Transmission Media.pdf

TRANSMISSION MEDIA OBJECTIVE:  Explain types of networking media  Understand and explain Coaxial cables, Twisted pair cables, Fiber optic cables  Compare the transmission media Networking Transmission Media Network transmission media is the actual path over which an...

TRANSMISSION MEDIA OBJECTIVE:  Explain types of networking media  Understand and explain Coaxial cables, Twisted pair cables, Fiber optic cables  Compare the transmission media Networking Transmission Media Network transmission media is the actual path over which an electrical signal goes as it moves starting with one part then onto the next. There are 2 types of transmission media used in Networking: 1. Wired / Guided(Cables) 2. Wireless / Unguided (Wireless) In this session we will cover the wired part of transmission media. 1. Coaxial cables 2. Twisted pair cables 3. Fiber optic cables 1. Coaxial Cable:  A Coaxial cable or coax is a cable is used in the transmission of audio, video, and communications.  Mainly Coaxial cables are used as cable television, network and broadband cable. There are two types of Ethernet standards that define how data is transmitted over coaxial cables in a Local Area Network (LAN)  Thicknet (10Base5)  Thinnet (10Base2)  Feature 10Base5 10Base2 (ThickNet) (ThinNet) Speed 10 Mbps 10 Mbps Cable Type Thick Coaxial Cable Thin Coaxial (ThickNet) Cable(ThinNet) Maximum Cable 500 meters per 185 meters per Length segment segment Topology Bus topology Bus topology Connectors Trans receivers using BNC (Bayonet Neill-Concelman) AUI(Attachment Unit Interface) Connectors with T- connectors and connectors Vampire taps Number of Devices Up to 100 devices per Up to 30 devices per segment segment Installation Difficult to install due Easier to install with to thicker cable flexible cable Usage Used in Early Ethernet Used in Early Ethernet networks now networks now Obsolete Obsolete Bus topology network segment 10Base2 AUI and Vampire Tap 10Base2 Converter BNC T type converter 2. Twisted pair Cable: Twisted pair cable can be used for phone communication and cable Ethernet networks. Twisted pair cabling is a type of wiring in which two conductors of a single circuit are twisted together for the purposes of cancelling out Electro Magnetic Interference (EMI) from external sources. Electromagnetic Interference: EMI refers to the disturbance caused by external electromagnetic fields affecting the signal being transmitted by over a communication medium. Such as Twisted pair cable in LAN. Sources of EMI: Electrical devices: Motors, power lines, other electrical equipment can generate electromagnetic field. Radio Frequency devices: Radio, Cell phones, wi-fi routers, and other wireless devices emit radio waves. Microwave Ovens Effects of EMI on Twisted Pair Cable: 1. Signal degradation or signal loss 2. Data transmission errors (packet loss, weak network performance) 3. Reduce Bandwidth (Reduce Transmission speed) There are two kinds of twisted pair cable:  UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair) UTP is typically used in environments with minimal interference, such as home networks or offices, due to its lower cost and easy installation.  STP (Shielded Twisted Pair) STP is more suited for industrial environments where electromagnetic interference is a concern, though it comes with higher costs and requires grounding. Feature UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair) STP (Shielded Twisted Pair) Definition Cable with twisted pairs of wires but Cable with twisted pairs of wires that no additional shielding. are shielded with a foil or mesh to prevent interference. Shielding No shielding around the twisted Shielded with foil or braided mesh to pairs. protect against electromagnetic interference (EMI). Cost Generally less expensive. More expensive due to the additional shielding. Weight & Flexibility Lighter and more flexible. Heavier and less flexible because of shielding. Interference Protection Offers less protection against EMI Offers higher protection against EMI and radio frequency interference and RFI. (RFI) Performance in Noisy Environments Performs poorly in environments Performs better in high-interference with high interference environments (e.g., near electrical equipment). Usage Common in home networks and Common in industrial settings or data standard office setups. centres where interference is a concern. Bandwidth Generally lower bandwidth Supports higher bandwidth due to reduced interference. Distance Effective over shorter distances. Can be more effective over longer distances due to reduced signal degradation. Installation Easier to install due to its flexibility More difficult to install because of and lack of grounding. the need for grounding and less flexibility. 3. Fiber Optic Cable: Fiber optic cables use light to transmit data, providing high-speed and long-distance communication. There are two main types of fiber optic cables: Single-mode and Multimode each suited for different applications and distances. 1. Single-mode Fiber (SMF):  Designed for long-distance communication.  Carries a single light path or mode.  Typically used for high-bandwidth, long-distance applications (e.g., telecom, Internet backbone).  Has a small core diameter (about 8-10 microns).  Can transmit data up to 60-100 km without significant signal loss.  Laser light is the typical light source.  High Cost 2. Multimode Fiber (MMF):  Designed for shorter-distance communication.  Carries multiple light paths or modes.  Used for local area networks (LANs) or within data centers.  Has a larger core diameter (about 50-62.5 microns).  Maximum effective distance is usually around up to 2 kms.  LED or laser is used as the light source.  Low Cost  Comparing Transmission Media Type Fiber Optic Twisted Pair Coaxial Cabling Cabling Cabling Type Bandwidth < 10 GHz < 100 MHz < 1GHz Typical Use Data Structured Wiring Cable TV Communication in LAN Broadcast Benefits -Most Bandwidth. Inexpensive, Inexpensive, Fastest relatively easy to relatively easy to -Transmission install and install and speed terminate terminate can -Immune to EMI span longer distance than UTP Limitations Most Expensive Max. distance of Can be affected by 100 mtrs. EMI Can be affected by EMI QUIZ: 1. What are the transmission media in wired LAN? a. b. c. 2. Two types of coaxial cables are …………………………. And ……………………………………… 3. Optical fibers uses …………………. As the medium of data transmission. 4. Which of the following is used in cable TV connection? a. Satellite b. Coaxial Cable c. Modem d. Fiber Optic  5. …………… supports data rate up to 100 Mbps Gigabit Ethernet 6. What are the types of cables in twisted pair? STRUCTURED CABLING Objectives:  Understand and explain about twisted pair cabling and tools used in crimping.  Perform Step by step Crimping RJ45 Connectors: RJ45 (Registered Jack) is the most common connector used for Ethernet networking. The RJ45 is a standardized networking interface which defines the RJ45 connector as an 8-pin/8-position plug or jack. RJ45 connectors can be wired following the two standards mentioned below: EIA/TIA 568A EIA/TIA 568A White Green White Orange Green Orange White Orange White Green Blue Blue White Blue White Blue Orange Green White Brown White Brown Brown Brown EIA/TIA-568 is a set of standards developed by the Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA) and Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA) for structured cabling systems, specifically related to wiring and telecommunications cabling in commercial buildings. Straight-Through Wiring / Straight Cable  Connecting different devices like:  Connecting router to hub/switch  Connecting computer to switch  Connecting a LAN port to a switch or computer  Same color code on both ends (568 A or 568 B) Crossover Wiring / Cross Cable  Connecting same type devices:  Connecting a computer to router  Connecting a router to router  Connecting a computer to computer  Connecting a switch to switch  One end follows 568 A and other end follows 568 B