APWH Unit 3 Cheat Sheet PDF

APWH UNIT 3 REFERENCE SHEET OVERVIEW OF Causes/Ways of Expansion Administration/Governance Belief Systems LAND BASED EMPIRES EUROPE In General:...

APWH UNIT 3 REFERENCE SHEET OVERVIEW OF Causes/Ways of Expansion Administration/Governance Belief Systems LAND BASED EMPIRES EUROPE In General: In General: -Protestant Reformation: AKA let’s reform the Church -Monarchies gain power due to ​end of Medieval Period​. -Bureaucracies increase and middle class grows in power -Lutheranism:​ Martin Luther proposes 95 Theses, or We see characteristics like more literacy (due to -Lords and churches begin to lose power reforms to church due to corruption (ex. indulgences) Gutenberg Printing Press​), increase in development economically, and centralization -England and the Tudors -Calvinism:​ John Calvin broke with the church,with the -Religion:​ divine right of kings idea that simplicity, hard work ethic, obedience was -New monarchies emerge in the 1500s due to desire for -Bureaucracy:​ justices of the peace, Parliament, English favored by God. Led to several groups based on centralized power. They controlled taxes, army, and Bill of Rights, leads to growing power for middle class Calvinism, including Huguenots in France and Puritans aspects of religion. Includes: and decrease in power for feudalism/lords in England. -England:​ the Tudors -France:​ the Valois -France and Louis XIV (The Sun King) -Anglicanism: ​King Henry VIII of England wanted to -Spain:​ Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand -Religion:​ divine right of the monarchy divorce his wife because she would only bear him -Centralization​ under Louis XIII and Cardinal Richelieu: daughters. The pope refused to allow him to divorce and -These monarchs use their new wealth and power to: intendants collected taxes for monarchy, called tax marry Anne Boleyn (who BTW the King he ends up -Fund overseas explorations farmers, usually bureaucratic elites executing),so Henry VIII creates his own church free of -Establish colonies -Absolutism​ under Louis XIV: king has complete the pope (Church of England/Anglican Church) authority, combies lawmaking and justice system We will go into details in later units on exploration and together -Counter Reformation: AKA Catholic Reformation colonization! -Architecture: L​ ouis XIV kept nobles at palace in -Response of the Roman Catholic Church to reform and Versailles to intimidate them/prevent them from plotting rebellion by Protestant groups, includes: -1) ​Inquisition ​to root out and punish nonbelievers increased (also used torture) -2) ​Jesuits ​created to spread missionary activity into Spanish Empire, Japan, and India -3) ​Council of Trent​: corrected some of the corrupt practices of the church but also pushed back against protestantism, banning their books -Scientific Revolution -Beginning to see world using reason and not blind faith -Empiricism (Francis Bacon), Sir Isaac Newton (gravitational force) RUSSIA -Ivan IV/Ivan the Terrible​ expands border of Russia -As rebellions increase against the Mongols, we see -Unique because it’s a blend of Mongol influence from eastward, taking more land from Mongol control Tsarist Russia (beginning with Ivan III/the Great) Central Asia, and European influence due to Viking -Gains control of the Volga River (which invasions and trading early on connects to Caspian Sea); now can trade with -Ivan IV/Ivan the Terrible Persia and Ottoman Empire without worrying -Moved Boyars (nobles) to Moscow to intimidate -Orthodox Church​ had been unifying force for Russian about Mongols them/prevent them from plotting people and tsars -Used secret police called oprichnina -He did this using a lot of gunpowder and -Known to kill those who opposed him -To gain more power, ​Peter the Great​ abolished the using groups of warrior-peasants called position of patriarch and incorporated the Church into Cossacks (think Russian Cowboys) the government, creating the ​Holy Synod​ to answer to the tsar -Post Ivan IV tsars​ continued to move east into Siberia, eventually all the way to the Pacific Ocean, using militias and fur traders as well as missionaries -The Romanovs under Peter the Great -At first has support of church, then loses it due to reforms (trying to westernize Russia) -Centralization: reorganizes Russia into provinces -Bureaucracy: creates a senate -Taxation -Architecture: moved capital from Moscow to St. Petersburg and had it built in a rectangular grid EAST ASIA China​: China -As discussed in Unit 1/2: -Mostly mix of Buddhism and Confucianism -The M ​ ongol Yuan Dynasty ​(1271-1368) in China is -Under ​Yuan Dynasty​, lots of Mongol influence in China and tributary states overthrown by the​ Ming Dynasty ​(1368-1644), who -Trying to undo this influence, ​Ming Dynasty​ brings back -Shintoism included in Japan expanded into Mongolian territory and restored the civil service exam Great Wall to protect them. They