Innovation & Design Test Study Guide - SOLUTION PDF

Name: ______________________________ Innovation & Design Test Study Guide - SOLUTION You will be given a 45-question test in this unit. The main ideas you need to review to be successful o...

Name: ______________________________ Innovation & Design Test Study Guide - SOLUTION You will be given a 45-question test in this unit. The main ideas you need to review to be successful on the quiz are listed below. If you want to receive credit you must write everything you know about each idea listed. Act of insight Refers to a sudden insight or revelation, which suggests a solution, or the means of achieving a solution, Legendary examples include Archimedes leaping from his bath shouting ‘Eureka!’. These vivid images point to the fact that creative ideas can occur when someone is not consciously trying to solve a problem. Constructive discontent Analyzing a situation that would benefit from redesign and working out a strategy for improving it Adaptation Taking a technology, concept or system from one application and then applying to a new product For example…using skateboard wheels for a tree climbing robot Analogy Transfer of an idea from one context to another. An analogy normally relates to an idea derived/founded in nature. For example… – Scientific principle Ultrasonic – send out signal and measure time to bounce back – focusing system for cameras based how bats navigate in the dark. – Something found in nature Airplane wing shape based on a bird’s wing Sonar based communication between marine animals used as a model for sonar communication between ships/submarines. IP symbols Intellectual property (IP) rights are the legally recognised exclusive rights to creations of the mind. Under intellectual property law, owners are granted certain exclusive rights to a variety of intangible assets, such as musical, literary, and artistic works; discoveries and inventions; and words, phrases, symbols, and designs -------------------------------------- patent pending - warning that inventors are entitled to use for their product or process once a patent application has been filed, but prior to the patent being issued. The marking serves to notify those copying the in-vention that they may be liable for damages (including back-dated royalties), once a patent is issued. ------------------------------------------- ™- A trademark is a recognisable sign, design or expression which distinguishes products or services of a particular trader from the similar products or services of other traders. The essential function of a trademark is to exclusively identify the commercial source or origin of products or services, so a trademark, properly called, indicates source or serves as a badge of origin. This symbol is used BEFORE the trademark has been approved by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. ---------------------------------------------  Innovation & Design Test Study Guide - SOLUTION ®- This symbol is used AFTER the trademark has been approved by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. ------------------------------------------------- © - Copyright is a legal right created by the law of a country, that grants the creator of an original work exclusive rights to its use and distribution, usually for a limited time, with the intention of enabling the creator (e.g. the photographer of a photograph or the author of a book) to receive compensation for their intellectual effort. ------------------------------------------------ SM - A service mark is a trademark used to identify a service rather than a product. Family of products A group of products having common classification criteria. Members normally have many common parts and assemblies. Example…all of the iPod variations (shuffle, nano, touch) 3 Categories of innovation Sustaining innovation ▪ incremental value gain over existing solutions available to users ▪ developing generations 2, 3, 4, 5 and so on until the product reaches the end of its life cycle. Normally large companies are very good at creating sustaining innovations because their resources, business processes and cultures are setup in a way to enable sustaining efforts. ▪ iPhone versions ▪ 3 things usually happen… ▪ 1. Feature fixes/additions ▪ 2. Cost reductions ▪ 3. Product line expansions (proliferation) Disruptive innovation ▪ Disruptive innovations are the sort of big ideas that many of us have in mind when we think about an innovation. They are called disruptive because they disrupt the current market behavior, rendering existing solutions obsolete, transforming value propositions, and bringing previously marginal customers and companies into the center of attention. ▪ The iPod, which radically changed the way we listen to and buy music, is one success of disruptive innovation  Innovation & Design Test Study Guide - SOLUTION Process innovation ▪ Implementation of a new or significantly improved production or delivery method. This includes significant changes in techniques and equipment. ▪ ▪ Examples…the factory to customer delivery of custom-built computers by Dell Corporation; the use of barcodes, scanners and the Internet that allows customers to track parcels in real time as couriers are transporting them. 3 Strategies for innovation (See the Assignment #2 Project for more explanation) o Architectural innovation Architectural innovations are innovations that change the architecture of a product without changing its components. The opposite of modular innovation. Architectural innovation sometimes considered a radical change. For example, the common fan. It has a motor, blades, and a guard that move air. Many variations of the common fan can be found in the marketplace. Another example might be the PC’s that are now sold as one unit with the monitor and computer housed in the same unit. o Modular innovation Modular Innovation is where you maintain the architecture [the body or housing] and modify the modules (the pieces inside). Most PCs would be a good example of this (tower remains the same with the innards changed out). This is the opposite of architectural innovation. Modular innovation is sometimes considered an incremental change. o Configurational innovation A kind of innovation where a fixed set of predefined components that can be connected in predefined ways is given, and an assembly (i.e. designed artifact) of components selected from this fixed set is sought that satisfies a set of requirements and obeys a set of constraints. Change is made in both technology and organization. 