDF

 Analysis Prepared by: Aki Bartolome, 2BES2 Jomara Caca, 2BES2 Eunice De Leon, 2BES2 Althea Verzosa, 2BES2...

 Analysis Prepared by: Aki Bartolome, 2BES2 Jomara Caca, 2BES2 Eunice De Leon, 2BES2 Althea Verzosa, 2BES2 Table of Contents The Science Of Psychology………………………………………………………………………………..pg.2 Historical Foundations Of Experimental Psychology………………………..…………..…………………pg.9 Pseudoscientific Remedies……………………………………..……………………………..……………pg.14 Pseudoscientific Remedies………………………………………………………………………..………..pg.14 Major Schools Of Thoughts In Psychology………………………………………………………….……..pg.15 History Of Psychology In The Philippines……………………………………………………………..…..pg.31 Scientific Understanding Of Behavior………………………………………………………………….....pg.32 The Beginnings Of Experimental Psychology……………………………………………………………..pg.36 Fundamentals Of Research……………………………………………………………………………….pg.40 Behaviorism School Of Thought…………………………………………………………………...……....pg.54 1  Analysis LESSON 1: THE SCIENCE OF PSYCHOLOGY forgotten dream, etc. Research fuels the fire of providing answers to THE BRAIN life mysteries and pushes the boundaries of our The most powerful organ in the body knowledge and understanding of life. ○ You can fly in your dream or walk on the sea in your imagination through your brain. INTRODUCTION OF EXPERIMENTAL It compromises less than 100 billion (approx. 86 PSYCHOLOGY billion) of neurons. When you hear the word psychology, what ○ It’s quite close to the number of stars in the comes into your mind? Milky Way. ○ An asylum filled with raging lunatics The most complex part of the human body that ○ A woman/man in a white coat walking has varied functions and uses around 1) The seat of human intelligence ○ Nonchalantly jotting down information on a 2) The interpreter of all our senses. sheet of paper ○ We can decipher sights, sounds, textures, ○ A client lying on a chair/lounge while a man flavors, etc. resembling Sigmund Freud listens to their 3) The initiator of body reflexes and movements problem ○ The body can be paralyzed if there is some ○ Lie Detectors? All-knowing guts? Frauds? brain damage due to stroke and other Liars? brain-related illnesses. Experimental psychology is the study of 4) The controller of human emotions and psychological phenomena and their causes and behaviors effects. ○ EXAMPLE: Attraction, love, jealousy, ○ EXAMPLE: The smoking behaviors of sadness/depression, helping others, Thomasian students (a psychological anxiety/worrying, etc. phenomena) Some of the known classical experiments are NEUROSCIENCE RESEARCH Pavlov’s classical conditioning and the Prison From the ancient Egyptian mummification to experiment. 18th-century scientific research on neurons, there Experimental research has to go through phases is evidence of neuroscience research throughout to establish cause and effect. the early periods of history. Over the last 80 years, brain research has FOLK PSYCHOLOGY / COMMON SENSE / gained a lot of traction with recent advances in INTUITION the human genome. Breaking it down into its two components: Their research efforts have greatly improved our common and sense understanding of the brain, behavior, and mental ○ COMMON - It is an ability that all persons processes. have, not just those who are educated. In a world without research, life expectancy ○ SENSE - This refers to the idea that it is an would plummet, basic needs would be a ability based on logic and reason. forgotten dream, innovation would be a Plain, self-evident truths or conventional wisdom 2  Analysis that one needed no sophistication to grasp and the brain. no proof to accept precisely because they ○ LUNATIC - This term can come from the idea accorded so well with the basic intellectual that there are changes in the mental state of capacities and experiences of the whole social an individual related to lunar cycles. body. ○ In reality, a 2006 review of more than ○ EXAMPLE: Taking an umbrella when there is 10,000 medical records from different a 99% chance of precipitation facilities found no relationship between the ○ EXAMPLE: Checking both ways before full moon and the number of psychiatric or crossing the road mood disorder hospital visits. Sometimes, common sense is just something that You cannot truly love another person unless comes naturally to us. you love yourself. Studying is most effective when it is always GREAT MYTHS OF POP PSYCHOLOGY done in the same location. People use only 10% of their brain power. Women are more talkative than men. ○ We use all parts of our brain all the time Low self-esteem is a major cause of since the brain is the one controlling the psychological problems. whole body. ○ This statement is still not applicable even COMMON MISCONCEPTIONS ABOUT though a person had a brain injury or stroke PSYCHOLOGY or is bedridden because there is still blood Psychologists can read minds running throughout their body, their bowel ○ Psychologists cannot instantly read minds. movements are still working—and the brain They follow various scientific methods, such as is responsible for those. It does not tests, observational cues, and experiments, to automatically mean that only 10% of the arrive at a specific conclusion. brain is working. ○ Psychology is the study of the mind and how ○ This myth is often attributed to the people interact with society; no psychologist 19th-century psychologist William James, the will ever claim that they can read minds. Father of American Psychology, and Albert ○ Psychologists can MAKE ASSUMPTIONS by Einstein, who proposed that most of our reading body language, nonverbal mental potential goes untapped. language, etc. But for the conclusion, there’s Psychiatric admissions and crimes increase a need to go through scientific methods during a full moon. before making a conclusion. ○ In 400 BC, physicians and philosophers ○ Aside from observation, they can also do blamed behavioral changes on the psychological tests, interview, and know a gravitational pull of the moon. person based on what people say about ○ This myth arose from the idea that since the them. human body is composed of 60% water, ○ There are methods that psychologists utilize scientists have wondered whether the in order not just to read but to understand changing gravitational pull might affect how what people are thinking. fluids react inside the human body, especially Psychology is an easy major 3  Analysis ○ Psychology is a very technical subject. It and diagnose a patient suffering from a involves research, analyzing data, reading mental illness. But they do not have the academic journals, and writing academic ability to prescribe drugs since they have reports. not studied medicine. ○ Since the mind is a complex organ of the ○ Psychiatrists diagnose and help manage body, studying the human mind is also very mental illness through a range of therapies complex. like pharmacotherapy. ○ There are a lot of methodologies to learn, PHARMACOTHERAPY - Treatment of especially in graduate school (particularly health conditions by using pharmaceutical Clinical Psychology) products (drugs) as medication. ○ If the course requirements in psychology Psychiatrists can diagnose, but in terms of match up with the types of things you are test administration, they do not have good at and interested in, then psychology enough training. So they would still refer will be easy. their patients to a Clinical Psychologist. ○ If you like learning about how people think, They are more inclined to the biological why they act certain ways, how they perceive aspect of the illness. Their approach is the world, and like the idea of designing more medical. They took pre-med and research studies, analyzing data using medicine, so they are more statistics, reading academic journal articles, knowledgeable when it comes to the and writing up research reports, psychology workings of the body. will be a breeze! Psychiatrists can recommend drugs that a Psychology is the same as psychiatry patients can use in order for them to ○ They differ in their academic backgrounds; a stabilize their mood and also the side psychiatrist has medical training while a effects of their prescriptions. psychologist have a masters degree. ○ Both are able to diagnose (especially clinical ○ They are the same in terms of working in the psychologists), but only psychiatrists can same field which is mental health, but in prescribe medications. terms of the actual work, they are not the Clinical psychologists have special same. training in the diagnosis and treatment of ○ A graduate in psychology is called a mental illness. Psychologist, while a Psychiatrist is a medical Psychologists work only in hospitals doctor that specialized in psychiatry. ○ Psychology is a broad and diverse field that ○ Psychologists are not doctors unless they encompasses the study of human thought, complete a PhD and focus on psychotherapy. behavior, development, personality, emotion, PSYCHOTHERAPY - Treatment of mental motivation, and more. conditions by verbal communication and ○ Psychologists work in varied settings: schools, interaction; “talk therapy” sports, counseling, corporate, prisons, They usually administer psychological intelligence agencies, rehabilitation centers, tests, treat clients and patients with human resources (HR) department, and psychological interventions like therapy, industrial sectors in addition to hospitals. 