World of Computers PDF

world of computers  LEARNING OBJECTIVES Understand the evolution of technology over the years Explain how technology can be used in several aspects of the society Discuss the impact of technology in different areas of specialization  INFORMATION Information is facts provided or learned...

world of computers  LEARNING OBJECTIVES Understand the evolution of technology over the years Explain how technology can be used in several aspects of the society Discuss the impact of technology in different areas of specialization  INFORMATION Information is facts provided or learned about something or someone. Information is knowledge acquired from another. Information is knowledge you can convey to others. Knowledge gained through study, communication, research, instruction.  INFORMATION Methods for transfer of information  TECHNOLOGY Technology is applications of scientific knowledge to solve problems or perform a specific function. Technology can be the knowledge of techniques, processes, and the like, or it can be embedded in machines to allow for operation without detailed knowledge of their workings. ICT, or information and communications technology (or technologies), is the infrastructure and components that enable modern computing. DIFFERENT GENERATIONS 1901 – 1924 The Greatest Generation 1925 – 1945 The Silent Generation 1946 – 1964 Baby Boomer Generation 1965 – 1979 Generation X (Baby Bust) 1980 – 1995 Millennials, Gen Y, Gen Next 1996 – 2012 iGen / Gen Z 2013 – 2025 Gen Alpha USES OF ICT IN OUR DAILY LIVES  COMMUNICATION Through chatting, Email, voice mail, and social networking people communicate with each other. It is the cheapest means of communication. JOB OPPORTUNITIES ICT enable organization to operate more efficiently, so employing staff with ICT skills is vital to the smooth running of any business  EDUCATION Computers provide access to educational resources and online courses  SOCIALIZING The internet and social media provide people with a range of benefits, and opportunities to empower themselves in a variety of ways.  HOME Convergence Wireless Networking Smart Appliances Smart Homes  USES OF ICT IN OUR DAILY LIVES Business Banking and Finance Education Transport Healthcare Navigation Retail and Trade Working from Home Government Military Marketing Social and Romance Science Booking Vacations Publishing Securityand Surveillance Arts and Entertainment Weather Forecasting Communication Robotics  Access to information Improved access to education POSITIVE New tools, new opportunities IMPACTS OF Communication ICT IN THE Information management Security SOCIETY People Participation Simulations Creation of new interesting jobs  Job loss NEGATIVE Reduced personal interaction IMPACT OF Reduced physical activity ICT IN THE Cost SOCIETY Competition FOUR BASIC PERIODS OF COMPUTER HISTORY  The Pre-Mechanical Age (3000 BC to 1450 AD) Petroglyphs Ideographs WRITING AND ALPHABETS  The Pre-Mechanical Age (3000 BC to 1450 AD) At around 2000 BC the Phoenicians created symbols that expressed single syllables and consonants. Greek adopted the Phoenician alphabet and added vowels. Romans gave the letters Latin Cuneiform name to create the alphabet we use today.  The Pre-Mechanical Age (3000 BC to 1450 AD) Sumerians Egyptians Chinese PAPER AND PENS The Pre-Mechanical Age (3000 BC to 1450 AD) Abacus- first recorded adding machine. Invented in Babylonia and popularized in China. THE FIRST CALCULATOR  Mechanical Age (1450 – 1840) Johann Guttenberg – Movable metal type printing process in 1450. FIRST INFORMATION EXPLOSION  Mechanical Age (1450 – 1840) John Napier – (1614) a Baron of Merchiston, Scotland invented LOGS (Logarithm). LOGS – allows multiplication and division to be reduce in addition and subtraction. THE FIRST GENERAL PURPOSE COMPUTERS  Mechanical Age (1450 – 1840) Wilhelm Shickard – 1623 - (Professor at University of Tubingen, Germany) – invented the first mechanical calculator that can work with six digits and can carries digits across columns. William Oughtred – (1575 – 1660) invented the slide rule. THE FIRST GENERAL PURPOSE COMPUTERS Mechanical Age (1450 – 1840) Blaise Pascal (1642) – invented the Pascaline (made of clock gears and levers) that could solve mathematical problems like addition and subtraction. Gottfried Leibniz – (1617) invented Stepped Reckoner which could multiply 5 digit and 12 digit numbers yielding up to 16 digit numbers. Joseph-Marie Jacquard (1801) developed the automatic loom (weaving loom) that was controlled by