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DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY Bacolor, Pampanga COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE Department of Computer Engineering...

DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY Bacolor, Pampanga COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE Department of Computer Engineering 1 Module 3: TRANSMISSION MEDIA AND TECHNOLOGIES Objectives At the end of the chapter, the students would be able to: Gain knowledge and understanding related to transmission media. Learn the types of transmission technologies and their pros and cons. INTRODUCTION Different types of cables or waves are being used to transmit data. Data is transmitted normally through electrical or electromagnetic signals. An electrical signal is in the form of current. An electromagnetic signal is series of electromagnetic energy pulses at various frequencies. These signals can be transmitted through copper wires, optical fibers, atmosphere, water and vacuum. These are commonly known as transmission media. TRANSMISSION MEDIA These are pathway that carries the information from sender to receiver. Transmission media is also called communication channel. Different medias have different properties like bandwidth, delay, cost, and ease of installation and maintenance. Types of Transmission Media Transmission media is classified into two groups: https://ecomputernotes.com/images/Types-of-Transmission-Media.jpg Wired/Guided/Bounded Transmission Media – these are the cables that are tangible or have physical existence and are limited or bounded by the physical geography. The term bounded or guided media refers to the fact that the signal is contained within an enclosed physical path. Popular bound transmission media in use are twisted pair CPE-DDC313: DATA AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS PREPARED BY: JUVY C. GRUME, PCPE, MIT  DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY Bacolor, Pampanga COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE Department of Computer Engineering 2 cable, coaxial cable, and fiber optical cable. Each of them has its own characteristics like transmission speed, effect of noise, physical appearance, cost etc. o Twisted Pair – A twisted pair is a pair of copper wires, with diameters of 0.4- 0.8mm, twisted together and wrapped with a plastic coating. The twisting reduces the electrical noise and the error rate of the data transmission. It has two types: Unshielded TP and Shielded TP. o Coaxial – It has an outer plastic covering containing 2 parallel conductors each having a separate insulated protection cover. The coaxial cable transmits information in two modes: Baseband mode (dedicated cable bandwidth) and Broadband mode (cable bandwidth is split into separate ranges). Cable TVs and analog television networks widely use Coaxial cables. o Fiber Optic – It uses the concept of reflection of light through a core made up of glass or plastic. A less dense glass or plastic covering called the cladding surrounds the core. It is used for the transmission of large volumes of data. The cable can be unidirectional or bidirectional. Wireless/Unguided/Unbounded Transmission Media – these are the ways of transmitting data without using any cables. These media are not bounded by physical geography. This type of transmission is called wireless communication. Popular unbound transmission media are microwave, radio wave, and infrared. Nowadays wireless communication is becoming popular. Wireless LANs are being installed in office and college campuses. o Microwave – It is a line of sight transmission (the sending and receiving antennas need to be properly aligned with each other). The distance covered by the signal is directly proportional to the height of the antenna. They have a higher frequency than radio waves and therefore can handle larger amounts of data. Frequency Range: 1GHz – 300GHz. Repeater stations must be placed so the CPE-DDC313: DATA AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS PREPARED BY: JUVY C. GRUME, PCPE, MIT  DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY Bacolor, Pampanga COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE Department of Computer Engineering 3 data signal can hop, skip and jump across the country. Microwave circuits considered a broadband communication channel. These are majorly used for mobile phone communication and television distribution. o Radiowave – Radiowaves are omni-directional (they travel in all the directions from the source). Because of this property, transmitter and receiver need not to be aligned. Radiowaves can penetrate buildings easily, so they are widely use for communication both indoors outdoors. At high frequencies, radiowaves tends to travel in straight line and bounce off the obstacles. They are also absorbed by rain. Radiowaves me widely used for AM and FM radio, television, cordless telephone, cellular phones, paging and wireless LAN. o Infrared – Infrared waves are used for very short distance communication. They cannot penetrate through obstacles. This prevents interference between systems. Infrared offers a great unbound photonic solution. Like fiber-optic cabling, infrared communications use light, so they are not bound by the limitations of electricity. Frequency Range: 300GHz – 400THz. It is used in TV remotes, wireless mouse, keyboard, printer, etc. CPE-DDC313: DATA AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS PREPARED BY: JUVY C. GRUME, PCPE, MIT  DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY Bacolor, Pampanga COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE Department of Computer Engineering 4 Data Trasmission Factors 1) Bandwidth – It refers to the data carrying capacity of a channel or medium. Higher bandwidth communication channels support higher data rates. 2) Radiation – It refers to the leakage of signal from the medium due to undesirable electrical characteristics of the medium. 3) Noise Absorption – It refers to the susceptibility of the media to external electrical noise that can cause distortion of data signal. 