1. Selection of components, 2. Allocation of components, and 3. Interfacing of components (design of ways the components interface/connect with each other) For example, all the iPod configurations…many of the same components used throughout  Innovation & Design Test Study Guide - SOLUTION Suppression innovation Delayed adoption of an innovation in the early years of its availability when it may compete with a dominant design. Why? Patent disputes might delay sales. Companies currently marketing similar technology might be threatened by a newcomer and will make it difficult for them or outright sabotage them. Dominant Design - Design that contains those implicit features of a product that are recognized as essential by most manufacturers and purchasers Ballpoint pen Apple iPod Coca-Cola Sony Walkman Inventor Dreams up something new and novel…does not exist Invention is… The process of discovering a new principle A technical advance in a particular field resulting in a novel product Entrepreneur Take an invention to market, often by financing the development, production, and diffusion of a product into the marketplace. Product champion Influential individual, usually working within an organization, who develops enthusiasm for a particular idea or invention and “champions” it within the organization. Lone inventor An individual working outside or inside an organization who is committed to the invention of a novel product and often becomes isolated because he or she is engrossed with ideas that imply change and are resisted by others Stake holder Inventor, product champion, entrepreneur Innovation vs. invention Innovations are successful in the marketplace…inventions do not make into the market successfully Rogers’ “essential idea” Innovations take time to diffuse into a target audience  Innovation & Design Test Study Guide - SOLUTION Rogers’ five stages of diffusion Diffusion of innovations is a theory that seeks to explain how, why, and at what rate new ideas and technology spread through cultures. Diffusion occurs through a five–step decision-making process. It occurs through a series of communication channels over a period among the members of a similar social system. Rogers’ five stages of diffusion are: knowledge persuasion decision implementation confirmation Diffusion has taken place once the product, system or service is adopted. Adoption of an innovation runs through a hierarchy of groups of potential users. Multi-disciplinary team advantages and disadvantages Advantages – Most products are very complex Need expertise from many disciplines – business skills needed – Large investment required – need a team for this Resources – Time – Money – Materials – Machines – Lab equipment Disadvantages Everybody has their own agenda/what they think is important Harder to make quick decisions and move forward quickly Shelved technology The technology is available, but the cost of using it in products makes it too expensive for the consumer Keys to the design process Innovation and the continuous development of new and improved products Product life cycle A business technique that attempts to list the stages in the lifespan of commercial/consumer products  Innovation & Design Test Study Guide - SOLUTION Stages of the product cycle Intro (launch), growth, maturity, decline Planned (or built-in) obsolescence Planning or designing a product with an artificially limited useful life Technology push Manufacturer’s will push their new product to market hoping that consumers will want to adapt the new technology. Examples… – Lasers – Xerography – Nylon – Synthetic diamonds – Fluorochemical polymers (fluorine, linked molecules) Scotchguard Market pull Impetus for the development of a new product is generated by a demand from the market Supply and demand How much product is available versus the demand for it. Technology transfer Transfer is where a technology, manufacturing process or material is transferred to another field to provide the basis for an invention. Example… Laser technology transferred to a variety of different applications including surgery, welding and cutting metal, bar-code readers, and audio CD’s. Economic viability An activity that can support itself financially. Market analysis An appraisal of economic viability of the proposed design from a market perspective, considering fixed and variable costs and pricing, is important. It is typically a summary about potential users and the market. National and international standards Many products will fall under national or international standards. Although these standards are not usually mandatory consumers will want and expect their products to meet the standards. Products that do not meet standards are unlikely to gain success in the marketplace  Innovation & Design Test Study Guide - SOLUTION Drivers for invention Personal motivation to express creativity/for personal interest, scientific or technical curiosity, constructive discontent, desire to make money, desire to help others.