4  Analysis ○ Research and teaching careers are also very ○ Although most consider Psychology as one of common. the helping professions, less than half of all Psychology is NOT a science psychologists actually provide direct service ○ Psychology is a part of social sciences. such as therapy or counseling. ○ It does take a scientific approach and uses ○ Many psychologists work in universities, empirical methods to understand human businesses, or for the government where they behavior. Psychologists use both qualitative conduct research, act as consultants, provide research methods, such as interviews and social services, and teach. focus groups, as well as quantitative research ○ Psychology also allows people to work in methods, such as questionnaires and surveys, universities, research institutes, counseling to understand various behavioral and centers, corporate offices (psychological cognitive processes. centers), government (as a consultant), social A good way to avoid math is to be a services, etc. psychology major Research and statistics classes are useless ○ Psychology involves statistics, which is used to requirements. analyze data. ○ Regardless of your plans for doing research ○ Research and statistics are a very large part in the future, the skills that you acquire during of psychology since psychology is a science – these classes are invaluable as you go into the process by which we learn about the job market. behavior and thought requires an ○ Research (Appleby, 2000) shows that understanding of methodology and proper employers are most interested in the experimentation techniques. following characteristics from psychology There aren’t any statistics in psychology baccalaureates: ○ When talking about psychology as a science, Communication skills everything has to be exact. Everything has to Social skills be accurate. Personal skills ○ Through statistics, we are able to quantify Information gathering and Information and also to come up with accurate and exact processing skills conclusions. Numerical skills ○ Psychology involves Mathematics and Computer skills Statistics and are an important part of any Psychometric skills psychology program, since you need to master one or more statistical software like IS PSYCHOLOGY A SCIENCE? Excel, SPSS, or Jamovi to analyze Psychology is a part of the social sciences, one quantitative data and eventually deduce of the three disciplines of science: results in research projects. ○ PHYSICAL SCIENCES - The study of the ○ Statistics allow psychologists to present data world of things: the inanimate world of stars, in ways that are easier to comprehend such light, waves, atoms, the Earth, compounds, as using graphs, pie charts, and scatter plots. and molecules. These sciences include physics, Psychology is only about helping people astronomy, chemistry, and geology. 5  Analysis ○ BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES - The study of plants those sensations/reaction to the stimulus. and animals in the broadest sense. These BEHAVIOR - observable actions of a person or include biology, zoology, genetics, and animal botany. ○ OVERT - observable behaviors, can be ○ SOCIAL SCIENCES - The study of humans perceived by the senses. both as individuals and as groups. These EXAMPLE: Smiling, Walking include anthropology, sociology, economics, Psychologists usually consider this psychology, etc. ○ COVERT - hidden behaviors EXAMPLE: Worrying, feeling happy WHAT IS PSYCHOLOGY? MIND - thoughts, feelings, sensations, Psychology is scientific; objective, factual, perceptions, memories, dreams, motives, and non-biased. other subjective experiences Includes observable facts/data and SCIENTIFIC - Came from the Latin word well-described methods “Scientia” which means knowledge. It is ○ You have to derive answers based on data composed of: and not on your opinions ○ CONTENT - This is what we know, such as ○ Refrain from being philosophical – be facts we learn in psychology realistic and empirical. Use facts and EXAMPLES: Theory of Albert Bandura, research instead of being philosophical. Skinner, and Pavlov It came from the Latin words “psyche” and ○ PROCESS - Activity/systematic way of “logia” gathering data, noting relationships, and ○ PSYCHE - Soul/mind offering explanation ○ LOGIA - Study of Experimental Psychology is more about It is the scientific study of mental processes and the process of generating new behavior. experiences. MENTAL PROCESSES - thoughts, feelings, ○ It is also an objective way to answer sensations, perceptions, memories, dreams, questions based on observable facts/data motives, and other subjective experiences. and well-described methods. ○ FEELINGS can be both mental (you feel anxious because you think something bad DON’T PSYCHOLOGISTS TREAT PEOPLE WITH will happen) and physiological (when you MENTAL ILLNESS? feel anxious, you palpitate, or your palm are They don’t just treat people with mental illness. sweaty, you are trembling). Some psychologists practice or apply ○ EXAMPLE: Light enters out eyes which helps psychology to diagnose and treat problems of us see (sensation), with the help of this we thought and behavior or enhance well-being. can see that our enemy is walking towards us Therefore, psychology: (perception), and our reaction is to fight ○ Is both a clinical practice and a science back or to walk away (behavior) ○ The clinical or active part encompasses the ○ SENSATION - the stimulus service provided in the therapists’ offices, ○ PERCEPTIONS are the way we interpret schools, hospitals, and businesses 6  Analysis ○ You can also find popular psychology in crises, and increase their ability to function homes, radio talk shows, on the internet, and better in their lives. in tv shows. ○ It focuses specifically but not exclusively on normative life-span development, with a DIFFERENT FIELDS OF PSYCHOLOGY particular emphasis on prevention and Two major areas of Psychology are: education as well as amelioration, ○ RESEARCH - It seeks to increase our addressing individuals as well as the systems knowledge base. or contexts in which they function. ○ PRACTICE - It refers to the application of ○ It has particular expertise in work and our knowledge to solving real-life problems. career issues. CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY - Applies ○ They are usually guidance counselors in psychological principles to the prevention, schools. diagnosis, and treatment of psychological PSYCHIATRY - A field of medicine that disorders. Clinical psychologists assess, evaluate, diagnoses and treats psychological disorders by and treat clients with a range of mental or using medical or psychological forms of therapy. physical health issues, conditions, and disorders. SCHOOL OF PSYCHOLOGY - Applies They aim to reduce the distress and improve the psychological principles to improve academic psychological well-being of your clients who may performance and social behavior of students in have a variety of mental or physical health elementary and high school. conditions, including: EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY - Is concerned ○ Anxiety, depression, mental illness with the teaching-learning situation and ○ Adjustment to physical illness conducting studies for the improvement of ○ Neurological disorders measurement. It applies psychological principles ○ Addictive and challenging behaviors to improve curriculum, teaching methods, and ○ Eating disorders administrative procedures. ○ Personal and family relationship problems HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY - Is concerned with the ○ Learning disabilities interrelationship of the mind, body, behavior, health, as well as, promotion of health and COUNSELING PSYCHOLOGY - Applies prevention of illness. psychological principles to help individuals deal with personal problems, generally less severe BIOPSYCHOLOGY - Is concerned with the study ones than those seen by clinical psychologists. of the biological basis of behavior Traditionally, a counseling psychologist works COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY - Is interested in with normal or moderately maladjusted exploring man’s mental processes – individuals. problem-solving, judgment, decision-making, ○ It is a generalist health service (HSP) perception, and thinking. specialty in professional psychology that uses FORENSIC PSYCHOLOGY - It involves applying a broad range of culturally-informed and psychology to the field of investigation and the culturally-sensitive practices to help people law. Forensic psychologists utilize their improve their well-being, prevent and knowledge of psychological principles and use it alleviate distress and maladjustment, resolve to understand different aspects of the legal 7  Analysis system. This sometimes involves conducting ○ Characterized by the scientific study of evaluations of people in the court system, human behavior in organizations and the performing psychotherapy with victims of crimes, work place. evaluating witnesses, and even providing ○ This specialty focuses on deriving principles testimony in civil and criminal trials. of individual, group and organizational SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY - Deals with how man behavior and applying this knowledge to the behaves in his interactions with others. solution of problems at work. DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY - Is concerned ○ Specialized knowledge and training in the with the study of the principles of development science of behavior in the workplace requires as applied to the physical, social, cognitive, and in-depth knowledge of organizational emotional development. development, attitudes, career development, SPORTS PSYCHOLOGY - A proficiency that decision theory, human performance and involves the application of psychological theories human factors, consumer behavior, small for the enhancement of an athlete’s group theory and process, criterion theory performance. To address optimal performance and development, job and task analysis and and well-being of athletes, developmental and individual assessment. social aspects of sports participation, and ○ In addition, the specialty of systemic issues associated with sports settings industrial-organizational psychology requires and organizations. APA recognizes sport knowledge of ethical considerations as well psychology as a proficiency acquired after a as statutory, administrative, and case law doctoral degree in one of the primary areas of and executive orders as related to activities psychology and licensure as a psychologist. This in the workplace. proficiency does not include those who have ENGINEERING PSYCHOLOGY - Applies earned a doctoral degree in sport psychology psychological principles to the design of but are not licensed psychologists. equipment and instruments. EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY - Involves the ENVIRONMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY - Applies use of experimental methods and designs in psychological principles to improve the physical establishing causal relationship between environment including the design of buildings independent and dependent variables. and the reduction of noise, crowding, and other POSITING PSYCHOLOGY - Dedicated in sources of stress. promoting the positive human strengths instead COMPUTER SCIENCE - Involves planning the of psychological disorders. It emphasizes design and data analysis or experiments that happiness, wisdom, resilience, hope, optimism, require the kind of complex calculations that can etc. only be done with ease on a computer. CONSUMER PSYCHOLOGY - Involves activities ○ Psychologists may work in the area of and techniques that influence the choice of artificial intelligence which uses computers to products and services among buyers/consumers. perform the kind of intellectual tasks that are INDUSTRIAL-ORGANIZATIONAL considered characteristics of human thoughts. PSYCHOLOGY - Applies psychological principles HUMAN FACTORS - An area of psychology that to improve productivity in business, industries, focuses on a range of different topics, including and government agencies. 8  Analysis ergonomics, workplace safety, human error, Psychology arose out of philosophy in order to product design, human capability, and include the empirical method when examining human-computer interaction. questions posed by philosophers. ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY - Deals with ○ EMPIRICAL – observable; can be grounded psychopathology and abnormal behavior. in reality. Philosophy has brought various topics of study to WHY YOU SHOULD STUDY PSYCHOLOGY the field of psychology like sensation, Reasons for studying psychology vary from perception, intelligence, and memory. person to person. Studying psychology not only makes you more PHILOSOPHY aware of how people work in general, but it It came from the Greek words “philo” which also makes you more aware of how you work. means “love” and “sophia” which means ○ You become more self-aware or conscious “wisdom”. about the inner workings of your mind. Its purpose is to solve problems that occur in Understanding others’ thoughts, feelings, and reality. motives – as well as your own – may help you be It focuses on the study of a variety of perhaps a more effective doctor, lawyer, businessperson, more transcendent problems. or friend. ○ EXAMPLE: Existence, knowledge, truth, morals, ○ Learning how to sympathize and empathize beauty, the mind, and language. with others will help you become a better It generally performs its research in a person in your own field. non-empirical way. ○ You have to love yourself first before you ○ EXAMPLE: Conceptual analysis, mental give love to others. It starts within. experiments, speculations, or other a priori ○ You must understand yourself first and you methods. can find out about yourself with psychology. Understanding how children learn, think, reason, SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES BETWEEN and play will help you to become a good parent PHILOSOPHY AND PSYCHOLOGY or a teacher. ○ It is not only about your career, but also SIMILARITIES about your personality that can be Philosophy gives psychology a general vision of improved. being a human. ○ This is the basis for a good part of LESSON 2: HISTORICAL FOUNDATIONS OF psychological theories. EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY Philosophy sometimes uses a scientific methodology to achieve its objectives. FROM PHILOSOPHY TO PSYCHOLOGICAL ○ Both share objects of study, i.e., the human SCIENCE person. Psychology started as a branch of philosophy Philosophy has contributed some topics to and continued about 2000 years before psychology. emerging as a science. ○ EXAMPLE: Sensation, perception, intelligence, 9  Analysis memory, and will. Indicators (or signs of being aware) involve: Philosophy fits into psychology in two ways: ○ COGNITION – knowing, believing, 1. The relative hypotheses – The mind and understanding, or thinking. proper ways of studying it. ○ EMOTION – envy, anger, fear, or joy. 2. The general principles underlying scientific ○ SENSATION – different stimuli coming from research. the environment that are received by the sense organs, e.g., pain, tickles, and itches. DIFFERENCES ○ PERCEPTION – the way you interpret those Regarding their method: sensations, e.g., hearing, seeing, touching, ○ Philosophy works with conceptual categories smelling, and tasting. and the relationships that exist between ○ QUASI-PERCEPTION – perception is not them. grounded in reality and is distorted, e.g., ○ Psychology relies on empirical and statistical hallucination, dreaming, and imagining. methods. ○ CONATIONS – acting, trying, wanting, and Regarding their end goals: intending. ○ Philosophy has more intellectual purposes that aim to explain reality. PRE-SOCRATIC PHILOSOPHY (THE MILESIANS) ○ Psychology focuses on therapy and It is also known as Early Greek Philosophy since intervention. it