punched cards. Mechanical Age (1450 – 1840) Charles Xavier Thomas de Colmar -1820 – developed Arithmometer (the first mass produced calculator). Charles Babbage – invented the difference engine (1821) and analytical engine (1832). Father of modern computer. Lady Ada Augusta Lovelace Byron – 1842 – the first computer programmer. ELECTROMECHANICAL AGE (1840-1940) Telegraph Samuel F.B. Morse – conceived of his version of an Electromagnetic Telegraph (1832) THE BEGINNING OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS ELECTROMECHANICAL AGE (1840-1940) Graham Bell – 1879 - developed the first working telephone. Guglielmo Marconi – 1894 – (RADIO) discovered that electrical waves travel through space and can produce and effect far from the point at which it originated. TELEPHONE AND RADIO ELECTROMECHANICAL AGE (1840-1940) Dorr Felt – 1885 – devises the comptometer, a key driven adding and subtracting calculator. Comptograph containing a built-in printer. ELECTROMECHANICAL AGE (1840-1940) Herman Hollerith – father of information processing. Punched Card – provided computer programmers with a new way to put information into their machines. He founded the Tabulating Machine Company , later became the Computer Tabulating Recording Company and International Business Machines Corporation (IBM) ELECTRONIC AGE (1941 – PRESENT) Konrad Zuse – 1941 – built the first programmable computer called Z3. Howard Aiken – 1942 – developed Mark I the first stored program computer.  ELECTRONIC AGE (1941 – PRESENT) John Atanasoff and Clifford Berry – 1942 – completed the first all electronic computer called ABC or Atanasoff- Berry Computer KERI PA BA?  VACUUM TUBES GENERATION TRANSISTORS OF INTEGRATED CIRCUITS COMPUTERS MICROPROCESSORS ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE  1946-1958 FIRST GENERATION The first computers used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory, and were often enormous, taking up entire rooms.  Very expensive Very Large Used a lot of electricity Generated a lot of heat 1946-1958 Relied on machine VACUUM TUBES language Solve one problem at a time  Input was based on punched cards and paper tape Output was displayed on printouts 1946-1958 Unreliable VACUUM TUBES Need AC Non-portable Slow input and output devices  1959 to 1964 SECOND GENERATION Transistors replaced vacuum tubes and ushered in the second generation of computers. One transistor replaced the equivalent of 40 vacuum tubes.  Smaller More energy- efficient More reliable Generated a lot of 1959 to 1964 heat TRANSISTORS Still rely on punch cards for input  Printouts for output Consumed less power More compact in size 1959 to 1964 More reliable and TRANSISTORS faster Still very costly AC required  1965 to 1970 THIRD GENERATION The development of the integrated circuit was the hallmark of the third generation of computers.  Smaller in size Reliable and efficient Started remote processing, time- sharing, multi- 1965 to 1970 programming INTEGRATED CIRCUIT High Level Programming Generated less heat  Faster Lesser maintenance Costly AC required 1965 to 1970 Lesser electricity INTEGRATED CIRCUIT Keyboards & monitors introduced  1971 to Today FOURTH GENERATION The microprocessor brought the fourth generation of computers, as thousands of integrated circuits were built onto a single silicon chip.  More powerful Internet introduced Development of GUIs, mouses, and handheld devices Very cheap 1971 to Today Portable and reliable MICROPROCESSORS Use of PCs Very small in size No AC required Easily available  Today to future FIFTH GENERATION Based on Artificial Intelligence (AI). Still in development. The use of parallel processing and superconductors is helping to make artificial intelligence a reality.  High level programming User-friendly interface Multimedia features Today to future Very powerful ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE Cheaper rates Still in development CATEGORIES OF COMPUTERS  EMBEDDED COMPUTERS Embedded into a product and designed to perform specific tasks or functions for that product.  MOBILE DEVICES A very small device with some type of built-in computing or Internet capability.  PERSONAL COMPUTERS A small computer designed to be used by one person at a time PORTABLE COMPUTERS  MIDRANGE SERVERS A medium-sized computer used to host programs and data for a small network MAINFRAME Powerful computer used by several large organizations to manage large amounts of centralized data SUPERCOMPUTERS Fastest, most expensive, most powerful type of computer THANK YOU!