4) Attenuation – It refers to loss of energy as signal propagates outwards. The amount of energy lost depends on frequency. Radiations and physical characteristics of media contribute to attenuation. TRANSMISSION TECHNOLOGIES Transmission technologies refer to the physical layer protocol duties such as modulation, demodulation, line coding, and error control; or higher-level protocol duties such as digitizing analog signals, and data compression. The transmission technology can be categorized broadly into two types: Broadcast networks o Broadcast networks are also known as terrestrial networks. o Basically a group of radio stations, television stations, or any other electronic media outlets that simply generate agreement to air, or broadcast, content generally from a centralized source. o In this transmission technology, a message called packets sent by a machine is received by all the other machines connected to the network and share a common medium of communication. o Broadcast networks have a single communication channel that is shared or used by all the machines on the network. It avoid procedures of complex routing of switched network by simply confirming and ensuring that each transmission of nodes is basically received by all the other nodes in the network. o Broadcast systems generally use a special code in the address field for addressing a packet to all the concerned machines. This mode of operation is called broadcasting. Broadcasting is simply a method of transferring messages to all the recipients simultaneously. o Some broadcast systems also support transmission to a subset of the machines known as multicasting. Upon receiving a packet, a machine checks the address field. If the packet is addressed to it then the packet is processed, otherwise the packet is ignored. CPE-DDC313: DATA AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS PREPARED BY: JUVY C. GRUME, PCPE, MIT  DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY Bacolor, Pampanga COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE Department of Computer Engineering 5 o Advantages of Broadcast Networks § In this network, packets are generally transmitted and received by all of computers. § It allows multicasting in the network. § It has no limit. Events can also run as long as required. § It ensures better utilization of all resources available. o Disadvantages of Broadcast Networks § It cannot accommodate huge number of devices. § It doesn’t allow personalization of message. Point-to-point networks o A type of private data connection that is connecting securely two or more locations for private data services. o This network is generally used for two locations that are required to securely send very sensitive and confidential data. o Point to point networks consists of many connections between individual pairs of machines because it might also be configured to carry voice, internet, and data services together all over same point-to-point network. o A packet present on this transmission technology might be needed to go through intermediate computers before they reach desired destination. o Often the packets have to follow multiple routes of different lengths. Hence routing algorithms are very important in the point-to-point networks. o Transmission from point-to-point with one sender and receiver is commonly known as unicasting. o Advantages of Point-to-Point Networks § It increases productivity. § It generally uses leased lines so that speeds are guaranteed. § It provides better security so that data can be transferred securely with confidence. o Disadvantages of Point-to-Point Networks § It can only connect two sites. § It is very expensive for distant locations. General rule: Small, localized networks (e.g. LAN) tend to use the broadcasting; whereas networks located over wide geographical areas (such as WAN) use point-to-point transmission. CPE-DDC313: DATA AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS PREPARED BY: JUVY C. GRUME, PCPE, MIT  DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY Bacolor, Pampanga COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE Department of Computer Engineering 6 Methods of Transmission http://gpdehradun.org.in/lms/IT/Sem%20IV%20Difference%20Between%20Serial%20and%20Parallel%20Transmission. pdf Serial Transmission o Data is sent bit by bit from one computer to another in bi-direction where each bit has its clock pulse rate. Eight bits are transferred at a time having a start and stop bit (usually known as a Parity bit), i.e. 0 and 1 respectively. o For transmitting data to a longer distance, serial data cables are used. However, the data transferred in the serial transmission is in proper order. Parallel Transmission o Various bits are sent together simultaneously with a single clock pulse. It is a fast way to transmit as it uses many input/output lines for transferring the data. o There is one wire for each bit of information to be transmitted. This means that a multiwire cable must be used. o Multiple parallel lines that carry binary data are usually referred to as a data bus. All eight lines are referenced to a common ground wire. o Parallel data transmission is extremely fast because all the bits of the data word are transferred simultaneously. Such data transfers can occur in only a few nanoseconds in many applications. o Parallel data transmission is not practical for long-distance communication. To transfer an 8-bit data word from one place to another, eight separate communication channels are needed, one for each bit. Asynchronous o Also known as start/stop transmission, sends data from the sender to the receiver using the flow control method. It does not use a clock to synchronize data between the source and destination. o An extra bit is added to each byte so that the receiver is alert about the arrival of new data. Usually, 0 is a start bit, and 1 is the stop bit. CPE-DDC313: DATA AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS PREPARED BY: JUVY C. GRUME, PCPE, MIT  DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY Bacolor, Pampanga COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE Department of Computer Engineering 7 o Happens when information can be exchanged independent of time. It doesn’t require the recipient’s immediate attention, allowing them to respond to the message at their convenience. Examples of asynchronous communication are emails, online forums, and collaborative documents. o Asynchronous transmission method is slow but economical. Synchronous o A data transfer method in which is a continuous stream of data signals accompanied by timing signals. It helps to ensure that the transmitter and the receiver are synchronized with each other. o No extra bit is added rather the data transferred in the form of frames, which contains multiple bytes. o Happens when messages can only be exchanged in real time. 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