was before Socrates. Regarding their morality: Philosophers were mostly interested in cosmology ○ Philosophy seeks to explain everything, since it would explain the beginning and the including what is right or what is wrong. substance of the university. ○ Psychology does not study what is moral and Psychology began as a result of curiosity of what is not, but rather what different morals cosmologists to understand about the mystic exist. experiences and activities of people and events. In a sense, it is cosmo-centric. MENTAL PHILOSOPHY ○ There is a fundamental principle that This branch of philosophy was what actually underlies everything else including the human started psychology. self. It is the study of consciousness and mental DEMOCRITUS – atoms. processes. ANAXAGORAS – nous: mind. It was based on the premise that the human mind HERACLITUS – fire. begins as a blank slate, gaining knowledge PYTHAGORAS – numbers. through sensory experiences. It is primarily engaged in the study of the five THE ANCIENT TRIUMVIRATE senses through introspection and observation. It is considered as the golden age of philosophy because they were able to contribute greatly not CONSCIOUSNESS only in the field of philosophy but also in other It is ordinarily associated with awareness (of the disciplines such as biology, chemistry, and arts. person). 10  Analysis SOCRATES source of all changes although unchangeable “Know thy self” itself. ○ Man must live and stand according to his The goal of the human self is to reach happiness nature. through moderation or balance of things. ○ Man must look at himself. “An unexamined life is not worth living” THE POST-ARISTOTELIANS ○ Two fundamental questions: STOICISM – apathy or indifference to pleasure. 1. To find what? HEDONISM – seeks pleasure; “eat, drink, and 2. By what means? be happy, for tomorrow, you will die.” Our soul (self) strives for wisdom and perfection. EPICUREANISM – balance of things; moderate ○ REASON – the tool of the soul to achieve pleasure is the way to happiness. such a state. ○ SOUL (SELF) – a unified, indissoluble, PLATO immortal entity that remains the same over The soul/self (psyche) has 3-parts. time that is in the very likeness of the divine. ○ REASON – the divine essence that lets us THE SOCRATIC METHOD – it is a dialogue think deeply, make wise choices, and achieve between the soul and itself (or between a a true understanding of eternal truths. student and their teacher). ○ PHYSICAL APPETITE – accounts for the basic Invitation to introspection. biological needs such as hunger, thirst, and ○ Knowledge is within and inherent in man. sexual desire. ○ Wisdom is learning to reflect. ○ SPIRIT/PASSION – accounts for the basic Two aspects of reality: emotions such as love, anger, ambition, aggressiveness, and empathy. ○ PHYSICAL WORLD – changing, transient, and imperfect; world of senses/matter. The three are in a dynamic relationship with each other, in agreement or in conflict. ○ SPIRITUAL WORLD – unchanging, eternal, and perfect; world of ideas/form. ○ But it is the responsibility of the reason to restore harmony among the three. DUALISTIC REALITY – each person has an immortal soul that supasses the death of the MEDIEVAL PHILOSOPHY (500 AD TO 1350 AD) body. It existed in the Medieval or Middle Ages from ARISTOTLE the fall of the Roman empire to the Renaissance. The mind (self) is a tabula rasa (a blank slate). ○ It was considered the Dark Ages because of the collapse of the Roman empire where ○ Connected to human development. there were a lot of crises and a plague that The self is composed of matter and form. killed lots of humans. ○ Matter is in a continuous process of The academic focal points during that time were developing and becoming. churches and the sources of information came The process of completion is through experiences. from the Bible. ○ Knowledge is acquired through the senses. ○ In order to be saved from this crisis or havoc, The self comes from a first cause which is the they needed to depend on God and the 11  Analysis Church. origin of knowledge and final court of judgment ○ Their knowledge came from the Church in evaluating the accuracy of the ideas. leaders as well as the Bible. ○ Innate ideas come and begin from the mind. In a sense, it is theo-centric because it was ○ Through reasoning, evaluating, and heavily influenced by Christian Theology. rationalizing, the person can get ○ THEO/THEOS – a Greek word which means information/new knowledge. “God”. EMPIRICIST – sense experience is the origin of knowledge. MEDIEVAL THINKERS ST. THOMAS AQUINAS MODERN PHILOSOPHERS ○ Self-knowledge is dependent on our JOHN LOCKE experience of the world around us as well as ○ An empiricist, physician, English philosopher, ourselves. and a doctor. ○ The labels we have for ourselves are taken Being a doctor provided him with from what we do, feel, or think towards other different perspectives. things. He would ask questions to his clients ○ If you are not experiencing anything, you about what they are feeling, then would would not be able to know a thing or two. relate these symptoms to his prior ○ We don’t encounter ourselves as isolated knowledge of the disease, so he would minds or selves, but rather always as agents come up with the right diagnosis. interacting with our environment. ○ Knowledge originates in our direct sense experience. MODERN PHILOSOPHY (14TH CENTURY TO THE ○ Reason plays a subsequent role in figuring EARLY 20TH CENTURY) out the significance of the sense experience It existed during the Renaissance period. and in reaching intelligent conclusions. Genuine knowledge has to be based on The self endures because of memory. independent rational inquiry and real world ○ Conscious awareness and memory of experimentation rather than dependent on previous experiences are the keys to knowledge handed down by authorities. understanding the self. In a sense, it is anthropocentric because it was RENE DESCARTES centered on the human person. ○ The Founder/Father of Modern Philosophy. Modern philosophers began to reject medieval ○ A rationalist, French mathematician, thinkers’ excessive reliance on authority. philosopher, and scientist. ○ They began to think, experiment, and do ○ He was concerned with understanding that something in order to get knowledge. the thinking process is the human ability to It was a period of radical, social, political, and reason or to achieve truth and knowledge. intellectual developments. ○ The origin of knowledge would come from the reason itself. TWO SCHOOLS OF THOUGHT Through reasoning and rationalizing, the RATIONALIST – reasoning ability provides the person would come up with new 12  Analysis knowledge/information. LEFT BRAIN: order, rational, objective, ○ COGITO ERGO SUM – “I think, therefore, I math, language, logic, and number am.” sequence. Human identity: self–awareness. RIGHT BRAIN: art, imagination, memory, The self, a thinking thing, can exist music, emotion. independently of the body. Our existence depends on our thinking. CONTEMPORARY PHILOSOPHY (LATE 19TH If you are not thinking, you are not CENTURY-EARLY 20TH CENTURY) existing. The start of political revolution, industrial ○ DUALISM – two aspects of the self. revolution, scientific advancements, growth of THINKING (SPIRITUAL) SELF – materialism, and theory of evolution (Charles governed by laws of reason and God’s Darwin). will; surpasses the physical self. More humanist as a response to the so-called PHYSICAL BODY – governed by the alienation of the human person. laws of nature. HUMANISTIC PERSPECTIVE – believes that ○ Still, the intimate connection between the soul there is goodness in every person, no matter how and the body is undeniable. bad they are, and that goodness in them would ○ He doesn’t deny the association of the be a way for them to change their behavior. physical body to the thinking self. CONTEMPORARY PHILOSOPHERS GILBERT RYLE EDMUND HUSSERL ○ A physicalist. ○ The Father of Phenomenology. ○ His philosophy is grounded on behaviorism. PHENOMENOLOGY – refers to the There is no more dichotomy by denying conviction that all knowledge of ourselves the inner selves, immortal souls, and and our world is based on a phenomena states of consciousness or unconsciousness. of experience. BEHAVIORISM – a school of psychology PHENOMENON – the way we that advocates focusing on public events experience things; the meanings we (behavior) while ignoring private events. attach in