History of Computer PDF

HIST OR Y COMPU TEROF  Definition of Computer A is an electronic machine accepts computer Data,that processes it according to specific instructions, and provides the results as information.  History of...

HIST OR Y COMPU TEROF  Definition of Computer A is an electronic machine accepts computer Data,that processes it according to specific instructions, and provides the results as information.  History of Computer Earliest Computer Originally calculations were computed by humans, whose job title was computers. These human computers were typically engaged in the calculation of a mathematical expression. The calculations of this period were specialized and expensive, requiring years of training in mathematics. The first use of the word "computer" was recorded in 1613, referring to a person who carried out calculations, or computations, and the word continued to be used in that sense until the middle of the 20th century.  History of Computer Tally Sticks A tally stick was an ancient memory aid device to record and document numbers, quantities, or even messages.  History of Computer Abacus An abacus is a mechanical device used to aid an individual in performing mathematical calculations. The abacus was invented in Babylonia in 2400 B.C. The abacus in the form we are most familiar with was first used in China in around 500 B.C. It used to perform basic arithmetic operations. Modern Abacus Earlier Abacus  History of Computer Napier’s Bones Invented by John Napier in 1614. Allowed the operator to multiply, divide and calculate square and cube roots by moving the rods around and placing them in specially constructed boards. John Napier Napier’s Bone  History of Slide Rule Computer Invented by William Oughtred in 1622. Based on Napier's idea about logarithms. Used primarily for: – multiplication – division – roots William Oughtred – logarithm – Trigonometry Not normally used for addition or subtraction. Slide Rule  History of Computer Pascaline Invented by Blaise Pascal in 1642. It was its limitation to addition and subtraction. It is too expensive. Blaise Pascal Pascaline  History of Computer Stepped Reckoner Invented by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in 1672. The machine that can add, subtract, multiply Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz and divide automatically. Stepped Reckoner  History of Computer Jacquard Loom The Jacquard Loom is a mechanical loom, invented by Joseph-Marie Jacquard in 1881. It’s an automatic loom controlled by punched cards. Joseph-Marie Jacquard Jacquard Loom and Punched Cards  History of Computer Arithmometer A mechanical calculator invented by Thomas de Colmar in 1820. The first reliable, useful and commercially Thomas de Colmar successful calculating machine. The machine could perform the four basic mathematic functions. The first mass- produced calculating machine. Arithmometer  History of Computer Difference Engine and Analytical Engine It’s an automatic, mechanical calculator designed to tabulate polynomial functions. Invented by Charles Babbage (Father of Computer) in 1822 and 1834. It is the first mechanical computer. Charles Babbage Difference Engine Analytical Engine  History of Computer First Computer Programmer In 1840, Augusta Ada Byron suggests to Babbage that he use the binary system. She writes programs for the Analytical Engine. Augusta Ada Byron  History of Computer Scheutzian Calculation Engine Invented by Per Georg Scheutz in 1843. Based on Charles Babbage's difference engine. The first printing calculator. Scheutzian Calculation Engine Per Georg Scheutz Tabulating Machine H Invented by Herman i Hollerith in 1890. To assist in summarizing s information and t accounting. o HermanrHollerith y o f Tabulating Machine Harvard Mark 1 Also known as IBM H Automatic Sequence i Controlled Calculator (ASCC). s Invented by Howard H. t Aiken in 1943. The first electro- o Howard H. Aiken mechanical computer. r y o f Harvard Mark 1  History of Computer Z1 The first programmable computer. Created by Konrad Zuse in Germany from 1936 to 1938. To program the Z1 required that the user insert punch tape into a punch tape reader and all output was also generated through punch tape. Konrad Zuse Z1  History of Computer Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC) It was the first electronic digital computing device. Invented by Professor John Atanasoff and graduate student Clifford Berry at Iowa State University between 1939 and 1942. Atanasoff-Berry Computer Professor John Atanasoff  History of Computer ENIAC ENIAC stands for Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer. It was the first electronic general purpose computer. Completed in 1946. Developed by John Presper Eckert and John W. Mauchly. John W. Mauchly and ENIAC John Presper Eckert UNIVAC 1 H The UNIVAC I (UNIVersal Automatic i Computer 1) was the first commercial computer. s t Designed by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly. o r y o f UNIVAC 1  History of Computer EDVA C EDVAC stands for Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer. The First Stored Program Computer Designed by Von Neumann in 1952. It has a memory to hold both a stored program as well as data. EDVAC  History of Computer Osborne 1 The first portable computer. Released in 1981 by the Osborne Computer Corporation. Osborne 1  History of Computer The First Computer Company The first computer company was the Electronic Controls Company. Founded in 1949 by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly.  History of Computer Computer Generations There are five generations of computer: First Generation – 1946 – 1958 Second generation – 1959 – 1964 Third generation – 1965 – 1970 Fourth generation – 1971 – today Fifth generation – Today to future  History of The First Generation Computer The first computers used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory, and were often enormous, taking up entire rooms. They were very expensive to operate and in addition to using a great deal of electricity, generated a lot of heat, which was often the cause of malfunctions. First generation computers relied on machine language, the lowest-level programming language understood by computers, to perform operations, and they could only solve one problem at a time. Input was based on punched cards and paper tape, and output was displayed on printouts.  History of The Second Generation Computer Transistors replaced vacuum tubes and ushered in the second generation of computers. One transistor replaced the equivalent of 40 vacuum tubes. Transistor Allowing computers to become smaller, faster, cheaper, more energy-efficient Still and deal generated a great more of heat that can damage the reliable. computer. Second-generation computers moved from cryptic binary machine language to symbolic, or assembly, languages, which allowed programmers to specify instructions in words. Second-generation computers still relied on punched cards for input and printouts for output. These were also the first computers that stored their instructions in their memory, which moved from a magnetic drum to magnetic core technology.  History of The Third Generation Computer The development of the integrated circuit was the hallmark of the third generation of computers. Transistors were miniaturized and placed on silicon chips, called semiconductors, which drastically  Integrated Circuit increased the speed and efficiency of  computers. It could carry out instructions in billionths of a Much smaller and cheaper compare second. to the second generation  computers. Users interacted with third generation computers through keyboards and monitors and interfaced with an operating system, which allowed the device to run many different applications at one time with a central program that monitored the memory.  Computers for the first time became accessible to a mass audience because they were smaller and cheaper than their predecessors.  History of The Fourth Generation Computer The microprocessor brought the fourth generation of computers, as thousands of integrated circuits were built onto a single silicon chip. As these small computers became more powerful, they could be linked together to form networks, which Microprocessor eventually led to the development of the Internet. Fourth generation computers also saw the development of GUIs, the mouse and handheld devices.  History of Computer The Fifth Generation Based on Artificial Intelligence (AI). Still in development. The use of parallel processing and superconductors is helping to make artificial intelligence a reality. The goal is to develop devices that respond to natural language input and are capable of learning and self- organization. There are some applications, such as voice recognition, that are being used today.