continued to fight the -In Q ​ ing Dynasty​, the bureaucracy becomes corrupt, Mongols until the Q ​ ing Dynasty​ took over (1644-1911). leading to rebellion; government turns to harsh military control -Under the Qing Dynasty -Emperor Kangxi expands to Taiwan, Japan Mongolia, and Central Asia (including establishing Tibet as a protectorate of China) -Military leaders first ruled under ​shoguns ​(military -Emperor Qianlong expanded west into representing emperor) Xinjiang (brutally, with mass killings), Tibet -Then conflict between ​daimyo ​(landowning aristocrats) (again), and then tried (unsuccessfully) to and their samurai armies led to instability expand to Burma and Vietnam, using all of the -Unification begins with ​Oda Nobunaga​ (daimyo leader Qing Dynasty’s remaining money who takes over 1/3 of Japan -Continues under ​Toyotomi Hideyoshi​ (who unifies Japan: almost all of what is Japan today) -Different daimyo leaders will expand within -Then​ Tokugawa Ieyasu ​leads (Period of Great Peace) Japan to try to unify most of it, see governing and ​Tokugawa Shogunate​ (turned daimyo into landlords section rather than independent leaders) -All this to say: evolves from military sponsored families to central governing GUNPOWDER -Overall:​ ​expansion by Tamerlane (Mongol-Turkic ruler) -Ottoman Empire: -Ottoman Empire: into Central Asia and Middle East using gunpowder, -​Devshirme system​ (staffed military and government); -Sunni Islam EMPIRES ghazi ideal, and brutal conquest led to the emergence of these were “recruits” of Christian boys aged 8-20 who -Mostly tolerant of other groups under Suleiman, less the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal Empires were taught to be scribes, diplomats, bodyguards, militia, under later rulers for the sultan. Seems shady, but parents often wanted -Ottoman Empire (Turkey, 1300-1918) their sons selected as it was an opportunity for social -Safavid Empire: -Mehmed II: ​takes Constantinople, renames it Istanbul. mobility. -Mostly Shi’a Islam Then focused on areas around Black Sea and Balkans, -Ex.​ Janissaries:​ elite forces in Ottoman Empire -No tolerance (ex. Ismail I made conversion mandatory using cannons and navy. Almost take Venice, but -Tax collection for Sunni population) establish a sort of tribute with taxes paid from Italy to -Arts/architecture also used: mosques (ex. ​Suleymaniye them. Mosque​), forts, other arts (ex. poetry) -Mughal Empire: -Suleiman I: t​ ook parts of Hungary and almost Austria -Tolerance under Akbar, who tried to blend Islam and (causing W. Europe a lot of fear), took parts of Greece in Hinduism together (did not work) Medterranean and Tripoli in North Africa. -Less tolerance under later rulers -Safavid Empire (Persia, 1501-1760) -Had no real navy and lacked natural defenses, so difficult to expand. -​Shah Abbas I:​ used imported weapons from Europe, trying to expand farther in Persia toward Ottoman Empire, armies clash -Mughal Empire (India, 1520s-1800s) -Mughal Empire: -​Babur’s​ conquests in Northern India and expansion lead -Akbar:​ great ruler, extended empire and defeated to creation of empire competing militias -​Akbar: e​ xpansion of trade leads to wealth and golden age -Used centralized government and civil service of empire -Paid government officials called ​zamindars r​ epresented -​Aurangzeb: ​attempts to expand to southern India duties like taxation, construction, and water supply become expensive, weaken empire maintenance -​Shah Jahan:​ used architectural accomplishments like T​ aj Mahal ​and other buildings (combining Islamic and local styles) to show their power -Safavid Empire -​Shi’a Islam​ used as unifying force, allowing shahs to control religion and political structure -Strict adherence to Shi’a policies = law -Also used architecture to showcase power  OTHER FACTORS OF NOTE -1450 is the end of the medieval period, which means moving away from feudalism, plague, and moving into exploration, expansion, and new thought -If you look past these groups, you can also point out the pattern of tribute for governing control. -The Aztec do it with Tribute System, China does it with Tributary States, Songhai Empire (Africa) had tributary states -Religious systems also led to many conflicts on the battlefield, not just in policy: -Ex. In Germany the Peace of Augsburg allowed German states to choose whether its leader would be Catholic or Lutheran -Ex. In France the Edict of Nantes allowed Huguenots to practice their faith (until King Louis XIV revoked it) -Ex. The Thirty Years’ War between the Catholics and Protestants led to economic catastrophe for most of Europe, resulting in famine, starvation, and disease. The war ends with the Peace of Westphalia, allowing each area of the Holy Roman Empire to be either Catholic, Lutheran, or Calvinist. -France, Spain, and Italy chose Catholicism, Northern Europe was Lutheran or Calvinist, England was Protestant with a state church