our experience, perception, ○ The self is defined in terms of behavior that thoughts, memory, imagination, emotions, is presented to the world. desires, etc. ○ The self is how you behave. ○ Every person has their own You exist because you are doing experience/interpretation of their own something, you are doing an action, and experience. you are reacting/responding to a certain EXAMPLE: When people experience the stimuli from the environment. same typhoon, they still have their own PAUL CHURCHLAND meanings to that typhoon. Others would ○ A physicalist. see it in a positive light (not just as a way ○ ELIMINATIVE MATERIALISM – the mind/self for them to change but also that there is is the brain; grounded in neuroscience. a plan why God gave them this typhoon) 13  Analysis and in a negative light (deaths, ○ The brain muscles not being used as tragedies, accidents, etc.). frequently remained small and were not ○ We experience ourselves as a unity in which present on the exterior of the skull. the mental and physical are seamlessly woven together. PAUL BROCA Demolished the idea that phrenology was a LESSON 3: PSEUDOSCIENTIFIC REMEDIES science when he discovered and named the Broca’s area. PSEUDOSCIENTIFIC REMEDIES ○ The patient’s ability to produce language Primary adversary of mental philosophy. was lost while their ability to understand Involves curing/treating people because during language remained intact. that time, psychological treatment and scientific ○ Through an autopsy examining their brain, he methods are not yet known. found that there was damage to the left frontal lobe. PHRENOLOGY Developed by Franz Joseph Gall, a German BROCA’S AREA physician. The area of the brain that was responsible for Involves assessing traits and dispositions by language production. measuring the size and location of bumps on the skull. LESSON 4: PSEUDOSCIENTIFIC REMEDIES There are different partitions or faculties in the skull which have their own characteristics. PHYSIOGNOMY FACULTIES – are individual traits believed to Came from the Greek words “physis” which reside in specific areas in the brain. means “nature” and “gnomon” which means ○ Overused faculties were believed to result in “judge” or “interpreter”. corresponding bumps on the skull. Involves using facial features particularly the It was not scientific because what they are appearance of the eyes, nose, chin, and actually looking at is the skull, the hard covering forehead to evaluate traits, mental capacity, and of the brain, and not the brain itself. skills. An arch in the upper part of the nose was PHRENOLOGICAL SKULL believed to indicate fear and voluptuousness. Based on the concept that the brain is the organ It was not scientific; it only promoted of the mind and that certain brain areas have stereotypes. localized specific functions or modules. The brain was composed of different muscles. MESMERISM ○ Those that were used more often were Invented by Franz Mesmer (1734-1815), an bigger, resulting in different skull shapes. Austrian Physician. ○ This led to the reasoning behind why Mesmer believed that fluids in the body ebbed everyone had bumps on the skull in different and flowed by magnetic principles. locations. Physical and mental illness could be cured by 14  Analysis realigning these imbalanced fluids using Evidence relies on confirmation. magnets, electrodes, or hands passed across the patient’s body. LESSON 5: MAJOR SCHOOLS OF THOUGHTS IN In hindsight, Mesmer was most likely inducing a PSYCHOLOGY hypnotic state and planting suggestions in the A school of thought or intellectual tradition is the minds of patients. perspective of a group of people who share common characteristics of opinion or outlook HYPNOTHERAPY (philosophy, sociology, economics, art movements) A kind of therapy that uses hypnotism. Colloquial: which is used to describe those that It was effective in a way patients could relax or think alike or those that focus on a common idea. induce deep relaxation in a very therapeutic way. SCIENTIFIC PSYCHOLOGY Separated from Philosophy in the 19th century. SPIRITUALISM ○ Influences from Psychology refrain. involves purported contact with ghosts and spirits ○ Experimentation and establishment of of the dead. Psychology Laboratory. Spiritualists held seances, acting as mediums, in which they claimed to speak with people who WILHELM WUNDT (1832 - 1920) had died and provided psychological advice to He is from Leipzig, Germany the relatives of the departed who paid these He established the first psychology laboratory. services. He applied laboratory techniques to the study of In a way, they believe that they can communicate the mind. to dead spirits about some unfinished business He is the proponent of STRUCTURALISM and they will give advice to their living clients. ○ Identify “atoms” of the mind ○ Focused on basic sensory and perceptual PARAPSYCHOLOGY processes. Combination of spiritualism and psychology. ○ Like atoms, the mind is composed of several parts. SIX COMMON CHARACTERISTICS/ELEMENTS OF ○ Focuses on the different parts of the mind. PSEUDOSCIENCE ○ EXAMPLE: Use of imprecise, scientific-sounding language. Describing an apple – an apple is No evidence of continued research or new crunchy, sweet, juicy, round, and hard knowledge gained over time. Your experience at the ocean – windy, Reliance on anecdotes as evidence. salty, and cold, yet rejuvenating. Reliance on authority endorsements, especially INTROSPECTION - Examination of one’s own “false authorities,” i.e., people who claim to be conscious thoughts and feelings. authorities but do not have any real expertise in ○ In Psychology, this process relies on the the area. observation of one’s mental state. Extraordinary claims without supporting ○ The use of introspection is a procedure that evidence. requires subjects to analyze and provide a 15  Analysis report of every element of the conscious stress. experiments. ○ A person who is mindful has their focus and ○ Provides a privileged access to one’s mental attention in the present moment. states, not mediated by other sources of ○ They don’t think about the past and future, knowledge, so that individual experience of only what is happening in the present. mind is unique. ○ Its essence is to be present. ○ Introspection can determine any number of ○ EXAMPLE: Psychotherapists’ technique called mental states including: sensory, bodily, grounding. cognitive, emotional and so forth. 5 things that you feel, 4 things that you Wundt made a clear distinction between smell. everyday self-observation (which he believed GUIDED IMAGERY - Mind-body intervention was inaccurate) and experimental introspection which evokes and generates mental images that (also called internal perception) simulate or re-create the sensory perception of ○ INTERNAL PERCEPTION - Involved a sights, sounds, tastes, etc. properly trained observer who was aware ○ It can improve the performance of athletes, when a stimulus of interest was introduced. usually used by sports psychologists. EXAMPLE: how Jordan closes his eyes STRUCTURALISM before shooting the ball into the ring; he Sees itself as a human science whose effort is to imagines. understand in a systematic way the fundamental ○ It is not only the mind that is working, but structures that underlie the human experience. also the body. ○ What makes us act and feel the way we do? ○ SENSATION - Sensing a weight in your hand WILHELM WUNDT ○ PERCEPTION - “Oh, I am holding my phone.” The father of Experimental Psychology ○ Combination of perception to create Written an important textbook entitled Principles experiences of Physiological Psychology in 1874. ○ Focuses on the relationship of smaller ○ First textbook that was written pertaining to particles with the whole the field of psychology. It is regarded as the very first school of thought ○ The book claimed that Psychology is the new in psychology. domain of science. Psychology is the science of conscious experience In 1879, he established the first psychological and that trained observers could accurately laboratory at the University of Leipzig in describe thoughts, feelings, and emotions through Germany. introspection. Wundt was concerned with how people MINDFULNESS - A process of bringing one’s consciously experience the world. attention to the internal and external He likened psychology to an established science experiences occurring in the present moment such as chemistry. Our mind/conscious which you focus on being intensely aware of experience is like a compound which is broken what you’re sensing and feeling in the moment, into different elements such as: to relax the body and mind and help reduce ○ SENSATIONS - The basic sensory dimensions 16  Analysis that we encode from the stimulus. Donder’s interests included not only ocular By the sense of organs. physiology, eye movements, color vision and EXAMPLE: Sunrise – warmth on skin color blindness but also general physiology, ○ FEELINGS - Emotions aroused by a stimulus. evolution, and mental processes. EXAMPLE: Sunrise – Hope, gratitude, happiness REACTION TIME EXPERIMENT ○ IMAGES - Pure mental impressions. STIMULUS Related to imagination ○ Any object or event that elicits a sensory or A visual representation of a certain thing behavioral response in an organism. EXAMPLE: Sunlight shines brightly in the ○ It is an energy change. east EXAMPLE: Light / sound REACTION EDWARD TITCHENER ○ Refers to the response of the organism. A student of Wundt that expanded and EXAMPLE: If you are cold, you shiver. propagated the theory of Wundt in the US, REACTION TIME particularly in Cornell University. ○ The time between presentation of a stimulus and a person’s response to the stimulus. MENTAL CHRONOMETRY CHRONOMETRY - The science of accurate time REACTION TIME TASKS management METHOD A (SIMPLE RT) ○ CHRONO - Time ○ A simple response time task ○ METRIC - Measurement ○ Asked participants to make a response such Measuring the time course of cognitive processes as pushing a button as quickly as possible interested in how long it took for a person to after seeing a flash of light. make a decision. EXAMPLE: You are seated in front of a ○ Measuring the speed of reaction panel that contains a light bulb and a Reaction time experiment; the science of response button. When the light comes accurate time measurement. on, you must press the button. ○ Perception > Motor FRANCISCUS DONDERS METHOD B (CHOICE RT) He was a Dutch ophthalmologist ○ A choice response time task. During his career, he was a professor of ○ Asked participants to push one of the two physiology in Utrecht, and was internationally buttons in response to a flash of light. regarded as an authority on eye diseases, EXAMPLE: You are seated in front of two directing the Netherlands Hospital for Eye light bulbs, each with its own button. You Patients. must press the button corresponding to He spent a lot of time studying and researching the appropriate light. If the flash of light biology and cognition. is coming from the left side, they must Only a little amount of his time was spent push the left button. If the flash of light is studying ophthalmology. coming from the right side, they must push 17  Analysis the right button. language, meaning, belief, and science, are best ○ Perception > Discrimination (L/R side) > understood in terms of their practical use. Response Selection (L/R button) > Motor ○ EXAMPLE: Anger — protects against METHOD C (DISCRIMINATION RT) invaders/enemy, mating process, power, and ○ A go/no-go discrimination response time control. task. ○ EXAMPLE: Study habit in terms of the time of EXAMPLE: You are seated in front of a studying. You try to study early in the panel with two light bulbs and one morning, and then during the examination, response button. When the target light you failed. So the next time you take a test, goes on, you must press the button, but you tried studying during the evening time. not if the other light comes on. When you took the test, you passed. So you ○ Perception > Discrimination > Motor came to the conclusion that this will be the new time for you to study since it worked FUNCTIONALISM best for you. Use of the mind ○ EXAMPLE: Having a mustache was Inspired by evolutionary theory by Charles considered to showcase the wisdom of its Darwin, James’ theoretical perspective on owner. The bigger the mustache, the more psychology. knowledge it can hold. This idea tends to ○ Survival of the fittest and reproduction. cross cultures with some of history’s most notable brains often accompanied by some ○ Passing of the genes from one generation to rather exquisite facial hair: Albert Einstein, the next Mark Twain. Salvador Dali, Friedrich Formed as a reaction to structuralism and denied Nietzsche. the value of introspection. Functionalism is relevant today, especially in This school of thought was more so focused on Educational / Organizational Psychology. understanding the biological processes behind and purpose of human consciousness, rather than WILLIAM JAMES (1842 - 1910) the inner working of thinking. The father of American Psychology Psychology should devote itself to figuring out Founded the functionalism school of thought the functions of the mind and what it does to us because he was very adamant to the proposition every day. of Wundt. Functionalism makes us more adaptive to the One of Harvard’s illustrious professors who ever-changing world. taught anatomy and physiology then psychology. ○ Change behavior to be able to survive in the The atomistic model of the mind is wrong ever changing world. because the conscious experience is continuously Understand what people do and why they do it. ever changing and because of it all the elements Functionalism led to Pragmatism. cannot be captured. ○ Knowledge is validated by its usefulness. If ○ You cannot capture all these elements an idea works, it is valid. because our minds always change: PRAGMATISM - It is rooted in the idea that Sensations, feelings, elements philosophical topics, such as knowledge, 18  Analysis has priority and that the "parts" are defined GESTALT PSYCHOLOGY by the structure of the whole, rather than vice Used by many companies in terms of making versa. their logos. ○ One could say that the approach was based ○ EXAMPLE: IBM, Unilever on a macroscopic view of psychology rather In Germany, Max Wertheimer attacked and than a microscopic approach. objected to the structuralist point of view. ○ Gestalt theories of perception are based on ○ He also contradicted Wundt’s structuralism human nature being inclined to understand school of thought. objects as an entire structure rather than the Wertheimer believed that psychological events sum of its parts. such as sensing and perceiving could not be ○ CLOSURE - This is the Gestalt principle broken down into smaller elements and still be It is a school of thought concerned with the understood. organization of mental processes. ○ We should take Psychology as a whole. It is It refers to the processing of entire patterns and more about the whole organization of the configurations not as separate mental processes. parts/components. “The whole is greater than its parts” ○ EXAMPLE: A picture might have several parts ○ EXAMPLE: The eyes tend to fill in the blanks that work together to form one image. here and sees both of these figures as circles There are a number of gestalt laws. rather than a series of dots and a broken line. PSYCHOANALYTIC SCHOOL OF THOUGHT Gestalt psychologists believed that humans tend Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) to perceive objects as complete rather than ○ Austrian Physician focusing on the gaps that the object might ○ Focused on illness contain. ○ Psychoanalytic theory ○ EXAMPLE: A circle has good Gestalt in terms ○ Unconscious of completeness The Secret Committee Objected the atomistic view ○ Karl Abraham ○ The aim of psychology should be to break ○ Sándor Ferenczi consciousness down into putative basic ○ Otto Rank elements. ○ Ernest Jones In contrast, the Gestalt psychologists believed ○ Max Eitingon that breaking psychological phenomena down ○ Hanns Sachs into smaller parts would not lead to When psychology became a science, it became understanding psychology. a science of conscious experience and later, a ○ The Gestalt psychologists believed, instead, science of behavior. that the most fruitful way to view ○ The answer did not come from psychological phenomena is as organized, academic or experimental structured wholes. psychology, it came from clinical ○ They argued that the psychological "whole" 19  Analysis practice. he proposed that there is an unconscious Those who developed the psyche of the mind into which we push or repress all our unconscious were not concerned with threatening urges and desires making them experimental design, they were concerned sick neurologically speaking. with understanding the causes of mental Freud stressed the importance of early illness. childhood experiences. It laid the foundation of psychology because ○ He believed that personality was formed in it is very comprehensive in terms of the scope the first 6 years of life. it tackled. PSYCHOANALYSIS - A therapy and theory It paved the way for other psychologists to wherein a person gains insight into and changes use this perspective as a way for them to their behavior. create their own theory. CONTRIBUTIONS TO PSYCHOLOGY SIGMUND FREUD EXPANSION OF PSYCHOLOGY’S DOMAIN “Smoking is one of the greatest and cheapest ○ Freud pointed out the importance of enjoyments in life, and if you decide in advance unconscious motivation, infantile not to smoke, I can only feel sorry for you.” experience, and anxiety; the first ○ He said to his doctor, “I believe I owe to the comprehensive theory of personality. cigar a great intensification of my capacity PSYCHOANALYSIS to work and a facilitation of my self-control.” ○ Freud created a new way of dealing ○ He was fond of tobacco and cocaine. with mental disorders. ○ In 1884, he became interested in the study of UNDERSTANDING OF NORMAL BEHAVIOR cocaine. ○ Freud explained much of normal He persisted, however, that after taking behavior. the drug himself, he found it to relieve his ○ EX. dreams, forgetfulness, choice of feelings of depression and cure his mates, and use of defense mechanisms indigestion helped him work. GENERALIZATION OF PSYCHOLOGY TO ○ Smoking cigarettes provided him a source of OTHER FIELDS pleasure. ○ Freud expanded psychology’s His own psychoanalytic theories associate relevance to almost every sector of this with other oral pleasures. human existence. These pleasures satisfy the desire to repeat the infant’s first sensual SIGMUND FREUD’S PERSPECTIVE experience of suckling. Freud was a medical doctor and neurologist in Austria who specializes in disorders of the FREUD’S BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH nervous system. Freiberg, Moravia (now Czechoslovakia) on May Freud’s patients suffered from nervous disorders 6, 1856. for which he and other doctors could not find the ○ It is located in Eastern Europe, and the cause. country is not rich. ○ The cause might be in the mind particularly; His father, Jakob, was a wool merchant, married 20  Analysis for the second time. ○ In Brucke’s laboratory, he studied the ○ He was very strict and authoritarian. reproductive system of male eels and ○ He had 10 children. graduated with a medical degree from ○ His first wife, Sally Kanner, whom he married University of Vienna in 1881. when he was 17 years old, bore him two ○ Freud changed his career plans and sought a children (Emanuel and Philipp). career in medicine. ○ His second wife, Amalie Nathansohn, bore ○ He devoted most of his life to formulating his him 8 children of whom Sigmund was the psychoanalytic theory. eldest. In 1886, he married Martha Bernays to whom he Both his grandfather and great grandfather had been engaged for 4 years. were rabbis. ○ They had 6 children; the youngest, Anna, ○ Freud considered himself Jew all his life but made a contribution in the field. had a negative attitude towards all In 1886, he set up a private practice shifting organized religion. towards the investigation of psychological causes His family had limited finances but his mother of nervous disorders. made an effort to foster his intellectual He left his long-time home in Vienna the previous capacities. year in order to escape Nazi persecution. ○ They had a close and strong relationship. When Jakob’s business failed, Freud moved first HYPNOSIS to Leipzig, and then when Sigmund was 4, he Usually done with the help of a therapist during moved to Vienna. verbal repetition and mental images. ○ Vienna was one of the richest capitals in During hypnosis, a trained hypnotist or Europe. hypnotherapist induces a state of intense ○ They moved there in order to seek greater concentration or focused attention. pastures. ○ This is a guided process with verbal cues and He showed great intellectual ability to aid his repetition. studies. ○ The trance-like state you enter may appear ○ He was given an oil lamp and a room of his similar to sleep in many ways, but you’re own. fully aware of what’s going on. ○ His mother would often serve him meals and Jean-Martin Charcot she ordered a piano be taken away because ○ A French neurologist and professor of the music bothered him. anatomical pathology. ○ He had an amazing gift for languages (Latin, ○ He worked on hypnosis and hysteria. Greek, French, Spanish, Italian, and English). ○ He was a nominee for the Nobel Prize in FREUD’S CLINICAL PRACTICE Literature. He left Vienna for a year to study in France with He entered school a year earlier than normal;at Charcot who was using hypnosis in his work on age 17, he graduated summa cum laude. hysteria. The person who influenced him the most during Freud returned to Vienna and began to work medical studies was Ernst Brucke. with Josef Breuer. 21  Analysis ○ He learned from him the treatment of a THE CASE OF ANNA O woman, Anna O. A bright, attractive 21 years old woman who ○ In the case of Anna O, Breuer used the had hysteria-related symptoms such as arm/leg Cathartic Method. paralysis, sight and speech disturbance, memory Greek word “katharsis” which means “to loss, and mental disorientation. purify” ○ blind, paralyzed some parts of the body, It is a procedure which involves having a mute, no neurological or organic causes hypnotized patient recall traumatic Breuer hypnotized the young woman and asked experiences while giving free expressions her to recall the circumstances under which she accompanying emotion. first experienced a symptom. The impetus of psychoanalysis. ○ The squinting of her eyes, through hypnosis, Making the unconscious conscious. was discovered that she had been required When he was in his early 40s, he had numerous to take care of her dying father. psychosomatic disorders as well as fears of The woman’s deep concern for her father dying. had brought tears to her eyes, so that ○ He was involved in self-analysis. when the weak man asked her what time ○ He realized that he had intense hostility it was, she had to squint her eyes to see towards his father and sexual feelings the time. towards his mother. Bertha Pappenheim — Anna’s real name. He created Wednesday Psychological Society ○ She became a prominent social worker in where he invited his followers to his apartment to Germany after her treatment and became a discuss issues regarding psychology. leader in the feminist movement in Europe. ○ Carl Jung and Alfred Adler were the famous ○ She was also a playwright and an author of followers of him who diverged from children’s stories. psychoanalytic doctrines and created their ○ She came to Josef Breuer for treatment for own therapeutic schools. hysteria. Freud was highly creative and productive but HYSTERIA — a set of personality and during his last two decades, he underwent 33 physical symptoms that included chronic operations. pain, fainting, seizures, and paralysis. ○ He continued until his death in London in ○ While caring for her dying father, she 1939 at age 83. experienced a range of symptoms that ○ He contracted cancer of the jaw because of included partial paralysis, blurred vision, frequent smoking to tobacco. headaches, and hallucinations. Among his published works are: paralysis in her right arm and leg ○ The Interpretation of Dreams (1900) hydrophobia (an aversion to water) which ○ The Psychopathology of Everyday Life left her unable to drink for long periods (1901) involuntary eye movements, including a ○ Beyond the Pleasure Principle (1920) squint ○ The Ego and the Id (1923) mixing languages whilst speaking to ○ Civilization and its Discontents (1930) carers 22  Analysis would see hallucinations such as black ○ PRECONSCIOUS — consists of that which is snakes and skeletons not immediately at the level of awareness would wake anxiously from her daytime but is fairly accessible. sleep with cries of “tormenting, ○ UNCONSCIOUS — consists of that we are tormenting” unaware of. Although Freud never personally treated her, the The Mental Iceberg (Freud’s View of the Human woman’s case proved to be influential in the Mind) development of his psychodynamic theories. ○ CONSCIOUS — thoughts, perceptions (tip of Freud and Breuer published a joint work on the iceberg) hysteria (Studies on Hysteria, 1895) in which ○ PRECONSCIOUS — memories, stored Anna O’s case was discussed. knowledge ○ UNCONSCIOUS — fears, violent motives, THE BIRTH OF FREE ASSOCIATION unacceptable sexual desires, irrational He had observed that the hypnotist would bring wishes, immoral urges, selfish needs, shameful back the memory of what happened by putting experiences his hand on the patient’s forehead and saying, “now you can remember.” STRUCTURAL MODEL OF THE MIND Freud tried having his patients lie on a couch ID (PLEASURE) with their eyes closed but not hypnotized. ○ From German “das es” meaning “the It”. ○ He asked the patients to recall the first time ○ It contains all the instincts such as hunger, they had experienced a particular symptom thirst, and sex. and the patient began recollecting various ○ The most primitive part with which the experiences. newborn infant comes equipped. FREE ASSOCIATION — encouraging the patient ○ It does not know “right” from “wrong”. to speak freely about whatever came to their ○ The source of our sexual and aggressive mind. feelings. ○ He likened the use of free association to an ○ Has no perspective of reality and has no archaeological excavation of a buried city. inhibitions. Patients lie on the couch for two reasons: ○ Its goals are to: ○ It enhances free association by preventing his Maximize pleasure facial expressions and mannerisms from Simply seeks gratification influencing the flow of the patients’ thoughts. Avoid pain ○ He could not tolerate being stared at for 8 ○ TWO MEANS OF SATISFYING A NEED: or more hours. PRIMARY PROCESS — the way of processing information; illogical, TOPOGRAPHY OF THE MIND emotional, filled with fantasies, There are three levels of consciousness: preoccupied with sex, aggression, ○ CONSCIOUS — consists of all aspects of selfishness, and envy personalities within our immediate SECONDARY PROCESS — the way ego awareness. operates which is characterized by logic 23  Analysis and reason. A pleasure-seeking person dominated by the id EGO (REALITY) leads to addictive disorders. ○ In Latin, it means “I” and in German, it is ○ They may act on their impulses without from a word “das ich” which also means “I”. considering the rules of society. ○ It strains towards objectivity and acting ○ This can cause them to spin out of control and realistically. even lead to legal troubles. ○ It can be thought of as the “control center” of A guilt ridden person dominated by superego the personality. would be rigid and uptight. The executive manager/president ○ It might lead to a personality that is ○ It constantly tries to reconcile the irrational extremely moralistic and judgmental. wants of the id and the superego with the The ego must be strong enough to balance the realistic demands of the world. desires of the id and expectations of the ○ It suggests that a strong ego is the bulwark superego. of a healthy personality. ○ An individual must be psychologically To love and to work is indicative of good healthy who is in contact with reality. mental health. SUPEREGO (MORAL) INSTINCTS (DRIVES) ○ From the German “das uberich” which means Life Instincts “the over I”. ○ Promotes the survival of the individual. ○ It represents the moral aspects. ○ Hunger, thirst, and sexual drives are aspects ○ The internal judicial branch that is referred of it. to as the conscience. ○ Libido — the psychic energy that powers The conscience is harsh and human activity. uncompromising which judges our Sex thoughts, intentions, and actions. Death Instincts (death wish) ○ It occurs as the parents, adults, and others ○ A tendency to return to inanimate state. pass on society’s values and standards. ○ Manifests directly (e.g. suicide) or indirectly ○ It has two parts: (high-risk e.g. race/car driving). EGO IDEAL — rules and standards of Destructive energy good behaviors; the idealistic view of ○ EX. aggression, war, etc. what is right and perfect; pride, value, and accomplishment. PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT CONSCIENCE — that sense of guilt when According to the famous psychoanalyst Sigmund we do something bad. Freud, children go through a series of ○ The three are in an intraphysic conflict with psychosexual stages that lead to the each other. development of the adult personality. EX. Id (samgyupsal) > Ego (next week na He described how personality developed over lang) < Superego (no budget) the course of childhood. He believed that personality developed through WHAT HAPPENS WHEN THE EGO IS WEAK? a series of childhood stages in which the 24  Analysis pleasure-seeking energies of the id become ○ SUCCESS: Sense of trust and comfort focused on certain erogenous areas. ○ CONFLICT: The weaning process ○ An erogenous zone is characterized as an The child must become less dependent area of the body that is particularly sensitive upon caretakers to stimulation. ○ FIXATIONS: ○ The erogenous zone associated with each ORAL INCORPORATIVE/RECEPTIVE — stage serves as a source of pleasure. too much care and the child is too Psychoanalytic theory suggested that personality spoiled; smoking, drinking, overeating, is mostly established by the age of five. kissing, overdependence, overly ○ Early experiences play a large role in optimistic. personality development and continue to ORAL PASSIVE — parenting is too influence behavior later in life. lenient; overly gullible, trust easily. Each stage of development is marked by ORAL SADISTIC/AGGRESSIVE — conflicts that can help build growth or stifle parenting is too harsh; excessive development, depending upon how they are pessimism, hostility, aggressiveness, resolved. argumentative, sarcastic (biting remarks), ○ If these psychosexual stages are completed being envious of others, trying to exploit successfully, a healthy personality is the and manipulate to dominate. result. ANAL STAGE If certain issues are not resolved at the ○ AGE: Between 12-18 months and 3 years appropriate stage, fixations can occur. ○ EROGENOUS ZONE: Anus; bladder and ○ A fixation is a persistent focus on an earlier bowel movements psychosexual stage. ○ SUCCESS: Sense of accomplishment, Until this conflict is resolved, the independence, competent, productive, and individual will remain “stuck” in this creative stage. ○ CONFLICT: Toilet training e.g. A person who is fixated at the oral The child has to learn to control their stage may be overdependent on others bodily needs. and may seek oral stimulation through ○ FIXATIONS: smoking, drinking, or eating. ANAL RETENTIVE — parenting is too Sexual and libidinal energies focus on the strict or begins toilet training too early; different body parts. controlling, stingy, stubborn, and excessively concerned with cleanliness FIVE PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT and orderliness. ORAL STAGE ANAL EXPULSIVE — parenting ○ AGE: Birth to 12-18 months approach is too lenient; messy, ○ EROGENOUS ZONE: Mouth disorganized, extravagant, and impulsive It is vital for eating and the infant derives PHALLIC STAGE pleasure from oral stimulation through ○ AGE: 3-6 years gratifying activities. ○ EROGENOUS ZONE: Genital Area 25  Analysis Penis is seen as superior, not having it father. would make you feel weak. LATENCY STAGE ○ Children discover the differences between ○ AGE: 6-12 years old males and females; sexual desires exist ○ The superego continues to develop while the towards the opposite sex parent. id’s energies are suppressed. ○ Both male and female children develop The development of ego and superego strong, positive, and erotic feelings toward contributes to this period of calm. the mother. Sexual impulses lie dormant during this ○ SUCCESS: time. ○ FIXATIONS: Child develops social skills, values, and OEDIPUS COMPLEX — Castration relationships with peers and adults anxiety; male child has intense desire for outside of the family. his mother and jealous hostility towards ○ Peer relationships and school are most his father. important to the child. The source of pleasurable feelings ○ The stage begins around the time that towards the mother is penis and sees children enter school and become more father as a threat, the child begins to concerned with peer relationships, hobbies, experience castration anxiety which and other interests. causes to repress the sexual and ○ Sexual energy is still present, but it is aggressive tendencies. sublimated into other areas such as Resolves the problem by identifying intellectual pursuits and social interactions. with the father. ○ SUCCESS: